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BVetMed - Complete course (Years 1, 2, 3) > Exotic Animals > Flashcards

Exotic Animals Flashcards

All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.

1
Q

What is herpetology

A

Study of reptiles

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2
Q

What is an endotherm

A

A reptile whos metabolism produces its own heat

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3
Q

what is ectotherm

A

a reptile who relies on their environment to maintain their body temperature

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4
Q

What is a POTZ

A

Preferred Optimum Temperature Zone

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5
Q

What are reptiles considered

A

heterothermic (their BT varies)

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6
Q

What does heliothermic mean

A

Species that heats up from a radiant source: diurnal basking

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7
Q

What does thigmothermic mean

A

sits on a preheated surface- nocturnal

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8
Q

What makes a reptile special from an evolutionary point of view

A

Their Skin: Scales (keratinized)Their Eggs

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9
Q

What are the 4 classes of reptilia

A

CrocodyliaSquamataChelonianRhyncocephalia

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10
Q

What animals compose crocodylia

A

alligators and crocodiles

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11
Q

what animals compose squamata

A

snakes and lizards

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12
Q

what animals compose chelonian

A

turtles and tortoises

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13
Q

what animals compose rhyncocephalia

A

tuatara

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14
Q

What are the 6 genus’ of Squamata

A

AgamidsIguanidsChameleonsSkinksGeckosVaranids

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15
Q

What animals compose the agamids genus

A

chinese water dragon, bearded dragon

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16
Q

What animals compose the genus iguanids

A

Iguana, Basilisks, Horned Lizard, Anole

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17
Q

What animals compose the genus geckos

A

day Geckos, Leopard Geckos, crested geckos

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18
Q

What must husbandry mimick

A

Natural Habitat

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19
Q

What is cites

A

is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals

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20
Q

Are most exotics captive bred or wild caught?

A

captive bred, with selective breeding for color variation

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21
Q

Where do most medical issues with exotics result from

A

inadequate husbandry

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22
Q

what is the goal of husbandry

A

is to recreate Natural Habitat and must fulfill all psychological and physiological needs

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23
Q

What do you need to know about an exotics natural history and habitat

A

Is it arboreal or terrestrialHow does it like to get heat  Heliothermic or thigmothermicSubstrate on floor ? Hide boxHeating  create a Temperature gradient *POTZHumidity requirementsLighting  light dark cycle( Photoperiod) + UV lightsWater availability and quality-How to Provide it?

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24
Q

How do you find out about husbandry from the client

A

Do a detailed history, and ask for photos of the set up

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25
Q

How do people transport reptiles to the clinic

A

in a pillowcase, a Styrofoam container with heat packs

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26
Q

whats necessary for the cage for an exotic

A

ESCAPE PROOFEASY TO CLEANPOTZ TEMPERATURE RANGE(10o)HUMIDITY RANGEVERTICALY Or HORIZONTALLY ORIENTED ( arboreal or terrestrial)Over all size ??

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27
Q

what are different types of cage material you can use

A

Glass, Wood,Plastic, Fiberglass

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28
Q

how do you choose a cage material

A

Retain Heat ?Visual Security?Ventilation ?

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29
Q

Describe the pros and cons for a glass and plastic cage

A

waterproof but do not retain the heat well  animal may feel insecure if most of the sides are not covered.

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30
Q

describe the pros and cons for a fibreglass cage

A

waterproof but, again, does not retain the heat well, good visual security

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31
Q

describe the pros and cons for a wood cage

A

is heat retaining  provides a sense of security; however,  should have a water-resistant finish –Hard to disinfect

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32
Q

How do you provide ventilation

A

Good ventilation is essential. To provide an adequate through- flow of air there should be ventilation panels at both the top and bottom. Good ventilation makes it harder to heat and keep humidity up

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33
Q

How do you adjust lighting for a photoperiod

A

use a timer

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34
Q

What is necessary for the UVB lighting

A

UVB only 6 months- Some provide heat as wellReptile must be w/n 12 inches of light sourceAlways have a guard around lights ( burns)

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35
Q

What does UVA light do

A

Behavioural changes

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36
Q

What are the 3 lighting factors

A

photoperiodquality UVB+UVAintensity

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37
Q

Why is UVA exposure necessary

A

exposure is essential for normal behavior including activity, feeding and mating( reptiles can see in UVA)

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38
Q

What is UVB exposure necessary

A

necessary for the production of the vitamin D3

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39
Q

what are the different types of lights

A

Incandescent, (provide heat as well) Fluorescent, (UVB- 6 months onlyBlack light (constant UVB)Infra redCeramic

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40
Q

Why is photoperiod changes necessary

A

Mimicking your seasonal photoperiod is beneficial and the use of a timer is a huge help for making this easier.

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41
Q

How far away should fluorescent UVB bulbs be placed

A

10-12 inches away and adjacent to the basking heat source

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42
Q

how often do uvb lights need to be replaced

A

6-10 months

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43
Q

should uvb rays have a barrier between you and your reptile

A

No, Glass, acrylic and plastic block UVB while screens with grids under 1/2” can obstruct a good portion of UVB rays.

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44
Q

What percentage of fluorescent UVA UVB does the bulb need

A

5-10% UVB

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45
Q

What temperature gradient does the reptile need

A

8-10*

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46
Q

What is the general reptile recommendation

A

daytime 85-95F (100-105 hotspot) w nights 10 o lower Daytime (30-35 C)- hotspot (38-41 hotspot)

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47
Q

What is the temperature gradient for the uromastyx

A

–UROMASTYX– 105-110 F ( 40-43)Are the heat lovers

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48
Q

How do you provide heat for a reptile

A

From light source + heating pad underneath

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49
Q

What heating object burns reptiles often

A

Hot rocks

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50
Q

What is a heliothermic animal

A

diurnal

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51
Q

What is a thigmothermic animal

A

nocturnal

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52
Q

What are the acceptable heating methods

A

Central heating Heating pads under tankHeat tapes / cablesRadiant heatCeramic heaters/ infra red (no light)Incandescent / Halogen bulbs- provide light as well as heat

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53
Q

Why don’t you use hot rocks with a reptile

A

Hot rocks are not recommended as a heat source for lizards. Their thick skin is without cutaneous sensation, leaving captive reptiles at risk of thermal burns.Basking lizards sense heat on their back Major risk of Thermal burns

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54
Q

What can happen if there is high humidity in a reptiles cage

A

more problems with bacterial growth, blistering on the skin

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55
Q

what can happen if there is low humidity in the cage

A

difficulty with sloughing, constipation, dysecdysis

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56
Q

How do you provide humidity to a reptile

A

spray bottle two or three times daily. dampened peat containers, real plants, or placing a water container on the heater, humidity box, misting device that simulates gentle rainfall

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57
Q

what are the humidity recommendations for an arid species

A

30-60

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58
Q

what are the humidity recommendations for a temperate species

A

60-80

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59
Q

what are the humidity recommendations for a tropical rainforest species

A

80-100

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60
Q

How does a herb obtain water

A

Many desert species lick dewdrops- so must use mist containerSome prefer only moving waterNot all use a water dishMany reptiles enjoy soaking in water dish

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61
Q

What qualities are you looking for in the cage substrate

A

Non toxic, easily digestible, absorbable and easy to cleanNot support microbial growthNewspaper and artificial turf goodSand and gravel often result in gastrointestinal impactionMay provide environmental enrichment and allow natural behaviours

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62
Q

What are suitable substrates

A

Newspaper, carpet, bark chips, +/- abrasive, support bacteriapellets - rabbit pellets are digestiblemulch. +/-In large enclosure can have “Bioactive”i.e. forest floor mulch

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63
Q

What substrates should you avoid

A

You should avoid gravel, crushed corn cob, kitty litter, wood shavings and other substrates that can be ingested

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64
Q

What does playsand cause

A

Suppose to be digestive and provide calcium…but often causes impactionFeed reptile away from substrate to avoid ingestion

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65
Q

Why do you use shredded aspen for snakes

A

Extremely absorbent because of its fine particle size, aspen has virtually no odour of its own made from a hardwood tree that does not contain the irritating oils found in pine or cedar. Hard to maintain humidity with this one

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66
Q

What accessories can you have in your cage

A

Hide boxes,-food bowls,Branches, rocks etc- Environmental ambience

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67
Q

How many hide boxes should you have

A

Should have at least 2One in hotter area, one in cooler area

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68
Q

Can you house multiple leopard geckos?

A

Multiple female leopard geckos can be housed together (if approximately the same size), but sexually mature males are territorial and will fight

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69
Q

What records should you be keeping with your reptiles

A

What and how they eatFecal and Urine outputTemperature and HumidityWhere does he hang out in the enclosureCan detect illness early by noticing subtle changes

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70
Q

What are iguanidae

A

Mostly new world.

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71
Q

What animals compose iguanidae

A

anolesiguanidshorned lizardschuckwalla

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72
Q

What are agamids

A

old world iguanidae

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73
Q

Describe the common iguana

A

Herbivorous - Males- have larger femoral pores, brighter colorsMales can be aggressiveGrow up to 2 metersLarge crest and dewlap

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74
Q

What type of dentition do iguanidaes have

A

pleurodont. Get replaced, grow on lingual side

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75
Q

Why would you not recommend iguana ownership?

A

they’re huge and usually aggressive

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76
Q

what is special about the regal horned lizard

A

Can squirts blood from eye - as part of its defense mechanism

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77
Q

where is the chuckwalla found

A

north america-mexico

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78
Q

what do chuckwallas eat

A

herbivores

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79
Q

what does the green anole eat

A

insectivorous

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80
Q

describe agamids

A

Mostly old world and AustraliaSimilar to iguanidsare insectivorous ( + omivore)acrodont dentition

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81
Q

What is an acrodont dentition

A

Agamid teeth are set along upper edge of jaw, = Acrodont dentition

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82
Q

what animals are part of the agamids

A

water dragons, bearded dragon, uromastix

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83
Q

Describe the bearded dragon

A

Australia and New Guinea; arid, rocky, semi-desert regions and arid open woodlands.Omnivore

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84
Q

What does the chinese water dragon look like

A

the iguana

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85
Q

what does the chinese water dragon eat

A

insectivorous

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86
Q

describe the chameleon

A

Specialized tongue for prey catchingSits coiled up in oral cavityHave turret like eyes that move independentlyOpposable digits, prehensile tailChromatophores to change colorsViviparous- live bearer

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87
Q

what does viviparous mean

A

live bearer

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88
Q

describe the anatomy of the chameleon

A

Laterally flattened bodiesPrehensile tailFront feet have 2 large toes-Zygodactylous 2 toes and 3 toes fusedEach eye can move independentlyTongue is as long as their bodyChromatophores in integument

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89
Q

Are chameleons characterized by sexual dimorphism

A

yes. Pardalis chameleon are characterized by brightly colored and larger males. This female Pardalis chameleon is much smaller and duller than the male.

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90
Q

do chameleons make good pets

A

no, not for the novice herpitologist

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91
Q

describe the gecko

A

Many geckos and other lizards have tails that possess fracture planes - so it can break off easily autotomize (skinks + iguanas also)A defense mechanismIntegument has chromataphores (as do anoles)Color changes - due to light, heat, social influence, but not surrounding environmental colorToe has fan like adhesive disks

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92
Q

what is special about geckos eyes

A

Geckos do not have eyelids- have a spectacle similar to a snake

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93
Q

is the leopard gecko a good first pet

A

yes

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94
Q

describe a crested gecko

A

From New Caledoniaarboreal nocturnal,Live 15–20 yearsThought to be extinctDo not require live food

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95
Q

What is the ideal husbandry of the crested gecko

A

Arboreal vertical enclosureObtains water by licking dew drops off leaves  misterIdeal temperature range  78-82F (25-28C)Humidity 60-80%– mist oftenDo not require UVBPhotoperiod – 12 hr

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96
Q

What are the only poisonous lizards

A

Gila MonsterBeaded LizardHave hollow teeth which allow venom to flow from sublingual glands

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97
Q

What causes dysecdydis

A

low humidity and poor nutrition

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98
Q

describe the ecdysis in most lizards

A

comes off in pieces, many lizards eat their sheds

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99
Q

describe the integument of lizards

A

no respiratory function unlike amphibians

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100
Q

what are the two chromatophore lizards

A

chameleons and anoles

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101
Q

what is special about the integument of geckos

A

they automotive (skinks and iguanas)

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102
Q

where do the acrodont teeth attach

A

to masticating surfaces. have no sockets are not replaced.

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103
Q

where do the plurodont teeth attach

A

attach to the lingual surface of mandible or maxilla, have no socket and are replaced.

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104
Q

Which lizards have acrodont teeth

A

aramids

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105
Q

which lizards have plurodont teeth

A

iguanas and monitors

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106
Q

What lizards have tail autotomy

A

Iguanidae, gekkonidae, scincidae

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107
Q

Describe tail autotomy

A

transverse cleavage plates. leaf tailed geckos can do this at will.

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108
Q

Describe the cardiovascular system of a lizard

A

2 atria + 1 ventricle Functionally deoxygenated goes to lungsHave large ventral abdominal veinHave a renal portal system

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109
Q

Where do you do venipuncture in a lizard

A

medial (caudal) tail vein

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110
Q

Describe the respiratory system of lizards

A

External and internal nares (Choana)Some lizards have salt secreting glandsNo epiglottisMost species do not have vocal chords (except geckos)Lungs not as advanced as mammalsFaveoli instead of alveoliOften lungs have an airsac like componentSome use airsac to puff upNo diaphragm- can not cough- coelomic cavity

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111
Q

Describe the digestive system of lizards

A

Herbivore, Carnivore, Insectivore, OmnivoreTongue can be specialized- Chameleons- carnivores often have forked tonguesJacobsons organ - Vormeronsal organStomach, small intestine,large intestine-> well developed- Iguana + chuckwalla–> microbial fermentationCoproduem- cloaca- vent

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112
Q

What are the special adaptations of insectivores

A

Pancreas excrete chitinase to digest the chitin of insectsMost insectivores become omnivorous once adult– (eg water dragron/ bearded dragon)

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113
Q

too much protein in a lizards diet causes what

A

kidney disease

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114
Q

describe a herbivore diet

A

-high fiber, low fat and low proteinFresh dark leafy greens and variety of veggies (collard greens, dandelion, escarole, and mustard greens)To high protein will cause renal dseDo Not give dog/cat foodCa: P 1.5:1 to 2:1Do Not give excessive amount of fruitsBananas can become addictive

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115
Q

what is an example of a good herbivore diet

A

A good diet is a mixture of dark leafy greens, raw green beans, pumpkin, alfalfa pellets and parsley in equal amounts with a small amount of fruit such as strawberries, raspberries, mangos, papaya or cantaloupeBananas can become addictive

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116
Q

describe a carnivore diet

A

Whole mice and rats, Chickens Quail Guinea pigs Rabbits Gerbils FishIf feeding pinkies, fuzzies – add CalciumMake sure rodents are healthy and have no parasitesFeed killed prey

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117
Q

describe an insectivore diet

A

Crickets, mealworms, waxworms Superworms, Silkworms , Sweetworms Hissing roaches Night crawler, Fruit flies Appropriate size of the insect- OFT- optimal foraging theoryDo not leave live crickets in enclosures with reptile

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118
Q

How do you increase nutrient value of insects

A

Importance of GUT LOADINGDusting (shake and bake method)

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119
Q

what is a good gut loading strategies for crickets

A

Use Tropican baby bird formula powder Give good balance of vitamins and minerals for your reptile when servedwithin a cricketGive slices of fresh sweet potato, yam, or carrotDUSTING ( shake and bake)

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120
Q

How do you feed omnivores

A

Mix of herbivore,insectivore,carnivore reccomendation

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121
Q

describe the excretory system

A

Lizards are uricotelic- uric acids instead of ureaRenal portal systemKidney disease or dehydration -> inc. UABUN evaluates hydrationUreters drain into UrodeumMany lizards have a bladder- not sterile, water re-absorption will occur here

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122
Q

What is kidney disease caused by

A

-caused by hypervitiminosis D–excess P +Protein in diet

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123
Q

How do you prevent bladder stones

A

Limit protein especially uric acid precursors such as purines that are high in asparagus, mushrooms, offal, anchovies and sardines

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124
Q

Describe the reproductive system of a lizard

A

Oviparous, ovoviparous, viviparousMost lizards have 2 hemipenesSexual dimorphism in many adultsIguana male- large femoral pores- see p 39 textEggs have soft leathery shellSex determination is chromosomal except **chameleons which are temperature dependant like turtle and crocodiles and alligators

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125
Q

how do you determine the sex of a lizard

A

Anatomic- sexually dimorphicFind HemipenesCloacal probing-probe goes deeper in maleManual eversion of hemipenesHydrostatic eversion of hemipenesRadiographic – monitors calcified hemipenesSurgery-Endoscopy- look for ovary or testes

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126
Q

Describe the eyes and ears of a lizard

A

Most lizards have movable eyelids and a nictitating membrane (not gecko)Parietal eye- or third eye - photoreceptor connected to the pineal body in the Tuatara (living fossil)- even has a vestigial lensVomeronasal or Jacobson’s organTympanum ventrocaudal to the eye

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127
Q

where is the parietal eye found

A

Parietal eye- or third eye – photoreceptor (vestigial lens tuatara)


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128
Q

what are common integumentary disorders

A

Rostral abrasions- bumping clear glassThermal burns – hot rocksDysecdysis - humidityAscending tail necrosis- dry gangrene

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129
Q

what are the common skeletal system disorders

A

metabolic bone diseases

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130
Q

What is a common nutritional disease in iguanas

A

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, iguana. The mandible often becomes decalcified in this condition, and bowing or shortening then occurs. Long bones may concurrently show signs of swelling.

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131
Q

What is a common symptom of metabolic disease in an iguana

A

lay flat, difficulty in supporting body weight

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132
Q

What is a common sign of fibrous osteodystrophy

A

enlarged thighs

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133
Q

What are the 3 ways metabolic bone disease can occur

A

light  no UVB– no Vit DHeat  no POTZ- metabolism does not work Nutrition  Ca, Ca:P ratio

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134
Q

Describe pneumonia in reptiles

A

Usually a secondary bacterial infection subsequent to poor husbandry

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135
Q

what are the clinical signs of pneumonia in reptiles

A

dyspnea, oral secretions

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136
Q

how do you diagnose a reptile with pneumonia

A

X-rays, transtracheal wash

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137
Q

how do you treat pneumonia in a reptile

A

antibiotics

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138
Q

What are common digestive disorders in lizards

A

AnorexiaInfectious Stomatitis- mouth rotConstipation, Obstruction,ImpactionCloacal Prolapse

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139
Q

What are common reproductive disorders in lizards

A

DystociaEggbound- IguanaParaphimosis- proplapsed hemipene

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140
Q

Describe surgery and anesthesia of a reptile

A

Low Oxygen stimulates breathing centerHigh CO2 has no effectUse premeds and iso- as with mammalsEasy to intubate if big enoughSpontaneous ventilation is suppressed with high oxIPPV commonly used- 2-4 bpm use Pulse oximeter Prolonged recovery times

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141
Q

what are common surgical procedures on a lizard

A

ovariosalphingectomy, salphingectomy Ovariectomy, orchiiectomy, enterotomy

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142
Q

How do you take a complete history and physical exam on a lizard

A

Information on Husbandry and nutritionBCS (body condition score)- dorsal tail +pelvisHydration- eyes have a sunken appearanceOral Exam :use rubber spatula– look atChoana- clear of exudateDentition- no erythema or exudateGlottis- observe through several resp. cyclesMucus membranesPalpate firmness+ symmetry of mandible

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143
Q

How do you use the oculovagal reflex to your advantage with a lizard

A

use vet wrap around the eyes

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144
Q

What is important about observing the lizards stance and palpating its limbs

A

In a new area, such as a consulting room, a healthy lizard will stand so that it is supporting its bodyweight (for a quick getaway if an opening appears)Inability to do this suggests a problem

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145
Q

What are common parasites of lizards

A

Mites and Ticks - tx animal + environmentEntamoebaCryptosporidiumCoccidiaRoundwormsHookwormspinworms

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146
Q

What are the possible zoonoses with lizards

A

Salmonella Psuedomonas, Aeromonas,

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147
Q

What are some steps to prevent disease transmission to people

A

Buy only captive bred reptiles. • Wash your hands with a disinfectant after handling a reptile • Wear gloves and a mask when cleaning the cage. • Do not kiss a reptile • Do not clean cage furnishings or prepare food items in your bathtub or kitchen sink. • If bitten or scratched by a reptile, thoroughly clean the affected area with a disinfectant and hot water and consult your physician. • Have reptiles examined by a veterinarian on a regular basis.

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148
Q

What are some reptile nursing techniques

A

force feeding, intravenous, intraossus catheter

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149
Q

What are some various diagnostic procedures in a lizard

A

Cloacal- colonic washTranstracheal washVenipuncture

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150
Q

where do you perform venipuncture in a reptile

A

caudal tail veinventral abdominal vein

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151
Q

How do you handle iguanas

A

Handling: Iguanas have sharp claws so it is advisable to be wary of this prior to lifting. Do not grab around the neck or midsection from above. Iguanas do not enjoy being held by the body with the legs dangling. Support the body with one hand ventral to the thorax and the other dorsal to the pelvis, catching the legs between the fingers. Avoid excessive pressure on the limbs as fractures can occur quite easily.

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152
Q

How do you sex iguanas

A

Obvious sexual dimorphism exists in iguanas. Compared to a mature female green iguana, mature males have: 1. A more robust body build. 2. Larger head, neck, dewlap, and jowls. 3. More highly developed femoral pores. 4. Bilateral hemipenal bulges on the underside of the tail. 5. More vivid colouration during the mating season.

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153
Q

Describe feeding instructions for iguanas

A

Iguanas are herbivorous. A Ca:P ratio of 2:1 is essential for effective bone growth and maintenance and so a diet of high Ca, low PO4 is recommended. This is extremely important. Metabolic bone disease is the most frequently diagnosed illness in iguanas and results from poor nutrition. Good choices include Brassica leaves, dandelion, nasturtium, hibiscus, and mulberry leaves and flowers. Small amounts of fruit, beansprouts, grass, hay, and alfalfa may also be offered.

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154
Q

What can occur in iguanas due to dehydration

A

Visceral or articular gout can occur due to dehydration. A constant supply of fresh water prevents this.

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155
Q

How should you house iguanas

A

Generally, iguanas should be provided with the largest space affordable and the cage should provide adequate ventilation. A visual barrier of 6-18 inches high is important to provide cover for the animal and to deter escape. The floor should be covered in an easily cleaned substrate such as newspaper or Astroturf. An appropriate broad-spectrum UV light source should be provided. If an artificial source is not used, the iguana should be exposed to natural sunlight. The heat source should be focal, e.g. ceramic bulbs, and separate to the light source. The minimum enclosure temperature should be 23°C. A feeding platform and water pan for drinking/bathing should also be provided.

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156
Q

What are the common snakes kept as pets

A

king snakes, rat snakes, garter snakes, corn snakes, various pythons (**Royal or Ball Python) and various boa constrictors (especially the common Boa constrictor)Boa Constrictor and various pythons become very big  not recommendedRecticulated python

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157
Q

why are captive bred snakes preferred

A

Wild caught will be more stressed, will have - will not adapt as easily to the type of prey that is offered

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158
Q

Describe the behaviour of snakes

A

Solitary- house singly

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159
Q

what are the common boas

A

Common Boa, Rosy BoaNew world

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160
Q

what are the common pythons

A

Ball, Blood, BurmeseOld world

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161
Q

what are the common colubrids

A

King, corn, milk, Rat snake (New World)

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162
Q

describe venemous snakes

A

Injected thru hollow teeth called fangsProduced by modified salivary glandsTriangular heads = large venom sacksOnly 10% of all snakes are venomousVenomous snakes Are considered more evolved…

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163
Q

describe the corn snake

A

Elaphe (deerskin) guttata (spotted).ColubridNon-venomousOne of the first snakes to be kept and bred in captivity.

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164
Q

describe the ball python

A

Originates from Africa around equatorAmbush predator- curls up in a ball Prefer open savannahs to forestLive 20-30 yearsWide body snake, about 5 feet longGood eyesight -Have rods, cones– see in UV light + sense infrared (heat pits)

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165
Q

describe the results of a healthy snake exam

A

Active and alert- eyes brightRun hand down body  Should not feel overly skinny- no lumps or bumpsNo mites around eyes or under scales ( tiny black dots that move)Gently open mouth (use soft plastic spatula)  mucosa pink w small amount of clear saliva- no mucus

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166
Q

describe the integument of snakes

A

No skin glands but have paired scent glands at the base of the tailBeta keratin- scalesAlpha keratin b/n scales- injection- is the stretchy part

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167
Q

instead of eyelids what do snakes have

A

transparent spectacle

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168
Q

what is brille

A

fused transparent eyelids

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169
Q

what is the function of the labial pits in boiidae

A

heat sensorsPit vipers can detect changes of .002 ‘ C

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170
Q

what are the function of the lateral spurs of boiidae

A

lateral spurs which are vestigial remnants of pelvic limbs

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171
Q

describe ecdysis in snakes

A

14 days b/f shed Eyes become opaque- skin - dull colorEnzymatic lymph fluid is collecting between skin layersSnake may be aggressive ( can’t see well)Skin is more vulnerable Best to Leave alone- do not feed

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172
Q

What causes dysecdysis

A

Low humidity ( use humidity box)Skin parasites (mites)Old scarsPoor nutritionRetained spectacle is common problem

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173
Q

what can cause a thermal burn in snakes

A

Wrap themselves around a light bulb

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174
Q

describe the musculoskeletal system of snakes

A

Snakes have no limbs-except boiidae- spurs- vestigeal limbsNo mandibular symphysis + intramandibular hinge and other skull adaptations to be able to swallow large prey

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175
Q

what are a snakes adaptations to swallow large prey

A

Mandibular symphysis can separateNo temperomanbibular joint, instead has a quadrate bone–> articulates b/n mandible and the skull–Allows the jaw to dislocate to swallow prey

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176
Q

what is the function of the quadrate bone in snakes

A

Quadrate bone is also involved in sound transmission

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177
Q

describe handling of snakes

A

Skull articulates with only one occipital condyle- be careful when handling around the headDo not approach head on, but from the side

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178
Q

what are the 6 types of snake locomotion

A

Sidewinding. Slide pushingLateral undulationConcertinaSaltationrectilinear

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179
Q

describe the cardiovascular system of the snake

A

1/3 of the way down -HEART-it is mobileTerrestrial sp have a more cranial heart than marine spHeart is common site for venipuncture 3 chamber- 2 atria, 1 ventricle- but is functionally 5 chambered???intracardiac shunting of bloodContinuous contraction of skeletal msl needed to return blood to the heart

180
Q

describe the hematology of snakes

A

PCV around 20 -30%Nucleated RBC, thrombocytes (like birds)

181
Q

what is located in the cranial 1/3 of the snake

A

Cranial 1/3 Trachea, esophagus, parathyroid, thymus, thyroid, heart

182
Q

what is located in the middle 1/3 of the snake

A

Middle 1/3: lungs, airsac, liver, stomach, spleen, proximal intestine

183
Q

what is located in the caudal 1/3 of the snake

A

Caudal 1/3:gonads, kidney, cecum, colon, cloaca

184
Q

describe the renal portal system of a snake

A

Blood from the caudal portion of the body goes to the kidneysDoes not go thru the glomeruliWhere does water reabsorption occur in the cloaca

185
Q

describe the respiratory system of a snake

A

no hard palate “choana”No epiglottis- only a glottisTrachea has incomplete cartilaginous ringsMost snakes have a single functioning right lung and a small left one- which is often air sac ( boiidae have 2 lungs) Tracheal lung- Faveoli–> gas exchangeTrachea ends in air sac- regulates air flow when swallowing preyNO DIAPHRAGM

186
Q

what do snakes do since then don’t have a diaphragm

A

they use the muscles of the ribs and body wall to pump air in and out of the lungs.

187
Q

describe the lungs of most snakes

A

The lung can occupy much of the snake’s body between the heart and the hind end. The lung of most snakes is divided into 2 portions with the front 1/3 - 1/2 being a functional reptile lung and the remainder, being more of an air sac.

188
Q

Describe a snake with pneumonia

A

Snakes w pneumonia often elevate their heads at a 45oangle and have open mouth breathingNo diaphragm  can’t coughPneumonia often result of poor husbandry

189
Q

what are the sense organs of the snake

A

Cutaneous sense organs-heat pitsEars- no outer ear-no tympanic membrane, minimal inner earCan pick up vibrationsSmell- Jacobson’s organ- forked tongueEyes- spectacle- called brille

190
Q

what organ does the snake use to smell, and how does it smell

A

Jacobson’s OrganAllow snakes to taste and smell in stereoSome have heat sensitive pitsIf a snake gets the tip of its tongue damaged it may never eat again

191
Q

describe the eating portion of the digestive system of snakes

A

Extensive Salivary glands- slime the prey Esophagus 1/4 -1/2 body lengthSnakes that eat large infrequent meals maintain their digestive system in inactive state-metabolic rate increases 44x when feeding

192
Q

Describe the tongue, stomach and intestine of the snake

A

Tongue is bifid, and can be pushed out through labial notch to catch odors to deliver to the vomeronasal organ“can smell in stereo”STOMACH- digests all but the hairSmall intestine, large intestine- Coprodeum portion of the cloaca

193
Q

describe the urinary system of a snake

A

Right kidney is cranialNo urinary bladderUreter empties into urodeumUric acid is secreted- urecotelicNo loops of henles ( can’t make conc. Urine)water is refluxed from urodeum to colon + reabsorbed (no bladder)

194
Q

what is special about the arizona king snake

A

Can eat other snakes

195
Q

describe reproduction of snakes

A

Female pythons stay with eggs and curl around themAnd do muscular contractionsCobras will defend eggsoviparous and oviviparous

196
Q

What are the live bearing ovoviviparous snakes

A

BoasVipersGarter snakes

197
Q

How do you sex snakes

A

Sexing by using probes or eversion of hemipenes

198
Q

How is venom produced

A

Produced by modified salivary glands

199
Q

what is the defence mechanism of the hog nose snake

A

Hog nose- plays dead- foul odor

200
Q

what do snakes do when frightened

A

Cobras raise up + expand neck musclesCobras can spit venom 3 feetRattle snakes- rattleBall pythons roll up in a ballCottonmouths- show bright white inside mouth

201
Q

Describe the housing of snakes

A

Cage length no less 1/2 snakeIs snake terrestrial or arborealEscape proofTemperature gradient- POTZHot spot – use a heat gun to monitorHumidity level- humidity boxVentilationHide boxSubstrate

202
Q

What are some types of substrate

A

Cedar- pine shavings- not recommendedAspen shavings- not for humidity loversAstroturfSand– desert species- feed outsideCypress mulchNewspaper- easy to cleanSphagnum moss for humidity

203
Q

How do you provide heating and lighting to snakes

A

POTZTemperature gradientHygrometerThermometers (2)Hot rocks ???Heating tape

204
Q

describe lighting for snakes

A

Quality– UV light - full spectrum lights- UVA - for behavioral reasonDo snakes need UVB ?PhotoperiodIs the lighting a heat source as well

205
Q

Describe water/humidity for snakes

A

Tropical speciesHigh humidity- greater risk of bacterial contaminationMoss and mulch help to keep humidity levels up

206
Q

What are some other cage furnishings you can give your snake

A

Hide BoxesTree branchesDecorative rocks humidity box

207
Q

What are some sizes of rats and mice

A

Pinkies  Fuzzies  Hoppers Pups Weanlings  Small, medium, large Jumbo (Rats)

208
Q

how do you thaw a rat/mouse for a snake

A

How to thaw: zip lock bag in hot waterDo not use microwaveWHAT size ??How often to feed ( adult) :1 x/week or /14 daysObesity can be a problem

209
Q

Describe feeding in snakes

A

Feed snake outside enclosure to avoid ingesting substrateDo not use your fingersSpot cleaning up after defecation

210
Q

What are the protozoal parasites that snakes can get

A

Protozoal-AmoebaCoccidiaCryptpsporidia- cryptosporidiosis- midbody swelling, regurgitation and weight loss

211
Q

How do you test a snake for parasites

A

Fecal floatationDirect smearCentrifugation technique

212
Q

What are good venipuncture sites in snakes

A

Tail veinCardiocentesisPalatine vein

213
Q

What are the common ferret types

A

Mustela nigripes Black-footed ferretsMustela putorius furo is the European ferret, related to the wild European polecat.

214
Q

How long has the european ferret been domesticated

A

2000 years

215
Q

what is the normal body weight range of ferrets

A

500-2,000 grams

216
Q

what is the normal life span of a ferret

A

5-11 years (typically 6-8 years)

217
Q

what is the age of weaning of ferrets

A

6-8 weeks

218
Q

when are ferrets reproductively mature

A

first spring after birth

219
Q

how long is the gestation of a ferret

A

41 - 42 days

220
Q

what is the average body temperature of a ferret

A

100.8-104F

221
Q

what is the normal heart rate of a ferret

A

180-250 bpm

222
Q

what is the normal respiratory rate of a ferret

A

33-36 per minute

223
Q

what is a hob

A

Entire Male Ferret

224
Q

what is a hobble

A

Castrated hob.

225
Q

what is a hoblet

A

Vasectomised hob.

226
Q

what is a jill

A

female ferret

227
Q

what is a sprite

A

female spayed ferret

228
Q

what is a kit

A

young ferret

229
Q

what is the average litter size of a ferret

A

1-18 (average 8)

230
Q

when do a baby ferrets eyes open

A

30-35 days

231
Q

when do a ferrets permanent canine teeth erupt

A

52 days

232
Q

when are the ferrets deciduous canine teeth lost

A

56-70days

233
Q

describe marshall farm ferrets

A

Purchased spayed or neutered and desentedEven when descented, sebaceous skin glands convey a musky odor

234
Q

describe the nutrition of a ferret

A

Their protein requirements are in fact higher than the cat (recommended protein: 30-40% DM In general, ferrets are given formulated ferret diets or high-quality animal protein based kitten foods.Short, simple digestive tract with no cecum or ileocolic valve.

235
Q

Describe housing and husbandry of a ferret

A

Although technically nocturnal, ferrets easily adjust their schedule to human activity. House ferrets in multilevel cages with solid-bottom flooring. Provide toweling and other items for burrowing and hiding. Ferrets are also commonly litter pan trained.Never allow ferrets free roam of the home. Instead supervised play should be limited to a ferret-proofed room or region of the home.

236
Q

what are the common vaccinations for ferrets

A

distemper and rabies

237
Q

describe the human influenza virus transmission

A

human to ferret (usually) and ferret to human

238
Q

what are the clinical signs of the human influenza in ferrets

A

lethargy, pyrexia, sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis

239
Q

how long do human influenza symptoms last in ferrets

A

5-14 days

240
Q

how do you treat human influenza virus in ferrets

A

symptomatic - can use pediatric cough suppressants and antihistamines

241
Q

what does helicobacter mustelae cause in ferrets

A

Chronic gastritis and gastric and duodenal ulcers

242
Q

what are the clinical signs of helicobacter mustelae

A

lethargy, anorexia, hypersalivation, tooth-grinding, halitosis, melena

243
Q

what are ferrets used as an experimental model for

A

Ferrets used as experimental model for Helicobacter pylori in humans

244
Q

how do you diagnose helicobacter mustelae

A

often difficult may require barium series, endoscopy or exploratory surgery

245
Q

Describe insulinoma in ferrets

A

Seen in middle-aged to older ferrets (3 years and older, typically 5-6 yr) Very common: assume all ferrets 5 years or older have insulinoma until proven otherwise!

246
Q

describe the clinical signs of insulinomas in ferrets

A

episodic weakness or collapse (minutes to hours), hind limb paresis, abnormal mentation, hypersalivation, pawing at the mouth. seizures uncommon but do occur

247
Q

how do you diagnose ferrets with insulinoma

A

Diagnosis: hypoglycemia 250 pmol/L (>35 IU/mL)

248
Q

how do you treat insulinomas in ferrets

A

Surgical treatment: remove all nodulesMEDICAL TX – prednisone to help w BSLSurgery is often palliative, but rarely curative: microscopic neoplasia and metastasis have probably occurred at time of surgery

249
Q

what is the prognosis of insulinoma in ferrets

A

guarded. survival rates vary from 1 month to 1+ years

250
Q

what is the medical therapy of insulinoma in ferrets

A

Medical therapy is designed to increase the blood glucose concentration. Prednisone (Pediapred®) stimulates the production of blood sugar and is the first line of treatment. Diazoxide (Proglycem®) has anti-insulin affects and is added in with the prednisone if and when hypoglycemic episodes return.

251
Q

describe hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets

A

Extremely common, ages 3 and up Very different disease than seen in the dog (Cushing’s)Mostly androgen secreting tumors not cortisolinfluence of early neutering? - there might be undifferentiated gonadal cells in the adrenal gland-No negative feedback  over secretion of FSH + LH – causes these cells of the adrenal gland to grow and secrete sex hormones  androgens

252
Q

what does hyperadrenocorticism result in with ferrets

A

Results in Adrenal cortical hyperplasia, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma (rarely)

253
Q

what are the clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets

A

symmetric hair loss beginning on the tail and spreading up the trunk, Symmetrical alopecia +/- pruritus stranguria or urinary obstruction in males androgens cause enlarged prostatevulvar swelling in females(PU/PD, pendulous belly uncommon), anemia very rare,

254
Q

why does hyperadrenocorticism happen in ferrets

A

Neutering at an early ageLengthy exposure to indoor lightingGenetic tendencies

255
Q

what is the pathogenesis of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets

A

neutering—no negative feedback results in continuous increase FSH and LHStimulates undifferentiated cells in Adrenal gland to produce Androgens This triggers hyperplasia  adenoma  adenocarcinoma (rare)

256
Q

how do you diagnose hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets

A

Exploratory surgery or Ultrasound  enlarged Adrenal glandBlood test for elevated AndrogensACTH stim or the LDDS tests are not usedIs not associated with elevated cortisol or elevated Alk Phos as in the dogPruritis does not respond to treatment

257
Q

how do you surgically treat hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets

A

Adrenalectomy– left gland is easierSurgery is curative

258
Q

what is the medical treatment of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets

A

Lupron, originally used to treat prostate and breast cancersLupron (Leuprolide) is a GnRH analog that minimizes the secretion of LH and FSH and thus, the sex hormones from the adrenal gland. Requires Monthly injections or a 4 month implantThere is another implant that can last for 6-12 months

259
Q

when do you not treat an animal for hyperadrenocorticism

A

If the only clinical sign is Alopecia ok not to treat Ok if No pruritis, No prostate problems

260
Q

why would you use lupron in a ferret

A

For ferret with adrenal disease give an injection every 30 days

261
Q

why will an unswayed ferret die

A

Estrogen toxicity due to prolonged estrusInduced ovulators

262
Q

what disorders are ferrets prone to

A

InsulinomaAdrenal gland diseaseMast cell tumorsLymphoma

263
Q

describe gastrointestinal foreign bodies in ferrets

A

Gastrotomy to remove a foreign body in a ferretVery common because of ferrets’ inquisitive nature Rubber FB most common in younger animals (ear plugs, toys, etc.) Trichobezoars seen in older animals

264
Q

what are clinical signs of gastrointestinal foreign body in ferrets

A

chiefly anorexia also vomiting, melena, weight loss

265
Q

how do you diagnose gastrointestinal foreign body in ferrets

A

palpation, radiography

266
Q

how do you treat gastrointestinal foreign body in ferrets

A

immediate surgery

267
Q

what are the types of turtles

A

Turtle – sea turtleTortoise – landTerrapin (turtle) – associated with fresh water

268
Q

describe chelonians

A

Shell divided into carapace + plastronBones of the shell covered with keratinized epithelium called scutesThis is fused living bone

269
Q

what is Carapace

A

fused dermal bone. ribs. thoracic, lumbar vertebrae

270
Q

what are the 6 pairs of scutes

A

GularHumeralPectoralAbdominalFemoral anal

271
Q

how do you weigh a turtle

A

Take in full weight for dosing of medication

272
Q

how is the gender of the turtle determined

A

Gender is determine by heat of incubation

273
Q

how do you differentiate the sex of a tortoise

A

sexual dimorphism.

274
Q

how do you sex an aquatic turtle

A

the males have longer fingernails

275
Q

what is a common disorder of the shell of the aquatic turtle

A

shell rot

276
Q

what can cause Pyrimydal disease during growth phase in the turtle

A

often related to excessive protein

277
Q

describe the dentition of turtles

A

Turtles and tortoises No teeth Tomia (keratinized beaks)

278
Q

describe the respiratory system of a turtle

A

Lungs Attach dorsally to carapaceSea turtles can breath hold up to 3 weeksTo x-ray the lungs– 3 views VD- AP– LAT

279
Q

what are the clinical signs of pneumonia in a turtle

A

head tilt

280
Q

describe the heart of the turtle

A

Cavum venosum: paired aortic arches, lead to systemic circulationCavum arteriosum: receives blood from pulmonary veins and directs oxygenated blood to cavum venosumCavum pulmonale: receives blood from right atrium and directs flow into pulmonary circulation

281
Q

what is the potz of an aquatic turtle

A

POTZ 75-82 F (24-29 C)

282
Q

describe the diet of an adult turtle

A

omnivorous

283
Q

describe the diet of a terrestrial turtle

A

Diet – HerbivorousProne to constipation

284
Q

what are the common diseases of a turtle

A

Metabolic Bone DiseaseVit A deficiency– conjunctivitis, blepharitis, swollen eyelidsVit A Toxicity—Shell rot dry and wet form

285
Q

what is septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease (SCUD) in turtles

A

Shell Injury and RepairOvergrown Beak

286
Q

what are the common respiratory diseases of turtles

A

Mucopurulent nasal dischargeOcular dischargeDyspneaOpen mouth breathingAbnormal swimming

287
Q

How do you tell a male from a female cokateil

A

How do you tell male from female- female has wing spots and tail bars

288
Q

What are cockateils prone to

A

overproduction of eggs

289
Q

where are budgies originally found

A

originally from Australia
many bred in Germany + here

290
Q

describe new world parrotlets

A

similar size to a love birdgroup of the smallest New World parrot speciesForm life-long and tight pair bonds with their chosen mates.

291
Q

describe conures

A

medium sized birdsfrom central + south america

292
Q

describe a hyacinthe macaw

A

South AmericaSix years to matureOnly lay 1 or 2 eggs a year

293
Q

What are all macaws prone to

A

All Macaws are prone to :Proventricular Dilation Disease= PDD ( macaw wasting dse)

294
Q

Why are male and female eclectus parrots confused for two different species of birds

A

Until recently, male & female eclectus parrots were considered to be two different species of birds due to their unique and prominent sexual dimorphism. ( male  green).. From New Guinea ( old world)

295
Q

how do you sexually differentiate budgies

A

Budgie - blue cere in male- brown in female

296
Q

how do you sexually differentiate most parrots

A

Are sexually monomorphicMale birds are homogametic (have two Z chromosomes) while females are heterogametic (have one Z and one W chromosome).Surgical or by Blood Sample

297
Q

What birds are considered passerines

A

Canaries and Finches Songbirds

298
Q

describe the integument of birds

A

thin epidermisNo sub cut fat- easier to fly

299
Q

do birds have sweat glands? how do they cool down or warm up?

A

No sweat glands. Puff up if cold or flap wings if warm

300
Q

do amazons have a preen gland?

A

no

301
Q

what can happen to the uropygial gland in budgies

A

tutors can develop

302
Q

where is the uropygial gland found

A

On dorsal surface at upper base of the tail

303
Q

what does preening stimulate/do

A

Preening stimulates secretion of an oily, fatty substance Bird uses beak to spread the oil throughout its feathers to clean and waterproof them

304
Q

describe the claws of psittacines

A

Psittacines digits 2+2 point anteriorly

305
Q

describe the claws of passerines

A

Passerines are 3 +1

306
Q

what are common feet problems in birds

A

Problems with feet-Scaly leg mite– knemodecoptes-Vit A df- hyperkaratosis-pododermatitis

307
Q

describe claws of birds

A

Horny sheath derived from specialized scales at the end of each toeGrow continuously Variable types of claws, depending on perching habits and method of procuring food

308
Q

describe the perching reflex

A

When the bird bends its legs to perch the tendons pull the toes around the foot

309
Q

how do you handle raptors when dealing with the perching reflex

A

keep the legs straight

310
Q

how do you trim the nails of birds

A

straighten the leg

311
Q

describe the beak of birds

A

Beak- modified to its function –Upper and lower mandible covered with a horny keratin layer Grows continuouslyVariable hardness and flexibility, depending on the function

312
Q

why are birds lighter

A

hollow bones, no teeth, no jaw bones, no sub q fat

313
Q

what is the function of feathers

A

flight, protection, communication, thermoregulation

314
Q

what is the anatomy of contour feathers

A

Anatomy of contour feather– umbilicus, quill, rachis, vane, barbs and barbules and hooklets

315
Q

what are the 6 feather types

A

Contour featherSemiplumeDownfeathers- warmthFiloplumeBristlePowder down

316
Q

what are the different types of contour feathers

A

remiges (flight)rectrices (tail)Coverts

317
Q

where are the primary feathers located

A

Primary feathers- from the carpus distally

318
Q

where are the secondary feathers located

A

Secondary feathers- from elbow to the carpus

319
Q

describe the contour feathers

A

Flight feathers of the wings and tail (remiges and retrices)

320
Q

how are the contour feathers moved

A

Moved by muscles attached to the walls of the follicles

321
Q

describe the auricular feathers

A

small contour feathers around external ear openingsImprove bird’s hearing ability

322
Q

describe the structure of the Vane of a feather

A

flattened part of a feather Numerous slender, 
closely spaced barbs 
that give rise to 
barbules containing 
hooklets (hamuli) Hooklets interlock each barbule with an adjacent one

323
Q

describe the semiplume feathers

A

Have main rachis with barbs 
and no barbules or hooklets Found under contour feathers

324
Q

what is the function of the semiplume feathers

A

Provide insulationProvide flexibility for movement of contour feathers Help with buoyancy in water birds

325
Q

describe the down feathers of birds

A

Down feathers Soft, fluffy feathers Lack a true shaftNo barbules or hooklets Located next to skin under contour feathers

326
Q

what is the function of down feathers

A

warmth

327
Q

what are the 2 major types of feather damage

A

feather mitesdaily wear and tear

328
Q

describe feather mites

A

Feather mites and other external parasites can chew and consume parts of the feather vanes

329
Q

describe daily wear and tear

A

Daily wear and tear: lighter tips of flight and tail feathers can be worn off

330
Q

describe stress bars in feathers

A

Fault bar (stress bar): weakened area on the feather vane where barbs lack barbules – Look for during GPEResults from stress that interrupts blood flow during feather growthCommon stressor: poor diet

331
Q

what is a brood patch

A

area of dermis in breast that thickens with blood vessels during brooding- to incubate eggs

332
Q

what is a feather tract

A

—pterylae—apteria (no feathers)

333
Q

what are blood feathers

A

a growing feather-can see the vein

334
Q

describe feather pickers

A

Often behavioral OCDBUT must rule out all medical possibilities by doing tests

335
Q

What tests need to be done on a bird who is plucking his own feathers

A

GPE and extensive review of historyIdentify stressors and nutritional factorsX-ray- heavy metalBlood tests : CBC + BIOCHEM- to insure good health Fecal smear and floatation to rule out parasitesGram stain- of feces, Choana, crop contentsPCR tests for PBFD

336
Q

how much of the birds body weight is made up of feathers

A

4-12%

337
Q

what is molting

A

Process of feather replacement In most species, feather replacement is symmetrical One or two pairs of flight feathers molted at a time Many species of waterfowl molt all flight feathers at once after the breeding season

338
Q

how often are feathers molted

A

Occurs once to several times a year, depending on species

339
Q

when a feather is melted, what is it covered with

A

Feather emerges covered by peridermPeriderm removed by preeningSometimes a bird that is molting can over preen

340
Q

how is the old feather removed during molting

A

newly developing feather pushes old feather out

341
Q

describe the appearance of a new feather

A

New feather has visible Blood vessels (blood feather)When feather is fully grown, blood dries up

342
Q

what is psittacine beak and feather disease

A

caused by a circovirus—results in the production of abnormal or dystrophic feathers + weakens immune system the powder down feathers are first affected, the last are the primariesBirds die within 1-3 years from time of diagnosis

343
Q

which animal was beak and feather disease first described in

A

cockatoos

344
Q

what does pssitacine beak and feather disease cause

A

Beak Necrosis, Feather Dystrophies, worsening with each successive molt

345
Q

what are the early signs of PBFD

A

Early signs are subtle changes in down feathers

346
Q

how do you diagnose PBFD

A

PCR test for the virus

347
Q

describe the pectorals muscle

A

(downstroke)– 20% of birds weight - This is Where we give IM injections

348
Q

describe the supracoracoideus muscle

A

used for upstroke

349
Q

what has the fused vertebrae of the bird replaced

A

the dorsally located muscles

350
Q

what is the function of red muscle

A

used fat for energy. very long distance flyers

351
Q

what is the function of white muscle

A

use of glycogen for energy

352
Q

what bones are often fractured with window strikes

A

Coracoid often fracturedWith window strikes

353
Q

what is the function of the Allula

A

steering

354
Q

what are the birds adaptations for flight

A

reduction in the number of bonesfusion of many bonespneumatic bones- hollow bones

355
Q

describe the axial skeleton of the bird

A

more cervical vertebraerigid thoracic vertebraelumbosacral area is fused with pelvis- SYNSACRUMSternum—large keel bone

356
Q

what bones make up the pectoral girdle

A

coracoid, scapula, clavicle (wish bone)


357
Q

in birds what is larger, the ulna or the radius

A

the ulna

358
Q

what is the name of the wing web of birds

A

patagium

359
Q

describe the vision of birds

A

very well developed-Eye is of different shapes in different speciesthey have better visual acuity than usmore nerves going to the rods and cones–thicker retinaSclerotic rings- ossicles that support and protect eyesTransparent nictitating membrane – acts as a lens in diving birds–

360
Q

describe the iris muscle in birds

A

Iris muscle is striated- under voluntary control- not autonomic (will not dilate with atropine)

361
Q

what is located in the vitreous humour of birds

A

pecten- allows for additional blood supply to bird.

362
Q

what happens if the pecten is injured in raptors

A

it can’t be released

363
Q

what birds have a second fovea

A

hawks

364
Q

what spectrum do birds see in

A

UVA light spectrum

365
Q

describe the hearing of birds

A

BIRDS HEAR 10 x faster than usExtremely well developed in Barn Owls-asymmetric ears and Facial disk

366
Q

describe the middle ear of birds

A

Middle ear- columnella instead 3 bones

367
Q

describe the taste sense of birds

A

Not well developedFewer taste buds

368
Q

describe the smell sense of birds

A

Poorly developed in most birdsBetter developed in vultures

369
Q

describe the common structures of the digestive system

A

BEAKMOUTH- no soft palate– ChoanaCROP- storageSTOMACH = Proventriculus and GizzardLiver- bilobedPancreasDuodenum. Jejunum. ileumLarge intestine+/- ceca (herbivores)cloaca

370
Q

What is the function of the crop

A

Courtship regurgitation Pigeons produce crop milk Problems with Hand fed baby birds- impacted crops—Sour crop

371
Q

what is a common diagnostic test with the crop

A

Crop Wash to check for parasite, fungal, bacterial infection

372
Q

what is the function of the proventriculus

A

glandular stomach

373
Q

what is the function of the ventriculus

A

gizzard - very muscular- grinding function (grit is here)

374
Q

what are the 3 parts of the cloaca

A

coprodeumUrodeumProctodeum

375
Q

what are the feces in birds called

A

mutes

376
Q

what are the 3 parts of the bird’s mute

A

feces, urates, urine

377
Q

describe normal bird droppings

A

Diets with a high seed content usually produce homogeneous dark green feces. Birds on formulated pellet diets normally exhibit soft, brownish feces. Urine is normally a clear liquid. A diet high in vegetable and fruit matter may increase the urine component.

378
Q

what are some important diagnostic characteristics from urine/feces

A

Decrease in the total number or volume of droppings ( history)Color change of the urates/urine to green or yellowIncrease in the water content of the feces (diarrhea)Increase in the urine portion (polyuria).Passing whole seeds is abnormal

379
Q

how do you evaluate the mute of a bird

A

Have client bring in cage or take photosThe stress of transporting and examining the bird will change the character of the mutes so you can not rely on this

380
Q

describe proventricular dilation disease

A

affects the nerves of the GI tract- the proventriculus becomes very enlarged. There is passing of whole seeds in fecesA crop biopsy can confirm.PCR test for virus is not reliable at this time

381
Q

describe the papilloma virus

A

cloacal papillomatosis: in amazonsThis can become a progressively fatal diseaseThe warts ( papillomas) endCheck for this in GPE- invert the cloaca

382
Q

describe the cardiovascular system of birds

A

High body temp. 42 C (104-105°F.)High heart rates- only 6 secs to made a complete circuitAn average heart rate for a bird is approximately 400 bpm. While in flight, it can increase 2-3 times as fast!

383
Q

describe erythrocytes of birds

A

ERYTHROCYTE oval, nucleated, larger than mammals, PCV- 35-55, 5% recticulocytes is normalA responsive anemia should see >10% reticulocytes

384
Q

describe the leukocytes of birds

A

HETREROPHILS- equivalent to neutrophil, rod shaped orange granules. See increase in chlamydiosis and other bacterial infections Eosinophils– round granules Basophils – rare Lymphocytes MonocytesThrombocytes (platelets)

385
Q

what anticoagulant do you use with a bird blood smear

A

lithium heparin

386
Q

where do you perform venipuncture in birds

A

basilar veinmedial metatarsal

387
Q

where can you give iv/sc injections

A

in the potassiumin the intraosseus catheter

388
Q

how much blood can be safely drawn from a bird

A

1% of total body weight

389
Q

what is the total blood volume of birds

A

10% of body weight

390
Q

describe the large infraorbital sinus of birds

A

rostrovental to the eye—2 exits are dorsal- a bird with sinusitis often looks like conjunctivitis

391
Q

how do you treat birds sinusitis

A

sinus flush

392
Q

describe the respiratory system

A

Nares, choanano epiglottis – Glottisno larynx—Syrinx- voice boxComplete tracheal rings- do not use a cuffed ET tubebronchi—mesobronchi—parabronchi—air capillaries (no alveoli)Lung is fixedAir sacsBirds do not possess a diaphragm. Air sacs within the coelomic cavity take up 1/5th of the bird’s body volume.

393
Q

describe the avian femur

A

it is a pneumatic bone which is part of their respiratory system

394
Q

what can happen in the air sacs

A

air sacculitis - aspergilla - aspergillosis

395
Q

Describe the path of air through a bird

A

Inspiration 1- air goes to posterior airsacs- where it is warmed and humidified – expiration 1- it is pushed into the lungs where gas exchange occurs- countercurrent exchanges system very efficient O2 extraction Inspiration 2- it moves to the cranial air sacs expiration 2 – air leaves the bird’s body

396
Q

what are budgies prone to, in the urogenital system

A

renal adenocarcinoma

397
Q

describe the size of the kidneys in birds

A

kidneys larger and divided into 3 parts

398
Q

describe the uric acid of birds

A

Urates- white- main nitrogenous waste product- will be elevated with kidney disease and failure

399
Q

describe gout in birds

A

Excess uric acid in the bird is called - GOUT- it often deposits in the joints and causes lameness

400
Q

what is BUN a measure of in birds

A

measure of hydration

401
Q

describe the reproductive system of birds

A

Females are the heterozygous one ZWTestes are in the abdomenFemales have only one ovary on left sideAquatic birds have a phallus

402
Q

describe female reproductive anatomy

A

Infundibulum-Magnum- secretes albuminIsthmus-shell membraneUterus-shell glandVagina stores sperm,

403
Q

describe normal biochemistry tests in birds

A

ALT, SGPT– little use in avian- is present in all cells- not liver specificAMYLASE- elevated in pancreatitis and enteritisAP, SAP- little useAST, SGOT– liver and muscleCK, CPK – muscleBile Acids – liver functionBilirubin is not that useful birds produce biliverdin-Calcium- elevated in laying birdsGlucose- BUN– hydration statusUric Acid- kidneyCreatinine - not useful

404
Q

what causes knemidokoptes mites

A

Sarcoptes miteScaly beak and leg miteResponds well to ivomec

405
Q

describe pox disease in birds

A

psittacine, cutaneous form. These two Fischer lovebirds are suffering from eye lesions caused by a parrot pox virus. Most of the affected birds did not survive. Other species often have lower mortality rates.

406
Q

where are the common sites for fibrosarcoma in the pet bird

A

beak and face

407
Q

describe hepatic lipidosis in birds

A

gross lesions, cockatiel. A pale liver is located beneath the heart, nestled in a pad of abdominal body fat. Diet consisted of mixed seeds, of which only sunflower seeds were actually eaten.

408
Q

Describe feather cysts

A

This macaw shows a single large ingrown feather or feather cyst. Canaries are commonly affected with multiple feather cysts.

409
Q

summarize all viral diseases

A

Proventricular Dilatition Disease—Macaw wasting dse – virus abornaNewcastle Disease- reportable dse– Is the reason for the 45 day quarantine of BIRDSPolyomavirus- pediatric dse of parrots- can be carried by budgiesPacheco Disease—herpes virus—carried by Conures—Amazons very susceptible There is a vaccine- no longer a problem at HARIPOX virus-canaryPsittacine Beak and Featherdse—PBFD—circo virus Papillomatosis Amazons + Macaws very susceptible

410
Q

What does the polyoma virus cause

A

widespread hemorrhage, acute death

411
Q

describe polyoma/vaccination for polyoma

A

Adults require yearly boosterNeonates – 5 weeks and 8 weeksBudgies may be unapparent carriersMay cause Budgie fledgling disease- dystrophic feathers

412
Q

what are the 2 common liver diseases

A

Fatty LiverAspergillosis

413
Q

what are misc. diseases of birds

A

Overgrown BeakBrown Hypertrophy of CereFemale budgieFeather Bars– stress bars

414
Q

describe psittacine herpesvirus hepatitis

A

Psittacine HV-1,2,3– Herpes VirusSouth American Origin– ***problem mixing birds from different geographic areasCockatoos and Amazons die per acutelyMacaws die acutelyConures (Nanday and Patagonian) incriminated as carriers

415
Q

what are the common signs of psittacosis

A

Respiratory Involvement: airsacculitisLeukocytosis, heterophilia, monocytosisAnemiaAST elevation, TP, bile acidsHepatomegaly, splenomegaly\Fibrinopericardititis

416
Q

What are common nutritional disorders

A

Obesity—Hepatic Lipidosis- Vitamin A ImbalanceCalcium, Phosphorous, Vit D3 ImbalanceIodine deficiency/ Goiter

417
Q

what are the problems with a seed only diet

A

Df—Vit A, Vit D, riboflavin, vitB12- Df- minerals; Calcium, sodium, iodine, copper, zinc, manganese, seleniumDf- amino acids- lysine, methionineXs- fatImbalance – amino acids, Ca:P, vit E, Seseed - Goiter- budgie on an all seed diet

418
Q

describe vitamin A deficiency

A

Vit A df- hyperkeratosis of epithelium- GPE look at Choanal papillae

419
Q

describe B vitamin and mineral deficiency

A

results in poor feathering and may result in feather picking especially after a molt

420
Q

describe obesity in birds

A

fatty liver disease

421
Q

describe Ca, P, Vitamin D imbalance

A

lameness, fractures, African Grays are prone to hypocalcemic tetanyEgg binding/dystocias -+ egg shell problems

422
Q

what are common parasitic diseases

A

Helminths -Tapeworm –AscaridsFilarial wormsProtozoa- Giardia, coccidiaArthropods -air sac mites- Canaries - budgies knemidokoptes–> scaly face and leg mite- feather mites

423
Q

what are common fungal diseases in birds

A

Mycotoxicosis- mold infected grainCandidiasis- yeast– crop infectionsAspergillosis- opportunisticMegabacterioisis-(avian gastric yeast)

424
Q

what are early signs of disease in birds

A

Broken, bent, picked or chewed feathersStained feathers over nares or around the face or vent or Crusty material in or around nostrilsRedness, swelling or loss of feathers around eyes, baldnessSores on bottom of feet /Lameness /shifting of body weightMinor changes in talking, biting, or eating habits

425
Q

what are the clinical signs of serious illness in birds

A

Significant changes in number and appearance of the droppingsDecreased or excessive food or water consumptionChange in attitude, personality or behaviorFluffed postureDecreased vocalizationChange in breathing or abnormal respiratory soundsChange in weight or general body conditionEnlargement or swelling on the bodyAny bleeding or injuryVomiting or regurgitationDischarge from nostrils, eyes, or mouth

426
Q

what are common zoonosis with birds

A

ChlamydiosisSalmonellosisTuberculosisInfluenza A

427
Q

describe chlamydophila in birds

A

Chlamydiosis, also referred to as psittacosis in people and parrot fever in birdsChlamydophila psittaci, formerly classified as Chlamydia psittaci.Treatment with doxycycline or chlortetracycline is the standard of care.

428
Q

what are some common skin problems in birds

A

Brown Hypertrophy of the Cere- BudgiesLipomas- lipomatosisSelf trauma

429
Q

what are common feather problems in birds

A

Feather pickingContinuous moltingFeather cysts - ingrown feather forms a granuloma– likely congenital– may be underlying virus induced folliculitis

430
Q

what are common respiratory problems in birds

A

SinusitisPneumoniaAir sacculitisDyspnea-Anything occupying the abdominal space:tumor, helpatomegaly,ascites

431
Q

what is the clinical sign of resp. distress

A

tail bobbing

432
Q

what are common GI diseases

A

Vomiting or Regurgitation Abnormal droppings

433
Q

what are common reproductive conditions in birds

A

Chronic egg layingEgg bindingEgg yolk peritonitisProlapsed cloaca-oviduct-uterusSexual aggression

434
Q

what are common neoplasia in birds

A

FibrosarcomaCarcinoma— e.g. renalLymphosarcomaLipomaPituitary Masses

435
Q

what are the common kidney disorders in birds

A

goutpolyuria

436
Q

what are the common endocrine disorders in birds

A

DiabetesHypothyroidism

437
Q

what are the common toxicosis in birds

A

Toxic fumesLead, Zincavocado

438
Q

what are some pediatric conditions in birds

A

Aspiration pneumoniaCrop burn, crop stasis, infectionBeak and leg abnormalities

439
Q

describe avian hepatic lipidosis

A

most commonly seen in birds eating high fat diets (seed), especially after a sudden dietary change (i.e. to a pelleted diet) or a period of anorexia* similar pathogenesis to that seen in other species* more commonly seen in Amazon parrots

440
Q

what are the clinical signs of hepatic lipidosis

A

anorexia* “sick bird syndrome” - fluffed appearance, lethargy, increased sleeping* biliverdinuria– see green urates

441
Q

what are the physical/diagnostic findings of avian hepatic lipidosis

A

radiographically, enlargement of the hepatic silhouette can be seen* hepatomegaly may be palpable* AST, bile acids, and cholesterol are elevated

442
Q

describe avian aspergillosis

A

occurs in psittacines, raptors, and water fowl* Aspergillus is ubiquitous in the environment and infection is thought to be caused by either immunosuppression or massive exposure to the organism.Penguins in zoos– are very susceptible

443
Q

what are the clinical signs of avian aspergillosis

A

dyspnea, change in voice, reluctance to talk (parrots), respiratory click, emaciation, exercise intolerance

444
Q

what are the physical/diagnosistc findings of avian aspergillosis

A

some birds may become very stressed when handled and need to stay in an oxygen cage* increased respiratory effort observed on physical exam* severe leukocytosis of 20-100,000 WBCs/µL* heterophilia with a left-shift, monocytosis, and lymphopenia* non-regenerative anemia, increased total protein and globulin

445
Q

how do you diagnose avian aspergillosis

A

endoscopic visualization of plaques in the trachea (especially at the level of the syrinx) or airsacsevidence of air sacculitis may be apparent on radiographsculture is valuable if taken from sites such as the trachea, air sacs, and lungshistopathology Treatmant* Long term anti-fungal therapy with Amphotericin B, terbinafine, diflucan and/or intraconazole.* Endoscopic removal of plaques, especially those lodged at the syrinx.

BVetMed - Complete course (Years 1, 2, 3) (26 decks)

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