Chemistry Flashcards
All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.
How many s.f. Does 750 have?
At least 2 s.f
How many s.f. Does 3000 have?
At least 1
If multiplying and adding, what rule do you apply first?
First you apply least d.p when you get the answer for the first line, then least s.f when you do the last line
What is the formula for density? And give units for each component of the formula
D(g/ml) = m (g) / v (ml)
What is 1 amu equal to?
1.6605 x 10^-24 g
How would you write an element in isotopic notation?
(A) atomic mass. Symbol(Z) atomic number.
How do you calculate avg. amu?
% E(1) x eamu (1) + % E (2) x eamu (2)Ex: 92.58%(/100) x 7.016 amu + 7.42% (/100) x 6.015 = 6.941 amu
What is the charge of nucleus?
+ protons
What is the net charge?
Neutral or +/- if anion
What happens if your grams of an element have the same amu?
Then the answer will be 6.022 x 10^23 (1 mol of substance)
How do you calculate mass of an element in the periodic table?
0.100g Al x 1 amu. X 1 atom al ———- ——— 1.6605 x 10^-24g. 26.1895(pt)= 2.30 x 10^21 atoms al
What are positive ions called?
Cations
What are negative ions called?
Anions
What are anions and cations both considered?
Salts
Where are cations found?
Left of stairs
What is ionic composition?
K . + o …… ▶️ 2K + O ^2-
What is an example of ionic formulation?
O ^2-
Give an example of ionic formula?
k2o
What is Avogadro’s number?
6.022 x^23
What are ionic compounds
Metal plus nonmetals. Transfer of electrons
What are molecular compounds
Nonmetals plus nonmetals. Sharing of electrons
What are organic metallic compounds
Transition metals plus organic molecules
In a single bond how many electrons are shared
Two electrons
In a double bond how many electrons are shared
4 electrons
In a triple bond how many electrons are shared
Six electrons
What does nonpolar mean
Electrons are equally shared
What does polar mean
Electrons are unequally shared. Favors one element
Where does the dipole moment arrow point to
The more polar element
What is NH4
Ammonium ion
What is hydrogenation
Addition of H2 on the C=C double bond
What is hydrogenation of a CC triple bond
Addition of two H2 on Carbon carbon triple bond
What is hydrohalegenation
Addition of a CL2 or BR2
What does least substituted mean
Smallest amount of CH3 on that side
What is the anti-Newman projection
180° from each other. One, four position
What is the most stable version
Chair confirmation
What are conformers
Same Molecular formula, same bond connections, is not a result of a rotation
What is an isomer
Same molecular formula
What are structural isomers
Same molecular formula but different order of bond connections
What is a stereoisomer
Same molecular formula same bond connections unequal spatial arrangements
What is a diastereoisomer
CIs vs trans alkenes
What are Entaniomers
Requires Carol c atom. Same molecular formula, same bond connections, non-superimposable mirror images
What does carboxylic acid plus amine equal. What is this reaction called
Amide plus h20. Amide
What does carboxylic acid plus alcohol equal and what is this reaction called
Ester plus H2O. The reaction is called esterification
What does ester plus H2O equal. And what is the reaction called
Carboxylic acid plus alcohol. Reaction is called hydrolysis of Ester
What does amide plus H2O equal and what is the reaction called
Carboxylic acid plus ammonium ion plus H2O. Reaction is called hydrolysis of amide
What does ester plus MOH equal and what is it called
Alcohol plus Moate salt. Reaction is called saponification of esters
What does amide plus MOH equal and what is the reaction called
Metal oate plus amine. Reaction is called saponification of amides
What is fructose considered
Ketohexosis
What are the three disaccharides
Maltose, lactose, sucrose
What is maltose made out of
The combination of Alpha D-glucose plus alpha/beta D-glucose.
How is a Glycosidic link named
Named using position of first sugar unit and oxygen bridge
What is lactose made up of
Beta D galactose plus alpha/beta D-glucose
What is sucrose made up of
Alpha D-glucose plus Beta D fructose
Where do ester links occur
Occur between carbon oxygen bonds And phosphate oxygen bonds
What are anhydrides
Occur when two moles of carboxylic acids come together by pushing arrows. They bond together. If two of the carboxylic acids are the same they are considered symmetrical anhydrides.
How does the conjugate base form end
Ends with a negative O
How does the conjugate acid form end
Ends with an acidic H plus
What are saturated fats
Fats from animal sources
What are unsaturated fats
Fats from plant sources
What are triglycerides
One mole glycerol +3 moles Fatty acids
What are the four saturated fatty acids. From animal fats. No Carbon carbon double bond
Lauric c12Myristic c14Palmitic c16Stearic c18
What are the four polyunsaturated fatty acids and how many double bonds have
Oleic c18;1Linoleic c18;2Linolenic c18;3Arachidonic c20;4
Where is the double bond in oleic acid. What omega is it
Is at nine. It is an Omega nine fatty acid
Where is the double bond in linoleic acid. What omega is it
9,12. It is omega 6
Where are the double bonds in linolenic acid and what omega is it
9,12,15 and it is an omega 3
Where are the double bonds for arachodonic acid.
5,8,11,14
What is partial hydrogenation
Adding 4H2 when you have seven CC bonds. Only breaks four double bonds
Describe triglycerides with more Saturated fatty acids
Harder to digest plus rigid structure organized in sheets. Hard to oxidize
Describe triglycerides with more monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids
Easier to digest due to pie component
What is a free radical
A Carcinogenic Carbon attempts to find electron by breaking bonds that normally would not be broken
What is lecithin
Used as an emulsifier in food industry
What are the two types of triaglycerials
Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipid
What are they hydrophilic intramolecular interactions
Hydrogen bonds, salt bridge, ionic attraction, disulfide bonds, dipole interactions
What are the hydrophobic intermolecular interactions
Wan de waolsLondon dispersion forces
What is the composition of the cell membrane
60% protein25% phospholipids10% cholesterol (maintain structure)5% sphingolipids
What is a zwitterion
Neutral dipolar ion with one positive charge and one negative charge
What is the isoelectric point
PH value
What is the basic form
With the acidic H removed
What is the acidic form
Has an acidic H on carboxylate group
Where is the ester link found
Next to carbon oxygen double bond
Where is the amido bond found
Next to NH2
Summarize the total serum cholesterol lab
Cholesterol is a fat like substance which is found in blood, bile, brain tissue. The function of cholesterol itself is uncertain but is used in the body to synthesize bio acids, sex hormones, vitamin D3. Total cholesterol includes cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Increased cholesterol values may be found in diabetes nephroptosis obstructive jaundice or hypothyroidism. Decreased values may be found in hyperthyroidism severe infections and intestinal obstructions. The normal value for cholesterol esters is 70% of total cholesterol.
Summarize the potato lab
Polyphenyl oxidase is a copper containing enzyme with the optimum pH of six or seven. Catalyzes the oxidation of di and trihydroxyphenols to the corresponding quinones. Ie browning.
Summarize the urine lab
Urine is in excretory product of the kitty consisting of many waste products of metabolism dissolved in water. The average adult excretes between a leader and a leader and a half of urine each day. It is slightly acidic. The following inorganic ions are present in urine bicarbonate chloride phosphate sulfate ammonium potassium and sodium. The most abundant organic compounds in urine is creatinine, urea and uric acid. Creatinine is produced during muscular activity, urea is the end product of proteins cannibalism and uric acid results from nucleic acid breakdown.
What is a drug
Any substance that alters body function when it is introduced from an external source
What is an agonist
A substance that interacts with the receptor to cause or prolong the receptors normal Biomechanical response
What is an antagonist
A substance that blocks or inhibits the normal biochemical response of the receptor
What is passive transport
Movement of a substance across the cell membrane without the use of energy from a region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration
What is active transport
Movement of substances across the cell membrane with the assistance of energy
What are integral proteins
A protein permanently attached to the biological membranes
What are prereferral proteins
Proteins that attach onto integral proteins temporarily
What does isotonic mean
Same osmolarity
What does hypotonic mean
Having an osmolarity less than the surrounding blood plasma or cells
What does hypertonic mean
Having an osmolarity greater than the surrounding blood plasma or cells
What does osmosis mean
The passage of solvent through semipermeable membrane separating two solutions of different concentrations
What does osmotic pressure mean
The amount of external pressure applied to the more concentrated solution to halt the passage of solvent molecules across the semipermeable membrane
What is dialysis
Dialysis similar to osmosis except that the pores in a dialysis membrane are larger than those in an osmotic membrane so both solvent molecules and small solid particles can pass through but large particles such as proteins cannot pass
What percentage of your daily calories should be coming from fats and oils
30%
What percentage of daily calories should come from saturated fat
10%
