Parasitology Flashcards
All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.
What is the generic name of pyran
Pyrantel pamoate
What is the generic name for s-125
Sulfadimethoxine
Between the modified knots technique and the difil test, which technique allows for differentiation Dirofilaria Immitis and Acanthochocheilonema reconditum microfilariae
Modified knotts technique
Why is it important to differentiate between D. Immitis and A. Reconditum ?
Because A. Reconditum doesn’t need to be treated
What are the morphological differences between both types of microfilariae
D. Immitis has a straight body with a tapered end A. Reconditum has a curved body with a blunt head and a curved tail
Can a dog have heartworm and have a negative difil or knotts test ?
Yes if he has only adult male worms or the females could not have made microfilariae yet
Give two reasons why a dog might have heartworm and yet the rest Would come out negative
Due to the fact that it tests for females. If there is too little females or only males you might get a false negative
Give the kingdom, phylum and class of dipylidium caninum ova
Kingdom: Anamalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda
What is the the common name of dipylidium caninum ova
Flea tapeworm
Describe the dipylidium caninum ova
Oval with multiple circles inside. Transparent. No visible shell
Give the kingdom, phylum and class of echinococcus granulosis cyst
Kingdom: AnamaliaPhylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda
What is the common name of echinococcus granulosus cyst
Dog worms
What are the general characteristics of echinococcus granulosus cysts
Rounded/ovalish cyst with small circle/oval circles inside
List the materials required for a fecal centrifugation technique
Slide, tongue depressor, paper cups, sample, sheathers solution
What is the density of sheathers solution
1200 units
Describe the fecal centrifugation technique
Put 1g of feces in a paper cup, put 1cc of sheathers solution in a cup. Make a soup. Put 8cc of sheathers solution. Mix it, in a second cup put 2 layers of gauze over the second cup and filter solution. Squeeze out extra liquid from gauze. Put all garbage in garbage cup
What type of centrifuge is ideal to perform fecal centrifugation
Swinging, the triac allows the coverslip to be placed on it.
Whats the difference between single and double centrifugation technique ? What is the purpose of doing the double centrifugation ?
Double centrifugation the 1st step is done with water instead of sheathers or znSO4. When you centrifuge it, te water is less dense than eggs so any sample will go to the bottom of the container. Centrifuge again, this time with sheathers and sample will raise to top
What are the materials required for a simple fecal flotation
Fecal cup, tongue depressor, zinc sulfate, cover slip, slide
Describe how to do a simple fecal flotation
Fill fecal tunnel, put zinc sulfate until divot is filled, turn until it forms a brown solution. Clip it down when the solution is nicely mixed. Full up to the top with zinc sulfate, make a miniscus, and place coverslip on top. Wait 10 mins and place it on slide
What are the disadvantages to using a direct smear
If you have a small amount of feces you can have a false negative.
What does a hydrometer measure
The specific gravity of a liquid
What does the Refractometer measure
The amount of dissolved Solutes in a solution
Which of the two should be used to measure specific gravity an check that your solutions are still good
The hydrometer
What is the kingdom, phylum and class of ancylostoma caninum ova
Kingdom: animaliaPhylum: Nematoda Class: secementea
What are the general characteristics of ancylostoma caninum ova
Oval, transparent, granular appearance
What is the common name of ancylostoma caninum ova
Hookworm
What is the kingdom, phylum and class of trichinella spiralis encysted
Kingdom: animaliaPhylum: Nematoda Class: adenophorea
What is the common name for trichinella spiralis encysted
Pork worm
What are the general characteristics of trichinella spiralis
Transparent worm in a muscle. Spiral shaped.
What is the kingdom, phylum and class of trichuris vulpis
Kingdom: animaliaPhylum: nemathelminthesClass: Nematoda
What are the general characteristics of trichuris vulpis
Oval shaped, thick outer shell with bipolar plugs
What is the common name for balis ascaris
Roundworm
What is the kingdom, phylum, class of balis ascaris
Kingdom: animaliaPhylum: Nematoda Class: secernentea
What is the common name for w. Bankrofti
Roundworm
What is the kingdom, phylum and class of w. Bankrofti
Kingdom: animalia Phylum: Nematoda Class: secernentea
How is w. Bankrofti contracted
Mosquito
What is the common name of shistosoma mansoni
Trematode
What is the kingdom, phylum and class for shistosoma mansoni
Kingdom: animaliaPhylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Trematoda
What is the main carrier of shistosoma mansoni
Snails
What is the main carrier of balis ascaris
Raccoon
How do you differentiate between Taenia and dipylidium tapeworm
Taenia had 1 pore.
How do you do the modified knotts test
1 ml blood+ 9ml formalin. Then centrifuge at 1500, 5 min. Pour off supernatant, stain and then examine sediment.
Describe the fecal centrifugation technique
1g feces, 1cc sheathers, mix. Add 8cc sheathers. Mix. Filter one cup and pour solution in. Top it up to 13 cc. Put in centrifuge: 1500, 5 min. Top it up to make a miniscus and then put coverslip. Wait 5-10 mins
How do you perform a skin scraping
Put mineral oil on crusty region, squeeze area, scrape area, put crust and material on slide with mineral oil and chop it up. Scrape till area turns red, put it on the slide and add coverslip.
How do you perform the cellophane tape method
Take tape, sticky side down multiple times, mineral oil. Put tape on slide
Describe the cellophane tape for pinworm identification
Tongue depressor, tape. Fold tape over tongue depressor with sticky side out and press it on the butt hole. Don’t use mineral oil on the slide.
What is the class of balantidium coli trophozoites
Litostomatea
What is the class of demodex follicularis
Arachnida
What is the class of fasciola hepatica
Trematoda
What is the common name of phthirus pubis adult
Crab louse
What order of lice does phthirus pubis adult belong to and how can you tell simply by looking at it
Anoplura and it is due to the smaller head then it’s body
What does the Anoplura phthirus pubis feed on
Blood
Where does the phthirus pubis live on humans
In the pubic hair or any other course hair
What is the scientific name of the head louse
Pediculus humanus capitis
Where does the head louse live
On the hair of the head
What is the baby form of a louse
A nit, or egg.
How long does a nit take to hatch to nymph form
5-14 days
What is the order of the cimex lectularis
Hemiptera
What is the common name of cimex lectularis
Bed bug
What is the order of melophagus ovinus
Diptera
What is the common name of melophagus ovinus
Sheep ked
What species are infected with sheep ked
Sheep and goats
Where does the sheep ked live on the host
Deep into the Sheeps wool or the goats fleece
What materials are needed for the baermann technique
Champagne glass with hollow tube, mesh cloth, gauze, rubber band
What solution is use in the baermann technique
Water
Describe the baermann technique
Put 5 g of feces in gauze, close the rubber band. Place mesh in glass to hold the gauze. Fill with room temp water so larva can swim out into the glass. Let it sit for 24hrs
What is the purpose of conducting the baermann test
Larva of lungworm
How is the sample for baermann test collected
Fresh sample from a hard surface
What are three different possible solutions used for fecal shippin
SAF, formalin or 70% alcohol
What is the ratio of the volume of fece to the volume of shipping solution
1/3 feces to solution
What is the class for giardia trophozoites
Protozoa
What are small segments of tapeworms called
Proglottids
How is Taenia acquired
Ingestion of intermediate host
If you are a solution with 1260 what are you
Sheathers
What is the advantage to fecal centrifugation
More efficient at separating and its rapid.
Why do we do the baermann technique
To find lungworm larva
What is the scale to calibrate the microscope called
Stage micrometer
What is the majority of interactions of living organisms based upon
Food
What is symbiosis
When two living creatures live together
What is each member of a symbiotic relationship considered
Symbiont
Describe a predator prey symbiotic relationship
Short lived. Beneficial for one and detrimental for other.
What does phoresis mean
To carry.
What is a phoresic symbiotic relationship
One animal caries another
Describe a mutualist relationship
Both organisms benefit
Describe a commensalist relationship
Benefits one organism and has no harm to the other
Describe a parasitic relationship
The parasite lives on or with the host. Metabolic dependence of one on the other.
What is the differences between predator prey relationship and parasitism
Longer relationship. Don’t usually try to kill host.
What is parasitiasis
Presence of parasite with no clinical signs.
What is parasitosis
Presences of parasites and has a disease of parasites (clinical signs)
What is parasitism
A life relationship in which the parasite uses the host as a habitat and a food source.
What are the advantages to parasitism.
Infinite amount of food b
What is advantageous to a parasite with the movement of its host
Dispersion of the parasite
What does the host protect the parasite against
The environment, heat
How does a parasite evade the host fighting it
Attach to host cells, mutate
What are some ways parasites evade the host
Anticoagulants, opiate saliva secretion, covers self with human proteins. Forms cysts
What does the trypanosoma cause
Less milk, lose weight.
What percentage of herds and individuals are infected with trypanosoma
100% of herds and 90% of individuals
What is trypanosoma considered
A chronic, subacute problem.
What are some general things that parasites cause
Anemia, diarrhea, poor growth, malabsorption, respiratory problems, cardiovascular problems, ocular issues Dermatological issues
What can you get from uncooked beef
Tapeworm
What can you get from uncooked pork
Trichanosis
What parasites can you get from contact with cats
Toxoplasmosis
What parasite can you get from dogs
Toxocaris
What are parasites that live within the body considered
Endoparasites
What do endoparasites do
Cause an infection
What are parasites that live on the body called
Ectoparasites
What do ectoparasites
Infestation
What is an example of ectoparasites
Fleas
Give characteristics of an obligate parasite
Must use the host to survive and complete the development cycle. Can have a period outside host where transmission occurs
What is an example of a facultative parasites
S. Stercoralis
What are the characteristics of a incidental parasites
Short survival
What is an example of a hyper parasite
A tape worm in a flea
What does the parasitic load factor into
The development of the disease
What is the pre patent period
Time frame from infection with a parasite to that when the parasite can be recovered and diagnosed
What is a host
Animal providing habitat for a parasite
What are some general characteristics of parasites
Have at least one definitive host and may have one or more intermediate hosts.
What happens in a definitive host
Parasite matures to sexual and adult stage
What is an intermediate host
Larval, immature and juvenile stage of parasite.
What does toxoplasma gondii do to mice
Convinces mice to approach cats. Gets rid of olfactory receptors in mice brain so mice doesn’t sense danger
What is a paratenic host
Transport host. Form of intermediate host. No development of the parasite. Remains encysted.
What is a reservoir host
Source of infection for different species
What does a vermifuge do
Paralyzed worm to expel
What does a vermicide do
Kills worm
What is the phylum for Trematodes
Platyhelminthes
What’s the class for Trematodes
Trematoda
How do you further divide the class Trematoda
Monogenic and digenetic
What are Trematodes considered
Flukes
What is the general shape of Trematodes
Flattened dorsoventrally
What is the shape is Trematodes
Leaves
Do Trematodes have segments
No
What are monogenetic Trematodes considered
Ectoparasites
What do monogenetic Trematodes inhabit
Fish, reptiles and amphibians
How do monogenetic Trematodes attach
Gills, fins, mouth and skin
What is a digenetic Trematodes
Parasitic mammals.
Why are digenetic Trematodes considered
Endoparasites
What do schistosomas resemble
A tongue
Describe the morphology of digenetic Trematodes
Have no body cavity like cestodes
How do digenetic Trematodes attach
By a ventral sucker called acetabulum
What do the 2 blind ceca do from the digenetic Trematodes
End of digestive tract that Empties into the host by means of fluke puke
Describe the acetabulum
Tiny spines which face backwards enabling them to attach themselves
Describe the sexual reproduction of Trematodes
They’re all hermaphroditic except for schistosomas
Describe the Trematodes life cycle
Eggs, embryonate in the environment, contact with water
What happens to Trematodes when they make contact with water
Hatches and makes the motile stage.
What are the motile stage of Trematodes
Miracidium
What do the Miracidium do when hatched
Swim to a snail
What do Miracidium develop into
Sporocyst
What is a Sporocyst
Sack containing many redia
What is inside a redia
Cercariae
Why does the Cercarial stage have
Has a tail, to allow swimming
What are the three options for cercariae once he is out of the snail
Penetrate the skinAttach to vegetation and encystPenetrate a second incidental host
When the cercariae exits the snail how does it penetrate the host and cost
Swimmers itch. Duck is definitive host. does not develop further in humans.
Where does s. Mansoni normally end up
Intestine
What is an abhorrent migration
When a parasite migrates to the wrong place
What is metacercaria
When the Vegetation is ingested by definitive host
What happens when the Metacercaria is digested
Assist is digested releasing a juvenile fluke. Migrates to its preferred site and becomes an adult
What is the preferred site for most trematodes
G.I. tract
What is the one trematode that does not live in the gastrointestinal tract
Paragonimus kellicotti which lives in the lungs
Where do most schistosomes live
In the circulatory system
What is the one shistosome that doesn’t live in the circulatory system
Shistosoma mansoni which lives in GI tract
what is platynosomum fastosum
Lizard poisoning fluke
What is the first intermediate host of the platynosomum fastosum
Land snail
What is the second intermediate host of platynosomum fastosum
Lizard
Describe the organs where the lizard poisoning fluke lives
Liver, gallbladder, bile ducts
What are the symptoms of lizard poisoning fluke
Jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea, death
What is an operculum
An opening
What is nanophyetus salmincola
The salmon poisoning fluke in BC. It is the smallest fluke of domesticated animals.
What is the first intermediate host of nanophyetus salmincola
Snail
What is the second intermediate host of nanophyetus salmincola
Salmon
How do you get nanophyetus salmincola
From eating uncooked salmon.
What is the largest fluke of domesticated animals
Fasciolitis magma
Where does nanophyetus salmincola live
Small intestine
What is the first intermediate host of Alaria
Snail
What is the second intermediate host of Alaria
Frog, snake, mouse
Where does alaria live
In the intestine
What is paragonimus kellicotti
Lung fluke
What is the first intermediate host of paragonimus kellicotti
Snail
What is the second intermediate host of paragonimus kellicotti
Crayfish
How is paragonimus kellicotti diagnosed
Fecal sedimentation or flotation
What is heterobilharzia Americana
Canine schistosome. Found in the Gulf states of US. Enter via the skin.
What is the intermediate host of heterobilharzia Americana
Snail
Where is heterobilharzia Americana found in the body
In the mesenteric vein of the intestine and the portal vein.
What do heterobilharzia Americana cause
Bloody diarrhea, necrosis, initiation, anorexia
What is a miricidum
A larva that is already ready and has no hatching required
How do you diagnose heterobilharzia Americana
Fecal sedimentation
What phylum and class are cestodes in
Phylum platyhelminth, class Cestoda
What are cestodes referred to as
Tapeworm
Describe the general shape of cestodes
Flattened dorsal ventrally, ribbonlike and segmented, containing segments called proglottids
Describe the morphology of eucestodes
Has a scolex at the anterior end. Some have acetabula and Rostellum
What is a scolex
A head
What is a acetabula
Suckers
What is a Rostellum
Spiky head
If a cestode has a Rostellum what do you consider him
Armed
If I cestode does not have a rostellum what do you consider him
Unarmed
What is very special about eucestodes and how they intake food
They have no digestive track. They intake their food through the skin
What can we say about the proglottids that are close to the scolex
They are young proglottids
What can we say about the proglottids that are mid-distance from scolex
They are more mature
What can we say about the proglottids that are furthest from the scolex
They’re mature and gravid
What is cross fertilization when it comes to eucestodes
One proglottid fertilizes with another proglottid
What is self fertilization when it comes to proglottids
They fertilize themselves
What is special about eucestodes in terms of sexual reproduction
They are hermaphroditic.
What can be said about a gravid proglottid and it’s reproductive organs
The reproductive organs have degenerated and only the uterus remains with the eggs inside
Describe a proglottid egg
It is a six hooked hexacanth. It is born with all of its hooks already
Describe to eucestode life cycle
Gravid proglottids are expelled. Proglottids rupture and release eggs. Ingested by an obligate intermediate host where it develops into a metacestode (6 different forms possible)
What happens if a eucestode is eaten by a flea
It becomes a cysticercoid
What happens if the eucestode is eaten by a mama
Becomes a cysticercus, coenurus, hydatid cyst
Where do eucestodes live
In the digestive tract
How do definitive host become infected with eucestodes
It’s the intermediate host at the metacestode stage
What is the definitive host for taenia saginata
Human
What is the intermediate host of Taenia saginata
Cattle
What is the meta-cestode version of Taenia saginata
Cysticercus bovis
Where is Cysticercus bovis found
Skeletal and heart muscle. Contracted from poorly cooked meat
What is the definitive host for echinococcus multiculocularis
Canines. Humans are incidental hosts
What is the intermediate host for echinococcus multiculocularis
Rodents
What is echinococcus multiculocularis considered
A zoonotic disease
What is cotyloda
Flat, ribbonlike, segmented pseudo tapeworms processing a scolex. Have a bothria
What is a bothria
Long sticky slit
How do cotyloda get their nutrients
Through the skin
Do cotyloda have proglottids
Yes and they are hermaphroditic. Their eggs are operculated unlike eucestodes
What happens when operculated cotyloda eggs go into the environment
They hatch with contact of water. The coracidium is released from egg
What is a coracidium
Hexacanth embryo
Who is the first intermediate host of cotyloda
Aquatic crustacean called copepod
What happens to the coracidium inside of the copepod
It develops into a procircoid
Who is the second intermediate host of cotyloda
A fish. Develops into a Plarocircoid
How does the plarocircoid reach the definitive host
It is ingested by the fish. And develops into a sexually mature form of the tapeworm
What is dipylidium caninum
The cucumber seed tapeworm.
What is the intermediate host of the dipylidium caninum
The flea. Every metacestode ingested will become an adult tapeworm
What is the PPP for dipylidium caninum
14 to 21 days.
How do you diagnose dipylidium caninum
Fecal or visualization of proglottid
How do you treat dipylidium caninum
Parasite and flea killer.
Is dipylidium caninum zoonotic
Yes
What is the intermediate hosts for Taenia pisiformis, hydatigena, Ovis
Rabbits, hares (pisiformis), ruminants (hydatigena), sheep (Ovis)
How does a dog get Taenia pisiformis, hydatigena, Ovis
Must ingest intermediate host. Infectious cysts are in greater omentum or abdominal organs. Generally from uncooked lamb in raw diet
What is Taenia taeniaformis
The feline tapeworm
What are the intermediate hosts of Taenia taeniaformis
Mice, rabbits, rat
How do cats get Taenia taeniaformis
By ingesting intermediate host
Describe echinococcus granulosis and multilocularis
Tiniest veterinary cestodes. Very small proglottids. Highly zoonotic. Mimics cancer
What is the intermediate host for echinococcus granulosis
Sheep, cattle, herbivores
What is the intermediate host for multilocularis
Rats mice and voles
What do echinococcus granulosis and multilocularis cause in the body
Hydatid cysts in the brain, liver, lungs
What is diphyllobothrium Latum
Giant fish tapeworm.
Who is the definitive host for diphyllobothrium Latum
Cats, dogs, humans
What is the first intermediate host of diphyllobothrium Latum
Aquatic crustacean
What is the Second intermediate host of diphyllobothrium Latum
Fish. Causes a Plerocercoid in muscle
Is a parasite absorbs vitamin B 12 what does it cause
Anemia
What is spirometra
Zipper tapeworm in small intestine
Why is Spirometra called a zipper tapeworm
It unzips and releases its eggs
What is the first intermediate host for the Spirometra
Crustacean
What is the second intermediate host for the Spirometra
Fish or frogs.
What do the majority of parasites have
Pathogenic potential
Some parasites are minimally pathogenic but are considered
Opportunistic
Where is cryptosporidium or pneumocystis found
In immunocompromise patients. There is no treatment
What can lesions be caused by
Physical factors, parasites metabolism, host a reaction
How can parasites cause lesions by physical factors
By either attachment organelle and mouthpieces, by their migration in body, by the lumen obstruction of an organTissue destructionNecrosis by compressionBleedingSecondary infectionsVectors
What is the typical amount of acetabulum on a parasite
Four
How can migration from the digestive tract to the preferred site happen
Via cavities or natural paths such as blood vessels and lymphatic system. Or directly through tissues such as fasciola hepatica
How can lumen obstruction of an organ happen
From the presence of the parasite or as an inflammatory reaction from the body
How does Dirofilaria Immitis obstruct
Obstructs the right ventricle and causes proliferative lesions in the pulmonary artery
How does paRasitic tissue destruction occur
From feeding, development. Multiplying within tissue and interfering with metabolism
What does toxoplasma do in terms of tissue destruction
Goes into the fetus. Can cause abortion or attack brain a neurological tissue. If I actually born there is a risk of developing schizophrenia as a child.
What does ostertagia ostertagi do to cause tissue destruction
Causes inflammation of the stomach mucosa. Hydrochloric acid producing cells are replaced by mucus producing cells
How does necrosis by compression of her
By growing causing a compression of the surrounding tissue. Atrophy, necrosis or loss of function due to nerve compression
What does Echinococcus granulosis do
Affects the liver and lungs. After consumption of infected intermediate host
What does diotophyma renale do
The roundworm of the kidney. Causes necrosis of right kidney
Describe bleeding caused by fasciola hepatica
Can be fatal in the liver
Describe what Ancylostoma caninum do
Attached to the intestinal mucosal as it feeds. So he creates an anticoagulant that continues the bleeding once detached.
What is the effect of bleeding as a physical factor
Anemia
How can parasites cause secondary infections
From migration. Makes holes
How can vectors cause lesions
From fleas, ticks, etcHaemobartonella, Lyme disease
How can parasites cause a reduction in growth rate
Through competition for food which is of importance in production animals since it reduces the food intake of host. Can also affect milk, wool, meat production
What does moniezia expansa affect and how is it transmitted
Ovines and it’s from an infected mite
How does diphyllobothrium Latum cause vitamin deficiency
It accumulates vitamin B 12 and it’s own tissues which is necessary for red blood cell creation and function of brain
How does parasitic toxin production work
Dermacentor Andersoni secrete a toxic substance in their saliva which gradually paralyzes and causes respiratory failure
How does trichuris trichurias toxins affect humans
Cause a rectal prolapse due to nerve paralysis
Why does giardia cause a greasy stool
Due to interference with lypolysis
What does trichinella do to the immune system
Suppresses T lymphocytes causing malfunction of macrophages
What does entamoeba histolytica do
Digests intestinal tissues
What are some host reactions to a parasite
AllergyHypersensitivityeosinophiliaImmune system unresponsivenessHyperplasiaNeoplasiaInflammationGranuloma
How can thysanosoma actinoides cause hyperplasia
Induce biliary canal hyperplasia
How does spirocerca lupi cause neoplasia
Causes osteosarcoma and fibrosarcomas in wall of esophagus
How does shistosoma haematobium cause neoplasia
Causes bladder cell carcinoma
What are annelids
Leaches
What are Acanthocephalans
Thorny headed worms
What are characteristics of Arthropoda
Segmented body, exoskeleton, jointed appendages
What are monogenetic Trematodes mostly considered
Ectoparasites Of aquatic species
What are digenetic Trematodes considered
Endoparasites in large GI tract. But can also be found in blood and lungs.
Describe the physical appearance of Toxocara Canis
Spaghetti
Where does toxocara canis live
In the small intestine, also sometimes in the lungs
What can happen to small breeds when they have a lot of Toxocara canis
Can cause obstruction
How do Toxocara canis inhabit the small intestine
They are not attached to the intestine but rather have an undulating swim
How long do Toxocara canis eggs lay dormant in the environment
2-5weeks
What are some key features of nematodes
Large-size variety, have a body cavity, have a digestive track including rectum, have reproductive organs
What type of eggs are Toxocara Cati
Oviparous
What type of eggs are ancylostoma caninum
Oviparous
What type of eggs are strongyloides westeri
Ovoviviparous
What type of eggs are capillaria
Oviparous
If a nematode produces larva it is said to be what
Lariparous
Describe the direct life cycle for nematodes
Hello three is infective for definitive host. L4 and L5 develop in definitive host. L5 is a young adult nematode. L6 is an adult that lays eggs
Describe the indirect lifecycle for nematode
In the intermediate host L1 L2 and L3 stages occur. Ingestion of the intermediate host where L4 and L5 develop in the definitive host
What are the symptoms of spirocerca lupi
Obstruction
What are the symptoms of physaloptera
Vomiting
Vomiting and feces of spirocerca and physaloptera look like what
Spaghetti
What is the PPP for Toxocara canis
21-35 days
What is the PPP for Toxocara Cati
8 weeks
What is the PPP for Toxocara leonina
8-10 weeks
What can ancylostoma, tubaeforme, braziliense and uncinaria cause due to feeding on blood
Anemia
What do strongyloides cause
Diarrhea.
How is strongyloides transmitted
Skin and milk.
what is special about strongyloides
there are no males and eggs hatch in intestine, L1 released in feces and L3 penetrates skin
How is trichuris vulpis transmitted
By ingestion
What is special about trichuris vulpis
Eggs are passed every 3 days and they are very heavy so they don’t float well
What is aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Feline lungworm that causes nodules in alveolar ducts. Especially in fiv/felv cars.
Where do aelurostrongylus hatch
In the lung and they are coughed up and swallowed. L1 is in feces.
What is the intermediate host for aelurostrongylus
Snails and slugs (L1-L3)
What are the paratenic hosts for aelurostrongylus
Rodents, birds, amphibians, reptiles
What is the baermann test used for
Diagnosing feline lugworm aelurostrongylus
What is filaroides olseri, hirthi and milksi
Canine lungworm. In trachea, bronchioles and lungs. Causes nodules and airway obstruction.
Describe the transmission of canine lungworm
Ingestion of L1 from Dam to puppies. No outside development required
Describe Capillaria aerophilia
In trachea and bronchi. Eggs are coughed up and swallowed
How is diotophyma renale transmitted
By infective larva in annelid. Diagnosed by urine sediment
What is dracunculus insignis
Guinea worm. From ingestion of intermediate host
What is thelazia californiensis
In conjunctival sac and lacrimal canal. From intermediate host, the face fly.
How do you stop an arthropod from growing
Use an insect growth regulator which stops the production of chitin
What do arthropods cause
Pathology and diseases such as anemia, hypersensitivity reactions
Describe the pathogenic potential of arthropods
They are parasites that cause disease, they are intermediate host for cestodes nematodes and trematodes. they are vectors of bacteria or viruses, they produce venom or toxins and harass production animals
What arthropods produce venom or toxins
Scorpions, spiders, Ticks
When arthropods harass production animals what happens
Cause lack of eating and sleep, loss of weight and production decreases, cause fear in horses and injuries
Describe an arthropods ability to perforate skin
Hypodermis species a.k.a. the warble fly or cattle grub. Cause a severe reduction or complete loss of the value of leather
What is the kingdom of the arthropod
Animalia
What are the two subphyla’s for arthropods
Mandibulata and chelocerata
Describe mandibulata
Have jaws and chew
Describe the chelocerata
Have a pincer mouth that doesn’t grind
Which animals are part of the mandibulata class of arthropods
CrustaceansMyriopodans: millipedes, centipedesInsects: Cockroaches, beetles, moths, butterflies, ants bees and wasps, true bugs, lice flies and fleas
What are crustaceans considered
Ectoparasites of fish and amphibians. Intermediate host for some Helminths.
Describe the anatomy of arthropods
Segmented body, invertebrate having an exoskeleton, jointed appendages
What is a crayfish and intermediate host for
Lungworm Paragonimus Kellicotti.
What is the copepod an intermediate host for
Cotyloda the pseudotapeworm, or diphyllo bacterium
What are crustaceans also the intermediate host for
Dracunculus insignis (the guinea worm in dogs)
Describe insects
Three-part body, three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antenna
Describe Cimex Lectularis (bedbug)
Periodic parasite of humans, rabbits, poultry and chickens. Nocturnal produce a distinctive odor from their stink gland. Eggs are laid in the cracks and crevices and emerge in 6 to 10 days to feed on blood for 2 to 5 minutes.
Can bedbugs infect cats or dogs
No
What do lice cause
Pediculosis
What are the two orders of lice
Mallophaga (chewing/biting)Anoplura (sucking)
Describe the anatomy of lice in general
All components of insects but wingless, dorsoventrally flattened
Describe the anatomy of the Mallophaga lice
Usually smaller than unemployed. Yellow, large rounded head that is wider than the widest part of the thorax
Describe the anatomy of the anoplura lice
Larger than mellophaga, red to gray color. Smaller head that is more narrow than the widest part of the thorax.
What is the host for the mallophaga lice
Mammals and birds
What is the method of transmission for the Mallophaga lice
Animal to animal. Adults are directly transmitted or go phoresis on the fly. Other life stages are transmitted by fomites
What do Mallophaga lice feed on
Skin, debris, hair. Plus or minus blood and cause dermatitis.
What is the host for the Anoplura lice
Domestic animals: not cats OR birds.
How is the Anoplura lice transmitted
From animal to animal. Adults go directly and other stages go on fomites
What does the anoplura lice feed on
Blood and causes anemia
What is pediculus humanus capitis
Non disease carrying head lice only found on humans
What is pediculus humanus humanus corporis
Disease carrying body lice
What is phthirus pubis
Crab or pubic lice
What are three stages of the anopluran or mallophagian lice life cycle
The nitThe nymph (has 3 nymphal stages)Adult
Describe the nit stage of lice development
Cements to hair or feather shaft. Hatches in 5-14 days
Describe the nymph stage of the lice life cycle
Has 3 nymphal stages (2-3 weeks)
Describe the adult stage of the lice life cycle
Similar in appearance to nymphal stage but larger and have functional reproductive organs that allow them to mate and lay eggs
What does a diptera insect have
Two wings
What do adult flies feed on
Blood, tears saliva and mucus.
What are flies considered
Periodic parasites
Where are there larva of flies laid
In the sub cutaneous tissues or internal organs of animals
Describe the female only flies that feed on blood
Simulium (black fly)Culicoides (sand flies) ** host for onchocerca cervicalis in equines. Culex (mosquito)
Describe the culex mosquito
Can cause anemia. Lay eggs in water. Transmit heartworm
What do other Mosquitos besides the culex transmit
Malaria, w. Bancrofti, trypanosoma
Describe the male and female flies that feed on blood
The glossina fly (tst tse fly) that transmits trypanosoma
What are the flies that feed on tears saliva and mucus
Musca domestica (house fly)Musca automnalis (face fly)Sarcophaga (flesh fly)
Describe the house fly
Made to spread pathogens. Facultative myiasis which is maggots
Describe the face fly
Spread pinkeye in cattle
Describe the flesh fly
Facultative myiasis. Made to spread pathogens
What is the cuterebra species or (warbles)
In rodent species mostly, occasionally in cat or dog in head or neck. Adults lay eggs at entrances of rodent Burroughs
How do cats and dogs get infected with warbles
Sniff rabbit holes
Warbles are usually cutaneous but are also known for its aberrant migration sites into the
Cranial volt and nose
What color is L2 of the warbles
White
What color is L3of the warbles
Black is covered in spines
Describe ctenocephalides canis/felis
High economic importance in veterinary medicine. Prolific and easy to transplant. Host to host contact or from environment
Describe the adult flea
Brown, laterally flattened to allow for slithering through hairs. Piercing mouth part that acts like a siphon. Posterior leg is much bigger then the anterior pairs. Feed on blood and leave dried blood as dirt.
Describe the first flea stage
Eggs. Pearly white do not stick to host and instead fall on the ground.
Describe the larva flea stage
Maggot- like and covered in small hairs. Feed on flea dirt, organic debris, shell or other flea larva. Do not develop in sunlight and therefore prefer dark places such as the edge of the walls
Describe the pupae stage of the flea
Cocoons found in soil, and vegetation, in carpets, under furniture, on animal bedding. Prevents the pupa from desiccating and is very sticky. Lasts months to years and the change in vibration and CO2 reactivates them
What is the pathology from fleas
They are an annoyance, they cause pruritis, they cause flea allergic dermatitis, cause iron deficiency anemia and death, can transmit many pathogens
In which animals can fleas cause iron deficiency anemia and death
Young animals, dogs cats goats cattle sheep
What pathogens can fleas transmit
Dipylidium caninum (Cestoda), Acanthochocheilonema reconditum
What Microorganisms can fleas transmit
Hemoplasma (mycoplasma), yersinia pestis (plague), francisella tularensis (tularemia)
How do you do a diagnosis of fleas
Identification of adult or identification of flea dirt
How long is the treatment or elimination of fleas
Minimum three months. Can be long in cases of moderate to severe infestations
How do you eliminate fleas
Eliminate the fleas on the pet, eliminate existing environmental infestation, prevent subsequent reinfestation
How do you mechanically remove fleas
Flea comb, vacuuming of rugs carpets bedding and couches. Clean all upholstery
What are some flea adulticides
Frontline plus, advantage multi, advantix, capstar, revolution, trifexis bravecto
What is special about TriFlex us
A lot of reported deaths within the hour of application
What are some insect growth regulator’s
Program, Sentinel, frontline plus, advantage two, revolution
What are the 4 to 5 developmental stages of ticks
Egg, larva, nymph, adult
What are the two types of mites
Sarcoptiform and non sarcoptiform
Describe sarcoptiform mites
Cause Severe dermatologic problems and intense pruritis. Tiny oval to round bodies
what are the sarcoptidae form of the sarcoptiform mites
Burrow or tunnel in epidermis. Diagnose by skin scraping
What is the psoroptidae form of the scarcoptiform mites
On the surface of the skin or in the ear canal
Describe the sarcoptidae mites
Male and female’s breed on the surface of the skin. Female burrows into the skin and deposits 40 to 50 eggs then dies. 3 to 10 days after depositing, the larva emerge exit the tunnels molt into nymphs and become adults in 12 to 17 days.
Who does the sarcoptes scabiei species affect
Affects pigs, humans, cats, dogs.
Describe sarcoptes scabiei in dogs
Can be zoonotic, have suckers on their legs, contagious on contact. Some dogs are carriers an asymptomatic
How do you diagnose Sarcoptes scabies in dogs
Deep skin scrapings
How do you treat Sarcoptes scabies in dogs
Moxidectin, imidacloprid, ivermectin
What is notoedres Cati
Feline mange or scabies. From direct contact
How do you diagnose notoedres cati
Deep skin scraping
How do you treat Notoedres Cati
Selemectin, moxidectin/imidacloprid and ivermectin 
Where do psoroptidae mites live on the body
Reside on the surface of the skin or in the ear canal
How long is the lifecycle for psoroptidae mites
10 to 18 days(Mites can live off the host for 2 to 3 weeks)
What is otodectes cynotis
The ear mite.
Describe how otodectes cynotis is transmitted
Direct contact or indirect; from mites or living outside.
What does otodectes cynotis cause
A very pruritic pedal pinna response
How do you diagnose otodectes cynotis
Visualization and swam in mineral oil.
What is a pedal pinna response
Where you touch the ear and the leg shakes
What do otodectes cynotis look like in the ear
White or translucent
What shape are non sarcoptiform mites
Cigar shaped
What is Demodex
Many species and humans, Demodectic mange Non-pathogenic normal fauna of skin
How is demodex transmitted
Mom to baby.
Where is demodex found
In hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
What happens with demodex in young immunodeficient animals
Causes the demodicosis;is localized or generalized and is an Alopecic region
how do you diagnose demodex
Clip fur or squeeze skin to express mites. Continue until capillary bleeding occurs. Place it on slide with mineral oil. Scrape with scalpel to see if it is generalized.
What is trombicula
Chiggers (thrombiculosis)Orange crusty dermatosis. Difficult to diagnose because it doesn’t stay long on the animal
What are Cheyletiella parasitovax
Walking dandruff visible to the naked eye. Can be zoonotic but self limiting.
How do you diagnose cheyletiella parasitovax
visualization of bite marks or scotch tape
Describe the anatomy of ticks
Cheilicerae (2 pincers)Hypostome (straw) - penetrating, sucking mouthpiece. Anchors them in place.
What do ixodid ticks have that covers all or parts of their body.
A chitin armor (shield)
What do argasid ticks have
No chitin armor.
Describe the pathology of a tick
Blood feeding activity. Saliva can be toxic and cause tick paralysis. Ticks are vectors of parasites, bacteria, viruses, rickettsia and organisms
Which tick born diseases does the 4DX test diagnose
Anaplasmosis, borrelia, erlichia
What is special about the tick lifecycle
Requires three hosts until it becomes an adult that can lay eggs
What are some tick facts
It can feed on several different hosts and transmit limes disease. It can live 2 to 3 years without feeding but a female needs blood before fertilization and egg laying.
How long does disease transmission require
24-48hr after attachment. They need to suck up and regurgitate.
What tick prevention drugs are used on cats
Etofenprox, fipronil (frontline), and flumethrin
What is approved for use in dogs
Advantix products, frontline, seresto(8 month collar for cats and dogs) , bravecto.
What is the otobius megnini
Spinose ear tick that lives in the ear canal
What does the Ixodes scapularis (ca, eq, human, deer) transmit
Lyme (borrelia burgdorferi), tularemia, babesia microti and ehrlichia (humans)
What does the rhipicephalus sanguineus tick do
Invades homes and kennels and transmits ehrlichia canis.
Which ticks are part of the ixodid (hard) tick category
Dermacentor variabilis (ca, hu): dog tick that causes tick paralysis. RMSF vector. Dermacentor andersoni (ca, hu): Rocky Mountain wood tick. Primary RMSF vector. Amblyoma americanum (mammals): lone star tick. vector of tularemia and RMSF
What are the two most common nematodes of the G.I. tract of ruminants
Haemonchus contortus in goats and sheep.Ostertagia ostertagi in cows.
Describe Haemonchus contortus
Barberpole nematode. One of the most pathogenic nematodes of ruminants. Causes severe anemia and Edema and goats and sheep
Describe Ostertagia ostertagi
Male Calves are susceptible and adults are immune. Causes acute or chronic gastritis.
What happens in the acute form of Ostertagia ostertagi
Loss of protein, anemia, death
What happens in the chronic form of Ostertagia ostertagi
Kills HCL producing cells
How is haemonchus and ostertagia transmitted
From ingestion of infected ovaLocated in abomasum and all intestines.
How is haemonchus and ostertagia diagnosed
On fecal flotation of ruminants. Shows a trichostrongyle.
If a trichostrongyle was recovered from a dog what would it be
A hookworm
How are haemonchus and ostertagia treated
With many common dewormers but it causes resistance
What is now the new way to prevent resistance from dewormers by nematodes.
Famacha method: anemia guide with pictures. Fecal egg count: used to track parasite infestation levels, individual susceptibility and anthelmintic effectiveness. ***have to be reduced by at least 90% or considered a failure.
What are some other management strategies to reduce the need for deworming
Selective breeding for more parasite resistant sheep or goat’s by culling the most susceptible animals and introducing parasite resistant breeds.Pasture management. Managed intensive rotational grazing with non-susceptible species such as horse, cattle, swine or poultry. Using cows to vacuum up after calves since adult females are resistant to Ostertagia.
What is the concept of refugia
Antihelminthic’s have contributed to severe drug resistance. Genetically resistant worms have become retained.
What is refugia
Worms that are genetically not as resistant to antihelminthics. Keep nonresistant ones so that they spread on the non resistant worms. Avoid deworming all animals before turning them out onto clean postures.
What is dictyocaulus
Affects cows, sheep and goats. It is a lungworm that is transmitted through the ingestion of larva.
How do you diagnose dictyocaulus
Baermann technique
What is thelazia
Eye worm that affects cows, sheep, goats and dogs.
What is the intermediate host for thelazia
Musca automnalis (face fly)
What are the two common Cestoda of farm animals
Moniezia in cows, sheep and goats.Taenia saginata in cows.
What is moniezia.
Moniezia in cows, sheep and goats. Lives in GI tract and has various symptoms. More severe symptoms in young.
What is Taenia saginata
In muscles (larval stage) of cows. It’s the beef tapeworm of humans.
What are the two common Trematodes in farm animals
Fasciola hepatica in bo and ov Fascioloides magna in domestic and wild ruminants
What is fasciola hepatica
In Bo and ov. Lives in the bile ducts.
Describe fascioloides magna
In domestic and wild ruminants It is a giant liver fluke or Deer fluke.
What are the common apicomplexans of the GI tract in large animals
Eimeria (bovine, ovine, caprine) isospora. Cryptosporidium (bovine, ovine, caprine).
What does eimeria cause
Diarrhea and dehydration
What does cyptosporidium cause
Diarrhea in calves that can be severe. Zoonosis.
What is a flagellate of large animals
Tritrichomonas fetus that causes abortions
What are the types of lice that farm animals are affected with
Mallophaga and Anoplura.
List all the flies that farm animals are affected by
Tabanus (horse fly)Haematobia irritans (horn fly)Melophagus ovinus (wingless fly)M. Automnalis (face fly)Hypoderma (bot fly)Oestrus Ovis (nasal boy fly)Cochliomyia hominivorax (screw worm)
What does the Tabanus (horse fly) do
Have a painful bite. They are a nuisance.
What does the Haematobia irritans (horn fly) do
Lay eggs in dehorned animals wounds.
What does the Melophagus ovinus (wingless fly) do
Lives deep in wool or fleece. Feeds on blood causing anemia. Damages skin and wool and parasite infested feces cause wool staining.
What does the M. Automnalis (face fly) do
Feeds on ears, saliva, mucus. Vector of pink eye and thelazia.
What does the Hypoderma (bot fly) do
Burrows into the skin and pokes in and out for air.
What does the Oestrus Ovis (nasal boy fly) do
Burrows into the flesh of the nose
What does the Cochliomyia hominivorax (screw worm) do
Invade fresh and contaminated skin wounds like C-sections. Economically impact the United States because they attacked the livestock. Has the appearance of a screw. Reportable to state and federal authorities, it had been eradicated but importation of animals brought it back.
Where are the sarcoptidae scabiei mites found
Under surface of skin in bogus and Ovis.
Where are the psoroptidae mites found
On the surface of skin of cuniculi, bovis and Ovis.
Where is the psoroptidae chorioptes mite found
Foot and tail mite. Located on lower part of the body.
Where is the non sarcoptiform mite found
Demodex is found in hair follicles.
What ticks are large animals affected by
Ixodes scapularis: deer tickDermacentor andersoni: Rocky Mountain wood tick Amblyoma americanum: lone star tick Dermacentor albipictus: winter moose tick
What are the pig nematodes of the GI tract
Ascaris suum (roundworm)Trichuris suis (Whipworms)
Why is the pig nematode of the musculoskeletal system
Trichinella spiralis which is found in pig or horse muscle.
How do you diagnose trichinella spiralis
Examination of muscle (often diaphragm muscle)
Explain the zoonotic potential of trichinella spiralis
Undercooked meat. Also from bears, fox, seals. Cause a very painful infection due to fever and larva in body actively creating cysts.
What is the tapeworm of the pig
Taenia solium
What is Taenia solium
Zoonosis from undercooked pork. Forms a Metacestode in muscle. If eggs are ingested humans develop cysticercosis and become an intermediate host. This can lead to epilepsy and death
What are the ciliate protozoans of the GI tract
Balantidium coli. Only ciliate to parasitize humans. Wash all fruits and vegetables with clean water to prevent it.
What is the pig apicomplexans
CystoisoaporaCryptosporidium
What arthropods are pigs affected by
LiceFlies Mites (sarcoptes and demodex)
What are some generalities associated with livestock parasites
Parasite burdens are not evenly distributed in the herd. About 20% of animals harbor about 80% of parasites. Treatment is done for the herd and not the individual, the goal is not to eliminate but rather reduce the parasite burden. Severely affected individuals are often culled from the herd.
Describe the morphology of the acanthocephala
Long cylindrical nose with retractable probiscus. Probiscis is covered in spines which allows attachment organelles. Has males and females. Absorb nutrients by their body surface
How many eggs are laid by an adult acanthocephala per day
1/4 million per day
Describe the egg of the acanthocephalan
Contains a larval form. Unique shape with three shells.
Describe the lifecycle of the acanthocephalan
Ingestion of egg by arthropod intermediate host. Egg hatches in the intermediate host and develops into a stage with an inverted proboscis (acanthella). The intermediate host is ingested and the proboscis everts which allows for attachment to the intestine
What is the oncicola canis
Lives in small intestine, the proboscis can perforate the intestinal wall and cause peritonitis.
What is the intermediate host for oncicola canis
Dung beetle
How do you diagnose oncicola canis
Fecal flotation.
Describe protozoa
Most protozoa are free living organisms that are Uni cellular and motile. Mostly microscopic and into forms a cyst or a trophozoite
How are protozoans classed in their phylla
Based on their movement style:FlagellatesAmoebaeCiliatesApicomplexans
Describe flagellates
May come in two forms. At least one flagellum in the trophozoites form which allows for movement. They live in liquid: blood, lymph, CSF. Tear drop and pear shaped.
What are some flagellate pathogens
TrichomonasGiardiaTrypanosoma
How do amoeba move
By pseudopods
What are the two forms that amoebas come in
Trophozoite form and cystic form
