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BVetMed - Complete course (Years 1, 2, 3) > Veterinary Dentistry > Flashcards

Veterinary Dentistry Flashcards

All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.

1
Q

What are the components of the diphyodont dentation

A

I –incisorC-canineP- premolarM-molar

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2
Q

What is the primary canine dental formula

A

Primary teeth : 2 X I3/3, C1/1, P3/3 = __No primary molarsPrimary teeth eruption: 3 to 12 weeks of age

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3
Q

What is the permanent canine dental formula

A

Permanent: 2 X I3/3,C1/1,P4/4, M2/3=__ Eruption: 3 – 7 months of age

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4
Q

What is the primary cat dental formula

A

Primary: 2 XI3/3,C1/1,P3/2=___ no molars Primary teeth eruption: 2 to 6 weeks of age

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5
Q

What is the permanent cat dental formula

A

Permanent 2X I3/3,C1/1,P3/2, M1/1=___ Particularities: some teeth are missing (refer to Triadan system) Eruption: 3 to 5 months

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6
Q

What composes the bulk of the tooth

A

dentine

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7
Q

what is the dentine covered by on the crown

A

enamel

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8
Q

what is the dentine covered by on the root

A

cementum

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9
Q

what does the centre of the tooth contain

A

pulp

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10
Q

what is the composition of enamel

A

96% inorganic, mainly hydroxyapatite crystals, with 4% water and fibrous organic material.

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11
Q

describe enamel

A

Hardest substance in the body and covers the exterior surface of the crowns only.

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12
Q

how does enamel form

A

Formed by ameloblasts within the tooth bud before eruption.

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13
Q

what can cause damage to the enamel when young

A

Damage when animal is young: causes irreparable changes (enamel hypoplasia, tetracycline usage)

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14
Q

is the enamel capable of repair when it has already erupted?

A

yes but Capable of only very limited repair when damaged, once the tooth has erupted.

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15
Q

Describe dentine

A

Main supporting structure of the toothSecond hardest tissue in the body after enamel.

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16
Q

what is the composition of dentine

A

70% mineral and acellular, as hydroxyapatite crystals, and 30% organic as water, collagen and mucopolysaccharide.

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17
Q

what is the main structure of dentine

A

dentinal tubules, which extends rom the external surface to the pulp.

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18
Q

what is the function of the dentinal tubules if the dentine is exposed

A

which can transmit bacteria + pain to the pulp if the dentine is exposedCan also transmit bacteria to the PL

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19
Q

describe the primary dentine

A

Primary dentine forms before tooth eruption.

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20
Q

describe secondary dentine

A

Secondary dentine forms after eruption, as the tooth develops with age. It develops from the odontoblasts living within the pulp and is laid down in layers within the pulp cavity.

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21
Q

describe tertiary dentine

A

Reparative or tertiary dentine forms as a result of trauma to the odontoblasts; this can be thermal, chemical, bacterial or mechanical.

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22
Q

describe tertiary dentine and its appearance

A

Tertiary dentine has few tubules and is darker in colour and very dense in structure. We see tertiary dentine when enamel has been worn away, like stone chewers.

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23
Q

Describe cementum

A

Covers the enamel free roots & provides a point of attachment for the periodontal ligament. Capable of formation, destruction and repair and remodels continually throughout life. It is nourished from vessels within the periodontal ligament.

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24
Q

what is the composition of cementum

A

Similar in composition to woven bone it is 45-50% inorganic, primarily as hydroxyapatite crystals, and 50-55% organic material.

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25
Q

describe the pulp of the tooth

A

This living tissue within the tooth is located in the pulp chambers and root canals. Well innervated and vascularised

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26
Q

what is the pulp composed of

A

comprises connective tissue, nerves, lymph and blood vessels, collagen and undifferentiated reserve mesenchymal cells

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27
Q

what can physical trauma to the pulp cause

A

may cause bruising, hemorrhage or pulpitis.

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28
Q

what can over-heating from polishing or scaling cause to the pulp

A

pulp necrosis

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29
Q

what can happen to the pulp after pulp exposure after a tooth fracture

A

can cause pulpitis or pulp necrosis

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30
Q

what can happen to the pulp after a loss of blood supply following trauma

A

ischemic necrosis

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31
Q

describe the gingiva

A

surrounds the teeth and part of the alveolar bone, forming a cuff

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32
Q

what are the types of gingiva

A

free and attached

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33
Q

Attached gingiva is separated from the mouths mucosa at the _______

A

mucogingival junction

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34
Q

what is the name for the gingival tissue in the space between the teeth

A

Interdental Papilla

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35
Q

What is the name of the space between the teeth

A

interproximal space

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36
Q

What is formed by the gingival margin

A

sulcus

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37
Q

What is measured by the dental probe

A

the sulcus depth

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38
Q

what is the normal mm for the dental probe in a dog

A

1-3mm

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39
Q

what is the normal mm for the dental probe in a cat

A

0.5-1mm

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40
Q

describe the gingival sulcus

A

Many kinds of epithelium with rapid cell turnoverJunctional epithelium is where it attaches to tooth surface, and breaks down in periodontal disease.

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41
Q

What is the periodontal ligament composed of

A

Comprised of taut collagen fiber bundles

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42
Q

What does the periodontal ligament do

A

attaches the root cementum to the alveolar bone. It acts as a suspensory ligament for the tooth

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43
Q

to remove a tooth with an elevator, what do you need to break

A

the periodontal ligament

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44
Q

What are tooth roots encased in

A

alveolar sockets

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45
Q

What happens to the alveolar bone when there is tooth loss

A

the bone atrophies

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46
Q

what is the most dense alveolar bone that lines the socket is called

A

cribiform plate

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47
Q

on a radiograph of the alveolar bone, it is seen as a white line called ______

A

lamina dura

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48
Q

What are the components of the periodontium

A

1- Gingiva2- Periodontal ligament3- Cementum4- Alveolar bone

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49
Q

what is the function of the periodontium

A

Serves to support the tooth and absorb forces

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50
Q

When you have a disease of the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum or the alveolar bone, what is it called?

A

periodontitis

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51
Q

What does apical mean

A

towards the root

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52
Q

what does buccal mean

A

surface of tooth towards the cheeks

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53
Q

what does coronal mean

A

towards the crown

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54
Q

what does distal mean

A

surface away from the midline

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55
Q

what does facial mean

A

can be labial or buccal surface

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56
Q

what does inter proximal mean

A

surface between two teeth

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57
Q

what does labial mean

A

surface of tooth towards lips

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58
Q

what does lingual mean

A

surface of tooth towards tongue

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59
Q

what does mesial mean

A

surface towards front midline

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60
Q

what does occlusal mean

A

surface facing tooth in opposite jaw

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61
Q

what does palatal mean

A

surface of tooth towards palate

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62
Q

What is the cementoenamel junction

A

where the enamel of the crown meets the cementum of the root

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63
Q

what is furcation

A

the space between the roots of the same tooth

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64
Q

describe the modified triadan system

A

Each tooth is given a 3 digit numberThe 1st digit denotes the quadrantFor permanent teeth:Quadrant 1 : maxillary rightQuadrant 2: maxillary leftQuandrant 3: mandibular leftQuandrant 4: mandibulary right

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65
Q

How do you triadan number a deciduous tooth

A

After the 4 quadrants, deciduous teeth are numbered in quadrant 5,6,7,8

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66
Q

Why do we do preventative dental homecare

A

Critical to the overall success of a professional dental cleaningPlaque colonize the surface of a tooth within 24 hours of cleaning!If no home care: periodontal pockets can become recolonized within 2 weeks of dental procedure!Plaque at the gingival margin & subgingival area = inflammation + subsequent periodontal diseaseMaintenance of periodontal health depends on PLAQUE CONTROL AT AND BELOW THE GINGIVAL MARGIN (subgingivially)

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67
Q

Why do we tell clients to do dental homecare

A

To educate client about the importance of oral careTo gain complianceHelp develop a strong relationship between client and clinic

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68
Q

How do we encourage owners to be compliant with dental homecare

A

A picture is worth a thousands words!Poster of… Progression of the disease Impact on internal organsHealthy mouths vs diseased mouth modelPlastic modelsHandouts, pamphlets, websites…etc

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69
Q

When do we talk about dental home care with clients

A

At 1st visit (part of preventive health program)Through Puppy & Kitten packs/kitsYearly exam, talk about teeth, dietsPost dentistry, go over the importanceDuring the discharge (Vanier)2 weeks after ideally (In clinics)GOAL: Prevention!If not done: Get owners to commit to yearly PROFESSIONNAL DENTAL CLEANING!

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70
Q

What is prophylaxis

A

measure taken to maintain health and prevent the spread of disease

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71
Q

What are the 2 types of dental procedures performed in veterinary dentistry

A

1) Dental cleaning (prophylaxis) (rarely done)2) Dental treatment (what we perform most!)

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72
Q

What is active dental care methods

A

Require participation of the owner with activities like rinsing, toothbrushingMost beneficial for mesial (front teeth)

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73
Q

what is the passive dental care method

A

PASSIVE:Include treats, Px diet to enhance chewing behaviorsMost beneficial for Distal (back teeth)May be more effective because of regular compliance

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74
Q

What are 6 types of preventative dental care

A
  1. Tooth brushing2. Dental diets3. Treats4. Oral products5. Secure toys6. Natural Home remedies
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75
Q

What are some oral care products

A

Enzymatic oral care products (Gel, powder, rinse)Chlorexidine (gel, rinse) (to add in your notes)Zinc product MAXIGUARDHMP, Fluoride, Water additive (to add in your notes)

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76
Q

Describe tooth brushing

A

Most effective means of plaque control!But only an estimated 1% of clients brush their pets’teeth daily.Every day: Optimal to slow plaque formationEvery other day: Not as effective for gingivitis 2 times a week: minimal acceptable frequency for patients with good oral healthFocus brushing on gingival margin and interproximal spacesImportant to caution the owner about being bitten

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77
Q

What are 4 tips for toothbrushing compliance with animal

A

1) START EARLY!2) GO SLOW!3) BE CONSISTENT4) PROVIDE POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

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78
Q

What is the use of the finger brush

A

will remove plaque, not tartare.g.: finger brush, cat tooth brush, gauze squaresNot as effective as bristles, but easier for some clients

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79
Q

Why is tooth brushing still the best way

A

Bristles go under the sulcusMassage action strengthens gingiva

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80
Q

Why do we use brushing agents

A

Need to taste good to improve compliancePaste: meant to be used on toothbrushHave a number of function:Help improve compliance (+ reinforcement)Can have abrasive material or grit to improve mechanical cleaning action of the brush

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81
Q

Why can’t we use human toothpaste for animal

A

It can be toxic if swallowed

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82
Q

Why can’t we use baking soda for brushing teeth in the animal

A

doesn’t taste good and has too much sodium

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83
Q

Why do we use dental diets

A

For passive home careAlone, not sufficient to maintain healthy gums as opposed to brushingHelps to plaque & tartar accumulationShould use both

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84
Q

Why do we use LARGE kibbles in dental diets

A

promotes chewing

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85
Q

why do we use an abrasive texture in dental diets

A

helps remove parts of tartar and plaque

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86
Q

why do we use ca chelators in dental diets

A

reduce calculus accumulation

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87
Q

What does the VOHC do

A

Assess efficiency of the dental products such as dental dietsCost: $$$$$Can be plaque or plaque & tartar approvedProducts with VOHC seal is objectively recommended by vetsIneffective for gingival margin: greatest efficacy around cusps tips

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88
Q

What are the hand instruments used during a dentistry procedure

A

Calculus forcepsDental Hoe or ChiselDental probe and explorer Dental mirrorHand-scaling instruments:Dental scalersCurettesPeriosteal elevatorsLuxatorsWinged- ElevatorsExtractor forceps Root tip pick

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89
Q

describe supra gingival

A

the exposed tooth surface (“above the gumline”)Most visible part of the procedure for the owner least important part for the patient’s dental health

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90
Q

describe sub gingival

A

Subgingival: part of the tooth that is covered by gingiva

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91
Q

What instruments are used to remove heavy gross calculus

A

Calculus removing forcepsDental Hoe scaler or Chisel

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92
Q

Describe calculus removing forceps

A

Curved beak instrumentUSE: Allow easy removal of HEAVY GROSS calculus from the tooth surface (SUPRAgingical) decreasing chance of fracturing the toothUsually is the 1st instrument to use before power scaling and manual scaling

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93
Q

Describe the dental hoe or chisel

A

Wide working tip, chisel*-like bladeDifferent sizes and shapesStrong instrumentUSE: SUPRAgingival HEAVY GROSS calculus removal onlyHow to use: pen gripCertain prefer hoe than calculus forceps

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94
Q

what are the instruments used to perform a dental exam and charting

A

Dental probeDental explorerDental mirror

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95
Q

Describe the dental probe

A

Also called periodontal probe, since evaluating periodontiumGraduated, blunt ended probe at one endSharp shepherd’s hook at the other end : explorer May also be single-endedThe blunt tip can be round or flat and graduated in mm or colour coded in bands.

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96
Q

What is the use of the dental probe

A

Used:1) subgingivally to explore the sulcus…Crevice that surrounds the tooth (between tooth and free gingival margin) to mainly to determine PPD: periodontal probing depth2) but also for locating the subgingival calculus and other problems This must be done before OR after the dental procedure. Record is written on a dental chart

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97
Q

What is the normal periodontal probing depth for a dog

A

1-3mm

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98
Q

what is the normal periodontal probing depth for a cat

A

0.5-1mm

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99
Q

what happens if your probing depth is deeper than it should be

A

If deeper: indicates a “pockets” due to:Detachment of the PLBone resorption

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100
Q

What is the dental explorer used for

A

Evaluate: enamel, subgingivally for plaque, caries, FORL (feline orthodontoclastic resorptive lesions)Calculus left behind

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101
Q

What is the dental mirror used for

A

Mirror good for seeing lesions palatally or lingually easily. Takes some getting used to

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102
Q

What are the instruments used for periodontal therapy

A

Manual Dental scalerManuel CurettesUniversalGracey

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103
Q

Describe the dental scaler

A

Triangular blade in cross section, with cutting capability at all three points of the triangle.2 parallel cutting edgesPointed toeUsed for removing supragingival calculus only. It is NEVER used subgingivally!Can distend or lacerate tissueIt requires a modified pen grip. This instrument must be kept sharp. Due to improvements in ultrasonic scaler tip technology, we tend to use it less but should be used after power scaling.

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104
Q

Describe the curette

A

Doubled-ended instrument for easier access of all sides of toothOn end going to the right, one end going to the left

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105
Q

What are the common elements of a curette

A

Common elements:Rounded backRounded toe (so less traumatic than scaler)Semi-circular cross section

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106
Q

Why do we use a curette

A

Type of scaler designed for moderate calculus removal on SUPRAgingival and SUBgingival surfaces (called periodontal therapy)Should be used after power ultrasonic scaling procedure.Be carefull! Stronger, sharper instrumentsTake more efforts that power ultrasonic scaling

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107
Q

Describe the universal curette

A

Universal: designed for easy adaptation on all tooth surfaces (thus the name “universal”)

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108
Q

Describe the gracey curette

A

Gracey: designed to use on specific tooth surfaces that improve adaptation and calculus removal

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109
Q

How do you use a universal curette

A

Shank parallel to the tooth surface being scaledCutting edge of blade is applied to the tooth surface and facial surface of blade is tilted toward the tooth to achieve 70-85° angle between tooth and blade Apply lateral pressure against the tooth and pull upward while maintaining contact with the tooth

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110
Q

How do you use a gracey curette

A

Shank parallel to the tooth surface being scaledLower cutting edge of blade is applied against the tooth surfaceApply pressure against the tooth (root) and pull upward, maintaining the parallel shank

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111
Q

What are the dental instruments used to extract teeth

A

Periosteal ElevatorsLuxatorsElevators (winged-elevators)Root tip pic

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112
Q

Describe the periosteal elevators

A

Other name: periosteotome: instrument used to cut the periosteum: membrane that cover the surface of all bonesThin and small very delicate ends

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113
Q

Describe the use of the periosteal elevators

A

USE: Mainly used to lift full thickness soft tissue flaps, usually gingiva from alveolar bone before extractionAfter incision is made on the gingiva of one side or either side of the tooth to be extractedThe tips require protection and need to be kept very sharp otherwise shredding of the flap can happen.

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114
Q

What do we use luxators and elevators for

A

“leverage”: displace tooth root from its socket PL: periodontal ligamentAlveolus : tooth socket

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115
Q

Describe luxators

A

Very fine and sharp instruments with flap tipCan be easily damaged if used as elevatorThe tip is not designed for the extra force used with elevation (not for “leverage”) : they will break!

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116
Q

How do you use a luxator

A

USE: for cutting the PL and expanding the alveolus (“to luxate the tooth”)…by inserting the instrument tip into the periodontal space with a gentle side to side rocking motion continuing down the length of the root

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117
Q

Describe elevator

A

Have thicker working endsWinged elevators: makes extractions easier, added leverage

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118
Q

How do you use an elevator

A

USE: to stretch, cut, tear the PL + displace tooth root from its socket (so for leverage) So can be used as luxator and elevator

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119
Q

What are the 2 uses of extraction forceps

A

1) Primarily for gripping the tooth or a root for removal during extraction once it has been luxated loose2) Can also be used to remove gross supragingival calculus instead of using calculus forceps

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120
Q

What do you use a root tip pick as

A

For removing small pieces of broken root tips Some use it as a luxator Very sharp

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121
Q

What is in a Vanier suture kit

A

fine scissors, scalpel handle, suture material, periosteal elevator, rat tooth tissue forceps, olsen hagar needle drivers, scalpel blades

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122
Q

How do you clean dental instruments

A

Cleaning and sterilization process same as surgical instrumentsSterilized dental instrument kit per patient

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123
Q

Describe the importance of dental instrument sharpening

A

Only basic sharpening techniques will be covered Sharpening should be done after each useOne vet tech should be in chargeSharp instruments is the key for an enjoyable procedure

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124
Q

What are the basic materials needed for dental sharpening

A

Basic materials:Mineral oil: provide fine finish, and little of the instrument is reducedWipe clean after usedMay be autoclavedArkansas flat stone (coarse and fine)Conical stone: to removed spiculesAcrylic test stick or syringe case: to evaluate sharpnessTo dig the instrument in not to scrape the acrylic

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125
Q

What is the basic instrument sharpening technique

A

Put 1 drop of oil on the stone and distribute the oil You want to sharp only the cutting end of the instrumentDepending of the instrument…. place on the stone and move back and forth (curette, scaler) OR Place on the stone, sharp down or in circle then replaced it up, then sharp down or in circle (periosteal elevators, winged elevators)

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126
Q

What is the checklist for occlusal evaluation

A

Incisor relationshipCanine occlusionPremolar alignment, Distal premolar/molar occlusion,Individual teeth positioning

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127
Q

What are some anatomical structures of the mouth

A

A - Opening of incisive duct
B - Incisive Papilla
C - Rugae Palitinae on hard palate
D - Soft Palate
E - Palatoglossal Fold

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128
Q

What is the checklist for oral examination on an asleep animal

A

OropharynxLips and cheeksOral MMHard palpateFloor of mouth and tongueTeethPeriodontium of each tooth

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129
Q

What does the examination of the oropharynx include on an asleep animal

A

Oropharynx including soft palate, tonsillar crypts and tonsils

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130
Q

Why do we found the heaviest calculus at the buccal surface of the upper cheek teeth?

A

Due to the location of the salivary glands, and tight lips of animal

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131
Q

What is the philtrum

A

Philtrum: vertical groove in the middle area of the upper lip, common to many mammals, extending from the nose to the upper lip

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132
Q

What is a frenulum

A

Frenula (pluriel) frenulum (singular): small fold of tossus that secure or restricts tissue motion

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133
Q

What is included in a lip and cheek examination for the asleep animal

A

mucocutaneous junction, philtrum, frenula, salivary papilla

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134
Q

What is included in a oral mucus membrane examination of the asleep animal

A

Oral mucous membranes: alveolar gingiva & mucosa, mucogingival line (junction), attached gingiva, free gingiva

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135
Q

What is included in an hard palate examination of an asleep animal

A

Hard palate: incisive papilla, duct openings , palatal rugae

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136
Q

What is the incisive papilla/jacobson’s organ

A

papilla is a projection, or small fold of mucous membrane, located at the anterior end of the hard palate incisors. In other words, it’s on the roof of a dog’s mouth in the middle behind his front teeth. It develops during the embryo stage, and it’s perfectly normal. It’s an extra olfactory organ, or chamber, called the vomeronasal organ. It has fluid-filled sacs that open into the mouth or the nose. It’s also known as Jacobson’s organ.

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137
Q

What is included in the floor of mouth and tongue examination of an asleep animal

A

sublingual frenulum, lingual frenulum, lingual salivary gland (cat only), tongue papilla

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138
Q

what is included in a teeth examination of an asleep animal

A

primary, permanent or mixed dentitionmissing and/or supernumeraryabnormalities size/shapeWear patterns (abrasion, attrition)Pathology

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139
Q

What is a dental chart and what is its importance

A

Info from exam or any treatment needs to be recordedBasic dental record: 2 parts: written notes & completed dental chartSupplemented with clinical notes, additional dx tests & radiographs

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140
Q

What is dental charting

A

Diaphragmatic representation of the dentition where info (findings & tx) can be entered in a pictorial and/or notational form

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141
Q

What is the periodontium

A

the tissues that surround and support the teeth

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142
Q

What is Periodontium:

A

periodontal tissues (4)

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143
Q

What is Gingivitis:

A

inflammation of the gingiva

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144
Q

What is Periodontal disease:

A

disease of any part ot the periodontium (gingivitis & periodontitis)

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145
Q

What is Periodontitis:

A

inflammatory disease affecting the periodontium resulting in loss of attachment and eventually tooth loss

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146
Q

Hw do you examine the periodontium

A
  1. identify presence of periodontal disease2. Differentiate between gingivitis and periodontitis3. Identify precise location of disease processes4. Assess the extent of tissue destruction
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147
Q

What are the criteria that should be examined for each tooth

A

Gingivitis indexPeriodontal probing depth (PPD) (pocket depth)Gingival recession (recession index)Furcation involvementMobilityPeriodontal attachment level

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148
Q

What is listed on the dental chart

A

Recession indexCalculus indexGingivitis indexPeriodontal index Furcation exposure indexMobility indexProbe depth

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149
Q

What does plaque lead to

A

Lead to gingival irritation and gingivitisAmount should be recorded before cleaning

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150
Q

What agents can be used to visualize plaque

A

ATP stripsSpecial Fluorescent dental lightStain plaque

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151
Q

what is the gingivitis index

A

Presence of degree of inflammation is assessed by combination of redness, swelling, bleeding

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152
Q

how do you measure the gingivitis index

A

by gentle probing

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153
Q

What is the periodontal pocket depth/probe depth

A

how deep you can stick your probe into the sulcus.

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154
Q

What is gingival recession

A

when the gingiva is eaten away and destroyed around the tooth

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155
Q

When can a pseudo pocket occur

A

when gingival hyperplasia (GH) occursNote: GH should be called gingival enlargement since GH is a microscopic diagnostic

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156
Q

What is furcation involvement index

A

how much of the furcation of a tooth is exposed :shows alveolar bone loss

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157
Q

What is the mobility index

A

how mobile a tooth is

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158
Q

what are the 4 stages of periodontal disease

A

stage 1stage 2stage 3stage 4

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159
Q

Describe stage 1 periodontal disease

A

Stage 1 – Gingivitis only with attachment loss.

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160
Q

Describe stage 2 periodontal disease

A

Stage 2 – Less than 25% attachment loss. Grade 1furcations present.

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161
Q

describe stage 3 periodontal disease

A

Stage 3 – 25 to 50% attachment loss. Grade 2furcations present

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162
Q

describe stage 4 periodontal disease

A

Stage 4 – Over 50 % attachment loss. Grade 3furcations present.

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163
Q

What are the indications for taking dental radiographs

A

Before and after extractions Periodontal diseaseDiscolored teethFractured teethGingival ulcersMissing teeth (Evaluate an area where the teeth appear to be missing)Malocclusions causing traumaMalformed teethTooth resorptions or root resorptionsPet dropping foodFoul odor in mouthReluctance to eatReluctance to eat chewsNasal discharge

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164
Q

What are the medical indications for taking dental radiographs

A

To document the obvious - supporting treatment decisions Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative endodontics Endodontics: dental speciality concerned with the study & tx of dental pulpFollow progression of pulpal pathology and/or periodontal disease

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165
Q

What are the legal indications for dental radiographs

A

Part of the file/ Legal documentationFor client communicationFor prepurchase exams on show dogs to see if the proper number of teeth exist

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166
Q

What are the practice management/economical reasons for doing dental radiographs

A

Dental radiology pays for the expensive “toys” that don’t pay for themselves……” Or “ we are losing money by not taking intraoral x-rays!“Because it is a diagnostic toolWe found lesions – we treat them!

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167
Q

Describe the dental X-ray machine

A

Provides the X-ray sourcePortable or wall-mountedPortableFloor trolley (less user friendlyHand-held dental x-ray unitKVp and MA settings are fixedUsually 50-70 KVpmA is fixed (8-10)Can use regular rad machine, but film-focus distance is only 30-50 cmBetter to use dental machine

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168
Q

What is the one exposure variable for the dental X-ray machine

A

time in seconds

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169
Q

What are two types of dental radiology

A

dental standard radiology digital dental radiology

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170
Q

What are the two types of digital dental radiology

A

indirect (CR)direct (DR)

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171
Q

Describe dental film

A

Small & flexibleNon-screen filmSize 0, 1, 2 (periapical), size 4 (occlusal)Non screen filmSingle emulsionSpeed: D (ultra) E, F(EKTA) E, F: lower detailD: commonly used

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172
Q

Why is the dental film in an envelope

A

to protect it from light exposure

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173
Q

why does the dental film contain a layer of lead foil

A

to absorb scatter radiation

174
Q

Why does the dental film have a dot

A

to let you know which side is to be placed rostrally. So you can always tell right from left

175
Q

How do you develop X-ray films

A

Chairside darkroomDeveloping solutionsFilm clips

176
Q

Describe indirect dental radiology

A

Use photo-stimulable phosphorplates (PSP)Place in plastic holdersExposed and then digitally scannedFlexible, reusable plates or sheets instead of filmAfter exposure, plate→ scanner → latent formed image is retrieved point-by-point → digitized (laser light scanning)The digitized images are stored and displayed on a computer screen.

177
Q

What are the advantages to the indirect digital dental radiographs

A

Sensor plates size 0,2, 4, (6)FlexibleLong used-lifeNot expensive to replace

178
Q

what are the disadvantages to indirect digital dental radiographs

A

Sensor plates must be removed from mouth to get the imageMore time than directImage quality questionableKeep away from direct light while scanning

179
Q

Describe direct digital dental radiography

A

Sensor (CCD-Type or CMOS)2 sizes (1 & 2)Rigid, relatively thickConnect to a computer with appropriate software (by wire or WIFI)

180
Q

What are the advantages to direct digital dental radiology

A

FAST! Do not have to remove sensor to get the image Better quality image

181
Q

what are the disadvantages to direct digital dental radiology

A

Disadvantages:Small sensor sizeDifficult to fit into small mouthsFragile!Expensive Only the sensor 8000$ (2012)

182
Q

What are the methods for radiology safety for dental xrays

A

Proper tube angle is important Distance from the tube: 6 ftApron, thyroid lead protectorDosimeter

183
Q

What is the intra-oral dental X-ray technique

A

intra-oral techniques: Film positioned inside the mouth

184
Q

Describe the intra-oral dental X-ray technique

A

Patient can be left on lateral recumbency (as it is during the dental cleaning OR moved on dorsal or ventral recumbency

185
Q

Describe the parallel technique

A

Film is placed parallel to the long axis of the toothCentral beam is directed perpendicular to the film

186
Q

What happens when the beam is angled too vertically when using the bisecting technique

A

foreshortened

187
Q

what happens when the beam is angled too horizontally when using the bisecting technique

A

lengthened

188
Q

How do you get the perfect image representation of the tooth using the bisecting technique

A

If the primary bean is aimed at 90 degree to a bisecting angle, the image will be a true representation of the tooth!

189
Q

When you’re taking an X-ray of the front tooth (maximally and mandibular incisors and canines) using the bisecting technique

A

view the animal from the side

190
Q

when you’re taking an X-ray of the side tooth (maxillary molars and premolars) using the bisecting technique

A

view the animal from the front

191
Q

How do you take a picture of all three roots in one picture

A

the parallax effect

192
Q

What is radiopacity

A

relative inability for X-rays to pass through a particular material

193
Q

what is radiolucency

A

transparency for X-rays to pass through

194
Q

Describe the normal structure of dentine on the radiograph

A

less dense

195
Q

describe the normal structure of the cementum on the radiograph

A

only seen when hyper plastic (hyperplasia)

196
Q

describe the normal structure of the enamel on the radiograph

A

very radio dense on crown, tapers to cervical margin

197
Q

describe the normal structure of the root on the radiograph

A

Root - below gum line surrounded by alveolar bone: appear gray and relatively uniform

198
Q

describe the normal structure of the pulp cavity on the radiograph

A

Pulp Cavity - radiolucent zone. Pulp chamber in center to tooth & pulp canal in center of the roots

199
Q

describe the normal structure of the periodontal ligament on the radiograph

A

Periodontal ligament - radiolucent (black) line surrounding the tooth root

200
Q

describe the normal structure of the lamina dura on the radiograph

A

Lamina dura – sclerotic radiopaque (white) line just outside the PL. Represents bony wall of socket. Runs parallel to the tooth root.

201
Q

What are the normal age related changes in teeth

A

have a decreased pulp cavityclosure of the apical foramenregression of alveolar crestsclerosis of alveolar bone

202
Q

What composes the periodontium

A

the alveolar boneperiodontal ligamentcementumgingiva

203
Q

what does the gingiva cover

A

Gingiva covers the alveolar bone of the maxilla and mandible, and surrounds the tooth itself.

204
Q

what is found around the teeth

A

sulcus

205
Q

where is junctional epithelium located

A

Junctional epithelium is where at the bottom of the sulcus, the cells are attached to the enamel surface.

206
Q

describe the gingiva coronal to the CEJ

A

free gingiva

207
Q

describe the gingiva below the CEJ

A

attached gingiva

208
Q

where is the attached gingiva differentiated from alveolar mucosa at

A

the mucogingival junction

209
Q

what is cementum

A

is the bony-like tissue covering the root

210
Q

describe cementum

A

Less calcified than dentin and enamelDenser than boneDeposition occurs throughout lifeInvolved in both resorptive and reparative processes

211
Q

What is the periodontal ligament composed of and what does it do

A

it is composed of collagen fibres and anchor the tooth to the alveolar bone. It also has many blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, elastic fibres and cells

212
Q

what do alveolar sockets contain

A

the roots of the teeth

213
Q

what is the cribriform plate called

A

the lamina dura or white line

214
Q

describe oral microbiology

A

About 100 billion bacteria from all oral surfaces are shed daily in the salivaTotal plaque flora constitutes about 5% of the salivary floraAbout 300 species from dental plaque alone

215
Q

what is the flora of the healthy gingiva

A

Flora of healthy gingiva: AEROBIC + FACULTATIVE ANAEROBIC

216
Q

What is periodontal disease

A

A disease process that affects one or more of the periodontal tissues…eventually leading to tooth loss.

217
Q

what is a biofilm

A

A microscopic layer of glycoprotein molecules found on all moist surfaces. Bacteria live in this “slime” layer that helps them adhere to surfaces.

218
Q

What is plaque

A

Plaque: A soft material found on tooth surfaces which is made of bacteria and protein. It is not easy to see, but it is easy to remove with toothbrushing; but returns quickly.

219
Q

what is calculus

A

hardened plaque formed from saliva and food debris. It adheres to teeth and is difficult to remove; requires professional treatment under anesthesia for complete removal.

220
Q

what is gingivitis

A

Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingiva; leads to redness and/or bleeding gums.

221
Q

what is the periodontitis

A

The active form of periodontal disease. Bacterial infection and inflammation cause destruction of the periodontal tissues, leading to attachment loss around the teeth.

222
Q

what is the main cause of periodontal disease

A

plaque - without plaque the periodontal disease does not develop

223
Q

describe the flora of a diseased mouth

A

gram - rodsmotileanaerobicspirochete

224
Q

what can occur with chronic gingival inflammation

A

gingival enlargement: hyperplasia, pseudopocket

225
Q

What happens if gingivitis is left untreated

A

→ extends subgingivally →more inflammation →more plaque accumulate → more tissue is destroyed by bacteria & host inflammatory response

226
Q

what are the main sub gingival bacteria

A

faculative aerobic since there is less 02

227
Q

how is calculus created

A

Mixture of bacteria, enzymes, toxins, by-products alter the host defense mechanism = induce calculus.

228
Q

describe calculus

A

Itself : non-irritant But serves as an ideal surface for more plaque!

229
Q

what are some factors that increase plaque accumulation

A

tight lipsexcess salivationteeth crowding

230
Q

what are the factors that decrease resistance to infection

A
  • Metabolic, organic disease- Nutritional disturbances- Immunodeficiency
231
Q

What are the changes to the radiographs in stage 4 periodontal disease

A

Marked bone loss+/- tooth fracturePeriapical lucency consistent with a periapical granuloma (“abscess”)

232
Q

How do you manage periodontal disease

A

PROFESSIONAL periodontal therapy- Cleaning versus treatmentPlaque control measured (homecare)

233
Q

How do you encourage owners to manage periodontal disease

A

Educate owners to understand disease progression (at the clinic, website, facebook…etc)Train & motivate owner to perform daily homecare (demo, videos, data information sheet…)Do back up phone calls, with regular checkupsPerform regular professional periodontal therapy

234
Q

How do you treat gingivitis

A

when you remove plaque and calculus the gingivitis will heal.effective homecare is critical

235
Q

how do you treat periodontitis

A

Aim is to prevent new lesions at other sites, and prevent further tissue destructions at sites already affectedSame as gingivitis, but perform periodontal therapy, and may require periodontal sx

236
Q

what are the goals of professional periodontal therapy

A

remove calculus above and below gingivarestore tooth to a smooth plaque attractant surface

237
Q

what is sub gingival scaling

A

removal of plaque, calculus and other debris from the tooth surface below the gingival margin

238
Q

what is root planning

A

is the removal of the calculus from the cementum from the root surfaces: produces a smooth root surface which is less likely to accumulate plaque and more likely to permit epithelial reattachment.

239
Q

what instrument do you use to do root planning

A

the curette

240
Q

what is the most common reason clients come to us about their dogs mouth

A

due to halitosis caused by bacteria, plaque and calculus

241
Q

.what are some of the most common periodontal disease local consequences

A

Most common ones:1. Tooth loss 2. Abscess (lateral or periapical)3- Oronasal fistula (ONF)4- Pathologic fracture of the mandibuleOthers: oral cancer, chronic osteomyelitis,

242
Q

describe a lateral periodontal abcess

A

Orifice of periodontal pocket is blockedMay drain around tissue or fistulate throught the oral mucosa

243
Q

where are periapical abcess often seen

A

often seen at 208 pm4 (with suborbital swelling and draining)

244
Q

describe a periapical abcess

A

Pathologic process surrounding the root of the tooth

245
Q

what causes a periapical abcess

A

Inflammation or necrosis of the dental pulp from trauma or infection OR as an extension of PD

246
Q

describe the radiologic appearance of periodical disease

A

periapical radiolucency.

247
Q

what can periapical abscess causes

A

osteomyelitis, cellulitis, bacteraemia. can fistulate in oral mucosa or nose

248
Q

What are 7 common pathologies that can be diagnosed by dental radiology

A

1- FORL (most common in cats) 2- Alveolar expansion (cats)3- Caries (dogs)4- Root abnormalities: extra roots, root ankylosis 5- Missing tooth6- Dentigerous cyst7- Traumatic lesions: dental and/or bony fractures or dislocation

249
Q

when do feline oral resorptive lesions start

A

around 4-6 years of age. common in 20-75% of mature cats

250
Q

where is the location of the FORL

A

apparent at the labial or buccal surface near the neck

251
Q

describe FORL

A

Resorption →root surface → erode gingival attachment → expose to bacteria → painful inflammation of surrounding tissueThe first clinical manifestation of FORL is a late stage lesion

252
Q

what generaly covers FORL

A

gingiva which may or may not be inflammed

253
Q

what teeth are generally affected by FORL

A

107, 207, 307, 407, 108, 208, 309, 409

254
Q

what are the clinical signs of FORL

A

Clinical signs: hypersalivation, head shaking, sneezing, anorexia, oral bleeding, or have difficulty with prehensionWhen dentine exposed, or affects pulp = painful…but in most cases: NO CLINICAL SIGNS despite the pain!

255
Q

what is the cause of alveolar bone expansion

A

severe periodontal disease over canines

256
Q

where can alveolar bone expansion happen

A

around one r both maxillary and/or mandibular canines.

257
Q

what is the radiographic appearance of alveolar bone expansion

A

Radiographic appearance: bone loss around the root and expansile alveolar bone growth

258
Q

how do you treat alveolar bone expansion

A

tooth extraction

259
Q

what species gets caries

A

dogs

260
Q

where are caries found

A

in pre-molars and molars where occlusal molars come in contactFlat chewing surface, with deep pits and fissures: more susceptible to food accumulation

261
Q

what is a carie

A

plaque-induced destruction of the enamel of a tooth

262
Q

what are periodontal disease are caries both caused by

A

plaque

263
Q

how do plaque bacteria cause caries

A

Plaque bacteria use sugars (CHO) as energy, producing acidic fermentation products which demineralize enamel

264
Q

what dental instrument is used to detect softened discoloured enamel pits and fissures?

A

the explorer

265
Q

describe a carie

A

Large defects have food and debris packed within themOnce enamel is gone, process extends to dentineCan reach pulp cavity, causing periapical abcesses and pulpitis

266
Q

what is root ankylosing due to

A

severe periodontitis

267
Q

what is anondontia

A

absence of all teeth

268
Q

what is oligodontia

A

absence of many but not all teeth

269
Q

what is hypodontia

A

absence of a few teeth

270
Q

what are the most commonly missing teeth

A

incisor

271
Q

what are the reasons for missing teeth

A

CommonNeed rads to see if missingAbsence can be inheritedPrimary teeth give rise to permanent tooth budReason to know the deciduous formula, if missing, will miss adult tooth

272
Q

what happens if a tooth is present and unerupted

A

there is increased risk of abscess formation

273
Q

describe a dentigenous cyst

A

The follicle of unerupted teeth undergoes cystic transformation, causing dentigerous cysts with large, resorption of surrounding alveolar bone.Either monitor radiographically, or extract prophylactically

274
Q

What is occlusion

A

normal position of teeth when jaws are closed

275
Q

what is malocclusion

A

misaligned teeth

276
Q

What are the consequences of malocclusion

A

Abnormal contact with other teeth or soft tissues = discomfort + painAccumulation of debris + foods, periodontal pockets, PD disease, tooth loss….Chronic pain = changes in behaviorDifficulty in mastication

277
Q

how do you prevent malocclusion

A

Oral examination starting at initial puppy/kitten 1st visit!AHT: during pre-consultation

278
Q

what can be done about a malocclusion if detected early

A

Can be treated with simple extraction / crown amputation orOrthodontics tx (eg. braces, wire, buttons, elastics, acrylic plates)

279
Q

what happens if a malocclusion is not detected early

A

may result in permanent teeth malocclusions that require extensive extractions or multiple-procedure orthodontics. 


280
Q

describe the normal occlusion of dogs

A

Wild phenotype of domestic dogs and cats has interdigitating teeth cheek that create pinking shears effect.

281
Q

describe the pinking shears effect on canines

A

a mandibular tooth (canine) that interdigitates with the maxillary 3rd incisor and canine (fits in the diasthema) (canine interlock)

282
Q

describe the pinking shears effect on incisors

A

mandibular incisors that rest on the cingulae of the maxillary incissors

283
Q

what are the 4 points to evaluate occlusion in dogs

A

Scissor incisor relationshipThe canine interlockThe PM interdigitation (“pinking shear” effect)Head symmetry

284
Q

describe incisor scissor occlusion

A

scissor bite incisors. the mandibular incisors rest on the cingulae

285
Q

describe the proper canine interlock

A

Mandibular canine fits into diasthema between maxillary 3rd incisor and upper canineNot touching each otherCreates an interlock situation that prevents one or the other jaw from overgrowing the other.

286
Q

what is a diasthema

A

space or gap between 2 teeth

287
Q

describe the normal canine PM interdigitation

A

Cusp tips of PM should point to the interdental spacePinking shear effectBuccal surface of the first 1st mandibular molar occludes with the palatal surface of maxillary PM4

288
Q

what is a cusp

A

raised points on the crowns of teeth

289
Q

What are the 3 dog head shapes

A

dolichocephalicmesocephalicbrachycephalic

290
Q

what breed of dog has a dolichocephalic head

A

borzoi

291
Q

what breed of dog has a mesocephalic head

A

lab

292
Q

what breed of dog has a brachycephalic head

A

pug

293
Q

describe the head of a mesocephalic head

A

Mandible is shorter and less wide than maxillaScissor bite incisorsMaxillary incisors are rostralIncisal tips of mandibular incisor contact cingulae of upper incisor

294
Q

what is the normal dentition for a mesocephalic head

A

Interdigitation of canine teeth- mandibular one into diastema b/n upper 3rd incisor and upper canine, not touching eitherPremolars oppose interdental space opposite arcadeMaxillary 4th PM scissors with mandibular 1st molar

295
Q

how does cusp to cusp premolars happen

A

How does this happen?Either mandibular prognathism (undershot) or brachygnathism (overshot)

296
Q

what does prognathic mean

A

longer

297
Q

what does brachygnathic mean

A

shorter

298
Q

describe the dentition of a brachycephalic breed

A

shorter maxilla- normal mandibleCrowding and rotation upper teethMore prone to gingival hyperplasia due to open mouth breathingAlso prone to missing teeth

299
Q

describe the dentition of a dolichocephalic breed

A

Have longer upper jawLarger interdental spaces

300
Q

what is a lance tooth

A

Or rostrally displaced maxillary canine(s)One or both of the maxillary canine teeth deviating or pointing rostrally

301
Q

what is the result of a lance tooth

A

Result: closed diastema space between the max 3rd incisor and max canine tooth (crowding)

302
Q

what can lance tooth cause

A

periodontal diseaseocclusal problemsarea for plaque retention

303
Q

how does lance tooth occur?

A

genetic

304
Q

what breed commonly has lance tooth

A

sheltie

305
Q

describe an anterior crossbite

A

reverse scissor bite of one, two or all incisorsDisplaced lingual to the lowers and the rest occlude normally

306
Q

what is an anterior corset considered a secondary condition to

A

Usually secondary to retained deciduous incisors

307
Q

what is a posterior caudal crossbite

A

Class 1 PM + M are lingual to lower ones(carnassial teeth are reversed)

308
Q

what is a level bite

A

where the incisor teeth meet exactly, surface to surface

309
Q

what can level bite cause

A

Cause abnormal wear of the incisal edges of these teeeth & even inflammation surrounding the roots

310
Q

what is the common teeth crowding in toy breeds

A

incissors

311
Q

what is the common teeth crowding in brachycephalic breeds

A

PM

312
Q

what is brachygnathia

A

excessive shortness of one or both jaws

313
Q

what is prognathism

A

abnormal profusion of one or both jaws

314
Q

what is a mandibular brachygnathic bite

A

Upper jaw extends significantly over the lower jawAlso called overbite

315
Q

what is a mandibular prognathic bite

A

Also called underbiteMandibular premolars rostrally displacedReverse scissor biteLower incisors are rostralMandibular canine touches 3rd incisor

316
Q

what is a narrow mandible

A

Lower canines impinge on:maxillary gingivae orhard palate …..instead of going into diasthema

317
Q

what is an open bite

A

the teeth do not meet properly and a space is created

318
Q

what is a wry bite

A

When one jaw quadrant grows differently from the other and symmetry is lostFelt to be caused by one sided prognathism or brachygnathism

319
Q

describe feline chronic stomatitis

A

Severe focal or diffuse inflammation of:oral mucosa (caudal stomatitis +/- buccal Gingiva (gingivitis)Ulcerative lesionsChronicityPoor response to medical tx

320
Q

which cats are at risk for feline chronic stomatitis

A

0.7% of cats10 months to 17 years oldNo breed predilectionMay be more frequent in cat colony (environmental stress)

321
Q

what is the ethiology of feline chronic stomatitis

A

unknown

322
Q

how is feline chronic stomatitis seen

A

as gingivitis with stomatitisas stomatitis alone or with gingivitis

323
Q

what are the clinical signs of feline chronic stomatitis

A

HalitosisPtyalism +/- with bloodAnorexia or ↓ appetit, refuse dry foodWeight lossDysphagia↓ grooming HidesAgressivity, irritabilityDo not yawn+++pain at mouth openingMandibular lymphadenopathy

324
Q

how do you diagnose feline chronic stomatitis

A

Oral stomatitis (caudal +/- buccal) Clinical signsFIV, Felv & CBC – biochem to rule-out systemic disease (eg. kidney disease (causes stomatitis)), Bartonella testing

325
Q

how do you treat feline chronic stomatitis

A

full mouth extraction

326
Q

describe the effects of a full mouth extraction on cats with feline chronic stomatitis

A

Provide complete & rapid healing in 80% of the cases within 3 months30-35% will improve but will take longer & will need some Rx5-10% with poor response

327
Q

describe feline juvenile onset gingivitis

A

Young cats (6-8 months)after the permanent teeth have eruptedSevere gingivitis with overgrowth around crowns, PM, M)Cause pseudopocketsNotable halitosisLittle to no tartar accumulationCause: unknown

328
Q

how do you treat feline juvenile onset gingivitis

A

Early detectionFrequent professional cleaning (ev. 3-6 months!) with gingivectomy of hyperplastic gingival tissue.Daily brushing & home care

329
Q

what is juvenile onset periodontitis

A

Prior to the age of 9 monthsAt the time of permanent tooth eruptionMarked inflammation at the gingival marginCan extend in the attached gingivaSiamese, Maine Coon and DSH are predisposed

330
Q

what are supernumerary teeth

A

extra teethCause crowding = ↓ natural cleaning mechanism + predispose the area to PDIf crowding: should be extracted early

331
Q

which animals are supernumerary teeth common in

A

brachycephalic breeds (pug etc)in cats: most common SN teeth: PM4Here in the picture, PM3

332
Q

how do you differentiate supernumerary teeth from deciduous teeth

A

dental radiographs

333
Q

describe fusion and germination of teeth

A

Gemination is attempt to merge 2 teethCause : unknown (trauma? Genetic?)Often involves supernumerary teethCan be observed in both deciduous & permanent teethDifficult to differentiate between supernumerary and germination without dental x-rays.

334
Q

describe enamel

A

Very thin material (

335
Q

what is enamel hypoplasia

A

result form disruption of the normal enamel development

336
Q

what can happen if ameloblasts are injured

A

very sensitive/ minor injuries can result in enamel malformation

337
Q

what are three causes for enamel hypoplasia

A

a) Trauma to the unerupted toothb) Severe systemic infectious or nutritional problemc) Hereditary condition: amelogenisis imperfecta

338
Q

what are the two types of trauma that can happen to the unerrupted tooth

A

physical traumaOne or more adjacent teeth affectedTrauma during extraction of deciduous tooth

339
Q

describe amelogenesis imperfecta

A

Created by a ↓ in the amount of enamel matrix applied to the teeth during development. Nearly all teeth are involved on all surfaces.

340
Q

describe the appearance of enamel hypoplasia

A

Appear stained tan to dark brown (rarely black) colorMay appear pitted & roughTooth surface is hardAffected areas are easily exfoliated → expose the underlying dentin → resulting in stainingExpose dentin → discomfort!Roughness of tooth → ↑ plaque & calculus rentention → periodontal diseaseFor all these reasons: prompt therapy of these teeth is critical to the health of the patient

341
Q

what is attrition

A

gradual physiologic wear resulting from natural mastication (tooth-to-tooth contact)

342
Q

what is abrasion

A

mechanical wear of teeth from external forces (eg, brushing, dental instruments),(contact between the tooth and something other than the opposing tooth)also defined as wear from chewing on abrasive objects (eg, tennis balls, cage biters)May cause fracture

343
Q

what is primary dentin

A

Primary dentin: dentin that forms before and during eruption

344
Q

what is secondary dentin

A

Secondary dentin: normal, physiologic dentin that forms following eruption (as tooth develops) (develops from the odontoblasts living within the pulp)

345
Q

what is tertiary dentin

A

Tertiary dentin (what you are seeing in the centre of the worn spots) is the darker, less organized dentin formed in response to some irritation or external stimulus (result of trauma to the odontoblasts).


346
Q

what do you have to do if there is abrasion with pulp exposure

A

need to either extract or Refer to endodontic therapy (root canal)

347
Q

what is endodontics

A

a branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of pulpal and periradicular tissues (round the roots)

348
Q

what is endodontic therapy

A

indirect or direct pulp capping, or total pulpectomy (in preparation of root canal)Root canal therapy- a filling in the root.

349
Q

what are the most common oral malignant tumors

A

Most common:squamous cell carcinoma fibrosarcomamalignant melanoma

350
Q

describe an epulid or epulis

A

Epulid or epulis describes localized swelling of gingivaBenignTx : excisionRegrowth possible

351
Q

what do you do if you see an oral tumor or growth

A

Radiographs important to show bony involvement and plan in tumor management

352
Q

What is needed for the HIGHDENT power instrument

A

chlorexidine and water filled and pressurizedall appropriate tips put on + prophy anglescaler set

353
Q

What is needed for the inovadent dental cart instrument

A

chlorex + water filled and pressurizedset piezo scalerput on prophy tip and cups

354
Q

What is needed for the cavitron dental instrument

A

open handle (Water)fill handle with waterput in stacksset scaling water pressure

355
Q

what is needed for the inovadent pet piezo plus

A

set tipsset piezo scalerpressurize water pumpset scaling water pressure

356
Q

what power instrument do you put at low speed

A

the polisher

357
Q

what power instrument do you put at high speed

A

the drill

358
Q

for the cavitron what color does the blue stack need to be set to

A

grey

359
Q

for the cavitron what color does the green stack need to be set to

A

blue

360
Q

What is the curved beak instrument used to remove heavy gross calculus from the tooth surface

A

calculus removing forceps

361
Q

to explore the depth of sulcus to determine periodontal probing depth and sub gingival calculus

A

dental probe

362
Q

wide working tip, chisel like blade instrument used to remove supra gingival heavy gross calculus

A

dental hoe/chisel

363
Q

very fine and sharp instrument with a flat tip used to break down the PL and expand the alveolus

A

dental luxator

364
Q

to examine teeth for caries, calculi, furcations, resorptive lesions, calculus left behind

A

dental explorer

365
Q

triangle pointed shaped instrument with a pointed toe and 2 parallel cutting edges (also: supra gingival or subgingivial)

A

supragingival - dental scaler

366
Q

very thin delicate ends instrument used to lift the gingiva/mucosa away from the alveolar bone to prepare tooth for extractions

A

periosteal elevator

367
Q

double ended instrument, rounded toe and back used to remove calculus (supra and/or subgingivally after power scaling)

A

both supra and sub - curette

368
Q

thick working ends instrument used to stretch, cut, tear the PL and displace the tooth root from its socket during the extraction process

A

winged elevator

369
Q

instrument used to grip the tooth or root for removal during extraction

A

extraction forceps

370
Q

what type of scaler is the cavitron

A

magnetostrictive

371
Q

where would the dial be placed in order to start scaling on the cavitron

A

in the blue

372
Q

what needs to be done to the cavitron before inserting the stack

A

allow water to flow through it

373
Q

what are the handpieces available for the inovadent big one

A

scaler, polisher, drill, water, air gun

374
Q

what type of mechanical scaler is the inovadent big one

A

piezoelectric

375
Q

what needs to be done for the inovadent big one before turning it on and using the machine

A

ensure proper oil level and fill water bottle

376
Q

what are the two liquids in the hanging bottles for the highdent

A

distilled water, chlorexidine solution

377
Q

what type of mechanical scaler is the highdent

A

piezoelectric

378
Q

what type of mechanic scaler is in the pet piezo plus

A

piezoelectric

379
Q

in addition to scaling what does the pet piezo plus

A

scaling, polishing, drilling

380
Q

what is not recommended to do with the pet piezo plus unit

A

drilling. it does not run water through the drill so it heats up too quickly and can burn the tooth

381
Q

what distinuishes the handheld unit from the rest.

A

handheld and wireless

382
Q

what does the handheld unit do

A

it polishes

383
Q

how do i know when the handheld unit needs to be charged

A

the light is orange

384
Q

can we re-use the trophy angles for the handheld unit?

A

no it is disposable.

385
Q

how do we verify the wear of a tip or a stack

A

compare to the tip cards

386
Q

what are the first three steps when starting the dental prophy on the patients

A

put a towel under headpack the mouth chlorx- rinse

387
Q

true/false: polishing is only done at the end when all four buccal quadrants have been scaled

A

false

388
Q

fill in the blank: hand instruments and power instruments are held using the ________

A

modified pencil grip

389
Q

true/false: the tip of the power instrument can be pointed at the tooth or held at a 90 degree angle to the tooth

A

false

390
Q

fill in the blank: the correct positioning for the dental radiograph requires proper tube angulation, tube position and _____ position

A

film

391
Q

what technique do you use for the mandibular PM and molars

A

parallel technique

392
Q

what is the bisecting technique

A

when the film is placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth, and the central beam is directed perpendicular to the film

393
Q

what happens when the beam is angled too vertically

A

the tooth will appear foreshortened

394
Q

what happens when the beam is angled too low

A

the tooth will appear elongated

395
Q

t/f: the dental film dot should face the beam

A

true

396
Q

t/f: the dental film dot should be directed towards the inside of the patients throat

A

false

397
Q

t/f: the white part of the dental film should face the opposite side of the x-ray beam

A

false

398
Q

how long does the film need to remain in the water bath once it has been developed and fixed

A

1hour

399
Q

How many teeth does a puppy have

A

28

400
Q

how many teeth does an adult dog have

A

42

401
Q

how many teeth does a kitten have

A

26

402
Q

how many teeth does an adult cat have

A

30

403
Q

what is the permanent canine dental formula

A

31423143

404
Q

what is the permanent feline dental formula

A

31313121

405
Q

towards the root

A

apical

406
Q

towards the crown

A

coronal

407
Q

surface towards front midline

A

mesial

408
Q

surface away from midline

A

distal

409
Q

4 parts of the periodontum

A

alveolar bonecementumgingivaPL

410
Q

this structure is covered by enamel at the crown aspect

A

dentine

411
Q

centre of tooth

A

pulp

412
Q

hardest substance of the body

A

enamel

413
Q

covers the root and provides a point of attachment for the PL

A

cementum

414
Q

main supporting structure of the tooth

A

dentine

415
Q

where the tooth sits in the alveolar bone

A

alveolar socket

416
Q

what is a diphyodont

A

has 2 sets of teeth in a lifetime

417
Q

what does the mucogingival line divide

A

junction of attached gingiva and oral mucosa

418
Q

t/f: glycopyrrulate prevents bradycardia

A

true

419
Q

what drug prevents bradycardia

A

atropine, glyco

420
Q

a dog receives BAG and is induced with ket-val. give 2 reasons why we should put tear gel in his eyes

A

he isn’t blinking due to the ketamine, he got glyco so he is also producing less tears

421
Q

which drug should be used in the pre-med to reduce salivation during a dental procedure

A

glyco

422
Q

what does propofol do to the respiratory system

A

respiratory depression

423
Q

how can you minimize the respiratory depression from propofol

A

pre-oxygenate for 5 mins

424
Q

t/f: propofol is not considered safe for animals with liver or kidney dysfunction

A

false

425
Q

what do you do if an animal is moving under anesthesia

A

stop scaling, increase iso and bag patient

426
Q

what do you do if an animal regurgitates during the recovery period with the ET tube still in

A

place her head lower, ensure regurgitated material is not in mouth and clean mouth with gauze

427
Q

what drug family will not slow down heart rate

A

anticholinergics

428
Q

t/f: butorphanol is used for severe pain such as tooth extraction

A

false

429
Q

t/f: the pulse oximeter of a patient reads 94%. this is normal

A

false

430
Q

what drug is used first during cardiac arrest

A

epinepherine

431
Q

what are the alpha 2 agonists

A

medetomidine, dexmeditomidine, xylazine

BVetMed - Complete course (Years 1, 2, 3) (26 decks)

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