Veterinary Dentistry Flashcards
All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.
1
Q
What are the components of the diphyodont dentation
A
I –incisorC-canineP- premolarM-molar
2
Q
What is the primary canine dental formula
A
Primary teeth : 2 X I3/3, C1/1, P3/3 = __No primary molarsPrimary teeth eruption: 3 to 12 weeks of age
3
Q
What is the permanent canine dental formula
A
Permanent: 2 X I3/3,C1/1,P4/4, M2/3=__ Eruption: 3 – 7 months of age
4
Q
What is the primary cat dental formula
A
Primary: 2 XI3/3,C1/1,P3/2=___ no molars Primary teeth eruption: 2 to 6 weeks of age
5
Q
What is the permanent cat dental formula
A
Permanent 2X I3/3,C1/1,P3/2, M1/1=___ Particularities: some teeth are missing (refer to Triadan system) Eruption: 3 to 5 months
6
Q
What composes the bulk of the tooth
A
dentine
7
Q
what is the dentine covered by on the crown
A
enamel
8
Q
what is the dentine covered by on the root
A
cementum
9
Q
what does the centre of the tooth contain
A
pulp
10
Q
what is the composition of enamel
A
96% inorganic, mainly hydroxyapatite crystals, with 4% water and fibrous organic material.
11
Q
describe enamel
A
Hardest substance in the body and covers the exterior surface of the crowns only.
12
Q
how does enamel form
A
Formed by ameloblasts within the tooth bud before eruption.
13
Q
what can cause damage to the enamel when young
A
Damage when animal is young: causes irreparable changes (enamel hypoplasia, tetracycline usage)
14
Q
is the enamel capable of repair when it has already erupted?
A
yes but Capable of only very limited repair when damaged, once the tooth has erupted.
15
Q
Describe dentine
A
Main supporting structure of the toothSecond hardest tissue in the body after enamel.
16
Q
what is the composition of dentine
A
70% mineral and acellular, as hydroxyapatite crystals, and 30% organic as water, collagen and mucopolysaccharide.
17
Q
what is the main structure of dentine
A
dentinal tubules, which extends rom the external surface to the pulp.
18
Q
what is the function of the dentinal tubules if the dentine is exposed
A
which can transmit bacteria + pain to the pulp if the dentine is exposedCan also transmit bacteria to the PL
19
Q
describe the primary dentine
A
Primary dentine forms before tooth eruption.
20
Q
describe secondary dentine
A
Secondary dentine forms after eruption, as the tooth develops with age. It develops from the odontoblasts living within the pulp and is laid down in layers within the pulp cavity.
21
Q
describe tertiary dentine
A
Reparative or tertiary dentine forms as a result of trauma to the odontoblasts; this can be thermal, chemical, bacterial or mechanical.
22
Q
describe tertiary dentine and its appearance
A
Tertiary dentine has few tubules and is darker in colour and very dense in structure. We see tertiary dentine when enamel has been worn away, like stone chewers.
23
Q
Describe cementum
A
Covers the enamel free roots & provides a point of attachment for the periodontal ligament. Capable of formation, destruction and repair and remodels continually throughout life. It is nourished from vessels within the periodontal ligament.
24
Q
what is the composition of cementum
A
Similar in composition to woven bone it is 45-50% inorganic, primarily as hydroxyapatite crystals, and 50-55% organic material.
25
describe the pulp of the tooth
This living tissue within the tooth is located in the pulp chambers and root canals. Well innervated and vascularised
26
what is the pulp composed of
comprises connective tissue, nerves, lymph and blood vessels, collagen and undifferentiated reserve mesenchymal cells
27
what can physical trauma to the pulp cause
may cause bruising, hemorrhage or pulpitis.
28
what can over-heating from polishing or scaling cause to the pulp
pulp necrosis
29
what can happen to the pulp after pulp exposure after a tooth fracture
can cause pulpitis or pulp necrosis
30
what can happen to the pulp after a loss of blood supply following trauma
ischemic necrosis
31
describe the gingiva
surrounds the teeth and part of the alveolar bone, forming a cuff
32
what are the types of gingiva
free and attached
33
Attached gingiva is separated from the mouths mucosa at the _______
mucogingival junction
34
what is the name for the gingival tissue in the space between the teeth
Interdental Papilla
35
What is the name of the space between the teeth
interproximal space
36
What is formed by the gingival margin
sulcus
37
What is measured by the dental probe
the sulcus depth
38
what is the normal mm for the dental probe in a dog
1-3mm
39
what is the normal mm for the dental probe in a cat
0.5-1mm
40
describe the gingival sulcus
Many kinds of epithelium with rapid cell turnoverJunctional epithelium is where it attaches to tooth surface, and breaks down in periodontal disease.
41
What is the periodontal ligament composed of
Comprised of taut collagen fiber bundles
42
What does the periodontal ligament do
attaches the root cementum to the alveolar bone. It acts as a suspensory ligament for the tooth
43
to remove a tooth with an elevator, what do you need to break
the periodontal ligament
44
What are tooth roots encased in
alveolar sockets
45
What happens to the alveolar bone when there is tooth loss
the bone atrophies
46
what is the most dense alveolar bone that lines the socket is called
cribiform plate
47
on a radiograph of the alveolar bone, it is seen as a white line called ______
lamina dura
48
What are the components of the periodontium
1- Gingiva2- Periodontal ligament3- Cementum4- Alveolar bone
49
what is the function of the periodontium
Serves to support the tooth and absorb forces
50
When you have a disease of the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum or the alveolar bone, what is it called?
periodontitis
51
What does apical mean
towards the root
52
what does buccal mean
surface of tooth towards the cheeks
53
what does coronal mean
towards the crown
54
what does distal mean
surface away from the midline
55
what does facial mean
can be labial or buccal surface
56
what does inter proximal mean
surface between two teeth
57
what does labial mean
surface of tooth towards lips
58
what does lingual mean
surface of tooth towards tongue
59
what does mesial mean
surface towards front midline
60
what does occlusal mean
surface facing tooth in opposite jaw
61
what does palatal mean
surface of tooth towards palate
62
What is the cementoenamel junction
where the enamel of the crown meets the cementum of the root
63
what is furcation
the space between the roots of the same tooth
64
describe the modified triadan system
Each tooth is given a 3 digit numberThe 1st digit denotes the quadrantFor permanent teeth:Quadrant 1 : maxillary rightQuadrant 2: maxillary leftQuandrant 3: mandibular leftQuandrant 4: mandibulary right
65
How do you triadan number a deciduous tooth
After the 4 quadrants, deciduous teeth are numbered in quadrant 5,6,7,8
66
Why do we do preventative dental homecare
Critical to the overall success of a professional dental cleaningPlaque colonize the surface of a tooth within 24 hours of cleaning!If no home care: periodontal pockets can become recolonized within 2 weeks of dental procedure!Plaque at the gingival margin & subgingival area = inflammation + subsequent periodontal diseaseMaintenance of periodontal health depends on PLAQUE CONTROL AT AND BELOW THE GINGIVAL MARGIN (subgingivially)
67
Why do we tell clients to do dental homecare
To educate client about the importance of oral careTo gain complianceHelp develop a strong relationship between client and clinic
68
How do we encourage owners to be compliant with dental homecare
A picture is worth a thousands words!Poster of... Progression of the disease Impact on internal organsHealthy mouths vs diseased mouth modelPlastic modelsHandouts, pamphlets, websites...etc
69
When do we talk about dental home care with clients
At 1st visit (part of preventive health program)Through Puppy & Kitten packs/kitsYearly exam, talk about teeth, dietsPost dentistry, go over the importanceDuring the discharge (Vanier)2 weeks after ideally (In clinics)GOAL: Prevention!If not done: Get owners to commit to yearly PROFESSIONNAL DENTAL CLEANING!
70
What is prophylaxis
measure taken to maintain health and prevent the spread of disease
71
What are the 2 types of dental procedures performed in veterinary dentistry
1) Dental cleaning (prophylaxis) (rarely done)2) Dental treatment (what we perform most!)
72
What is active dental care methods
Require participation of the owner with activities like rinsing, toothbrushingMost beneficial for mesial (front teeth)
73
what is the passive dental care method
PASSIVE:Include treats, Px diet to enhance chewing behaviorsMost beneficial for Distal (back teeth)May be more effective because of regular compliance
74
What are 6 types of preventative dental care
1. Tooth brushing2. Dental diets3. Treats4. Oral products5. Secure toys6. Natural Home remedies
75
What are some oral care products
Enzymatic oral care products (Gel, powder, rinse)Chlorexidine (gel, rinse) (to add in your notes)Zinc product MAXIGUARDHMP, Fluoride, Water additive (to add in your notes)
76
Describe tooth brushing
Most effective means of plaque control!But only an estimated 1% of clients brush their pets’teeth daily.Every day: Optimal to slow plaque formationEvery other day: Not as effective for gingivitis 2 times a week: minimal acceptable frequency for patients with good oral healthFocus brushing on gingival margin and interproximal spacesImportant to caution the owner about being bitten
77
What are 4 tips for toothbrushing compliance with animal
1) START EARLY!2) GO SLOW!3) BE CONSISTENT4) PROVIDE POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
78
What is the use of the finger brush
will remove plaque, not tartare.g.: finger brush, cat tooth brush, gauze squaresNot as effective as bristles, but easier for some clients
79
Why is tooth brushing still the best way
Bristles go under the sulcusMassage action strengthens gingiva
80
Why do we use brushing agents
Need to taste good to improve compliancePaste: meant to be used on toothbrushHave a number of function:Help improve compliance (+ reinforcement)Can have abrasive material or grit to improve mechanical cleaning action of the brush
81
Why can't we use human toothpaste for animal
It can be toxic if swallowed
82
Why can't we use baking soda for brushing teeth in the animal
doesn't taste good and has too much sodium
83
Why do we use dental diets
For passive home careAlone, not sufficient to maintain healthy gums as opposed to brushingHelps to plaque & tartar accumulationShould use both
84
Why do we use LARGE kibbles in dental diets
promotes chewing
85
why do we use an abrasive texture in dental diets
helps remove parts of tartar and plaque
86
why do we use ca chelators in dental diets
reduce calculus accumulation
87
What does the VOHC do
Assess efficiency of the dental products such as dental dietsCost: $$$$$Can be plaque or plaque & tartar approvedProducts with VOHC seal is objectively recommended by vetsIneffective for gingival margin: greatest efficacy around cusps tips
88
What are the hand instruments used during a dentistry procedure
Calculus forcepsDental Hoe or ChiselDental probe and explorer Dental mirrorHand-scaling instruments:Dental scalersCurettesPeriosteal elevatorsLuxatorsWinged- ElevatorsExtractor forceps Root tip pick
89
describe supra gingival
the exposed tooth surface (“above the gumline”)Most visible part of the procedure for the owner least important part for the patient’s dental health
90
describe sub gingival
Subgingival: part of the tooth that is covered by gingiva
91
What instruments are used to remove heavy gross calculus
Calculus removing forcepsDental Hoe scaler or Chisel
92
Describe calculus removing forceps
Curved beak instrumentUSE: Allow easy removal of HEAVY GROSS calculus from the tooth surface (SUPRAgingical) decreasing chance of fracturing the toothUsually is the 1st instrument to use before power scaling and manual scaling
93
Describe the dental hoe or chisel
Wide working tip, chisel*-like bladeDifferent sizes and shapesStrong instrumentUSE: SUPRAgingival HEAVY GROSS calculus removal onlyHow to use: pen gripCertain prefer hoe than calculus forceps
94
what are the instruments used to perform a dental exam and charting
Dental probeDental explorerDental mirror
95
Describe the dental probe
Also called periodontal probe, since evaluating periodontiumGraduated, blunt ended probe at one endSharp shepherd's hook at the other end : explorer May also be single-endedThe blunt tip can be round or flat and graduated in mm or colour coded in bands.
96
What is the use of the dental probe
Used:1) subgingivally to explore the sulcus…Crevice that surrounds the tooth (between tooth and free gingival margin) to mainly to determine PPD: periodontal probing depth2) but also for locating the subgingival calculus and other problems This must be done before OR after the dental procedure. Record is written on a dental chart
97
What is the normal periodontal probing depth for a dog
1-3mm
98
what is the normal periodontal probing depth for a cat
0.5-1mm
99
what happens if your probing depth is deeper than it should be
If deeper: indicates a “pockets” due to:Detachment of the PLBone resorption
100
What is the dental explorer used for
Evaluate: enamel, subgingivally for plaque, caries, FORL (feline orthodontoclastic resorptive lesions)Calculus left behind
101
What is the dental mirror used for
Mirror good for seeing lesions palatally or lingually easily. Takes some getting used to
102
What are the instruments used for periodontal therapy
Manual Dental scalerManuel CurettesUniversalGracey
103
Describe the dental scaler
Triangular blade in cross section, with cutting capability at all three points of the triangle.2 parallel cutting edgesPointed toeUsed for removing supragingival calculus only. It is NEVER used subgingivally!Can distend or lacerate tissueIt requires a modified pen grip. This instrument must be kept sharp. Due to improvements in ultrasonic scaler tip technology, we tend to use it less but should be used after power scaling.
104
Describe the curette
Doubled-ended instrument for easier access of all sides of toothOn end going to the right, one end going to the left
105
What are the common elements of a curette
Common elements:Rounded backRounded toe (so less traumatic than scaler)Semi-circular cross section
106
Why do we use a curette
Type of scaler designed for moderate calculus removal on SUPRAgingival and SUBgingival surfaces (called periodontal therapy)Should be used after power ultrasonic scaling procedure.Be carefull! Stronger, sharper instrumentsTake more efforts that power ultrasonic scaling
107
Describe the universal curette
Universal: designed for easy adaptation on all tooth surfaces (thus the name “universal”)
108
Describe the gracey curette
Gracey: designed to use on specific tooth surfaces that improve adaptation and calculus removal
109
How do you use a universal curette
Shank parallel to the tooth surface being scaledCutting edge of blade is applied to the tooth surface and facial surface of blade is tilted toward the tooth to achieve 70-85° angle between tooth and blade Apply lateral pressure against the tooth and pull upward while maintaining contact with the tooth
110
How do you use a gracey curette
Shank parallel to the tooth surface being scaledLower cutting edge of blade is applied against the tooth surfaceApply pressure against the tooth (root) and pull upward, maintaining the parallel shank
111
What are the dental instruments used to extract teeth
Periosteal ElevatorsLuxatorsElevators (winged-elevators)Root tip pic
112
Describe the periosteal elevators
Other name: periosteotome: instrument used to cut the periosteum: membrane that cover the surface of all bonesThin and small very delicate ends
113
Describe the use of the periosteal elevators
USE: Mainly used to lift full thickness soft tissue flaps, usually gingiva from alveolar bone before extractionAfter incision is made on the gingiva of one side or either side of the tooth to be extractedThe tips require protection and need to be kept very sharp otherwise shredding of the flap can happen.
114
What do we use luxators and elevators for
“leverage”: displace tooth root from its socket PL: periodontal ligamentAlveolus : tooth socket
115
Describe luxators
Very fine and sharp instruments with flap tipCan be easily damaged if used as elevatorThe tip is not designed for the extra force used with elevation (not for “leverage”) : they will break!
116
How do you use a luxator
USE: for cutting the PL and expanding the alveolus (“to luxate the tooth”)…by inserting the instrument tip into the periodontal space with a gentle side to side rocking motion continuing down the length of the root
117
Describe elevator
Have thicker working endsWinged elevators: makes extractions easier, added leverage
118
How do you use an elevator
USE: to stretch, cut, tear the PL + displace tooth root from its socket (so for leverage) So can be used as luxator and elevator
119
What are the 2 uses of extraction forceps
1) Primarily for gripping the tooth or a root for removal during extraction once it has been luxated loose2) Can also be used to remove gross supragingival calculus instead of using calculus forceps
120
What do you use a root tip pick as
For removing small pieces of broken root tips Some use it as a luxator Very sharp
121
What is in a Vanier suture kit
fine scissors, scalpel handle, suture material, periosteal elevator, rat tooth tissue forceps, olsen hagar needle drivers, scalpel blades
122
How do you clean dental instruments
Cleaning and sterilization process same as surgical instrumentsSterilized dental instrument kit per patient
123
Describe the importance of dental instrument sharpening
Only basic sharpening techniques will be covered Sharpening should be done after each useOne vet tech should be in chargeSharp instruments is the key for an enjoyable procedure
124
What are the basic materials needed for dental sharpening
Basic materials:Mineral oil: provide fine finish, and little of the instrument is reducedWipe clean after usedMay be autoclavedArkansas flat stone (coarse and fine)Conical stone: to removed spiculesAcrylic test stick or syringe case: to evaluate sharpnessTo dig the instrument in not to scrape the acrylic
125
What is the basic instrument sharpening technique
Put 1 drop of oil on the stone and distribute the oil You want to sharp only the cutting end of the instrumentDepending of the instrument…. place on the stone and move back and forth (curette, scaler) OR Place on the stone, sharp down or in circle then replaced it up, then sharp down or in circle (periosteal elevators, winged elevators)
126
What is the checklist for occlusal evaluation
Incisor relationshipCanine occlusionPremolar alignment, Distal premolar/molar occlusion,Individual teeth positioning
127
What are some anatomical structures of the mouth
A - Opening of incisive duct
B - Incisive Papilla
C - Rugae Palitinae on hard palate
D - Soft Palate
E - Palatoglossal Fold
128
What is the checklist for oral examination on an asleep animal
OropharynxLips and cheeksOral MMHard palpateFloor of mouth and tongueTeethPeriodontium of each tooth
129
What does the examination of the oropharynx include on an asleep animal
Oropharynx including soft palate, tonsillar crypts and tonsils
130
Why do we found the heaviest calculus at the buccal surface of the upper cheek teeth?
Due to the location of the salivary glands, and tight lips of animal
131
What is the philtrum
Philtrum: vertical groove in the middle area of the upper lip, common to many mammals, extending from the nose to the upper lip
132
What is a frenulum
Frenula (pluriel) frenulum (singular): small fold of tossus that secure or restricts tissue motion
133
What is included in a lip and cheek examination for the asleep animal
mucocutaneous junction, philtrum, frenula, salivary papilla
134
What is included in a oral mucus membrane examination of the asleep animal
Oral mucous membranes: alveolar gingiva & mucosa, mucogingival line (junction), attached gingiva, free gingiva
135
What is included in an hard palate examination of an asleep animal
Hard palate: incisive papilla, duct openings , palatal rugae
136
What is the incisive papilla/jacobson's organ
papilla is a projection, or small fold of mucous membrane, located at the anterior end of the hard palate incisors. In other words, it’s on the roof of a dog’s mouth in the middle behind his front teeth. It develops during the embryo stage, and it’s perfectly normal. It’s an extra olfactory organ, or chamber, called the vomeronasal organ. It has fluid-filled sacs that open into the mouth or the nose. It’s also known as Jacobson’s organ.
137
What is included in the floor of mouth and tongue examination of an asleep animal
sublingual frenulum, lingual frenulum, lingual salivary gland (cat only), tongue papilla
138
what is included in a teeth examination of an asleep animal
primary, permanent or mixed dentitionmissing and/or supernumeraryabnormalities size/shapeWear patterns (abrasion, attrition)Pathology
139
What is a dental chart and what is its importance
Info from exam or any treatment needs to be recordedBasic dental record: 2 parts: written notes & completed dental chartSupplemented with clinical notes, additional dx tests & radiographs
140
What is dental charting
Diaphragmatic representation of the dentition where info (findings & tx) can be entered in a pictorial and/or notational form
141
What is the periodontium
the tissues that surround and support the teeth
142
What is Periodontium:
periodontal tissues (4)
143
What is Gingivitis:
inflammation of the gingiva
144
What is Periodontal disease:
disease of any part ot the periodontium (gingivitis & periodontitis)
145
What is Periodontitis:
inflammatory disease affecting the periodontium resulting in loss of attachment and eventually tooth loss
146
Hw do you examine the periodontium
1. identify presence of periodontal disease2. Differentiate between gingivitis and periodontitis3. Identify precise location of disease processes4. Assess the extent of tissue destruction
147
What are the criteria that should be examined for each tooth
Gingivitis indexPeriodontal probing depth (PPD) (pocket depth)Gingival recession (recession index)Furcation involvementMobilityPeriodontal attachment level
148
What is listed on the dental chart
Recession indexCalculus indexGingivitis indexPeriodontal index Furcation exposure indexMobility indexProbe depth
149
What does plaque lead to
Lead to gingival irritation and gingivitisAmount should be recorded before cleaning
150
What agents can be used to visualize plaque
ATP stripsSpecial Fluorescent dental lightStain plaque
151
what is the gingivitis index
Presence of degree of inflammation is assessed by combination of redness, swelling, bleeding
152
how do you measure the gingivitis index
by gentle probing
153
What is the periodontal pocket depth/probe depth
how deep you can stick your probe into the sulcus.
154
What is gingival recession
when the gingiva is eaten away and destroyed around the tooth
155
When can a pseudo pocket occur
when gingival hyperplasia (GH) occursNote: GH should be called gingival enlargement since GH is a microscopic diagnostic
156
What is furcation involvement index
how much of the furcation of a tooth is exposed :shows alveolar bone loss
157
What is the mobility index
how mobile a tooth is
158
what are the 4 stages of periodontal disease
stage 1stage 2stage 3stage 4
159
Describe stage 1 periodontal disease
Stage 1 – Gingivitis only with attachment loss.
160
Describe stage 2 periodontal disease
Stage 2 – Less than 25% attachment loss. Grade 1furcations present.
161
describe stage 3 periodontal disease
Stage 3 – 25 to 50% attachment loss. Grade 2furcations present
162
describe stage 4 periodontal disease
Stage 4 – Over 50 % attachment loss. Grade 3furcations present.
163
What are the indications for taking dental radiographs
Before and after extractions Periodontal diseaseDiscolored teethFractured teethGingival ulcersMissing teeth (Evaluate an area where the teeth appear to be missing)Malocclusions causing traumaMalformed teethTooth resorptions or root resorptionsPet dropping foodFoul odor in mouthReluctance to eatReluctance to eat chewsNasal discharge
164
What are the medical indications for taking dental radiographs
To document the obvious - supporting treatment decisions Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative endodontics Endodontics: dental speciality concerned with the study & tx of dental pulpFollow progression of pulpal pathology and/or periodontal disease
165
What are the legal indications for dental radiographs
Part of the file/ Legal documentationFor client communicationFor prepurchase exams on show dogs to see if the proper number of teeth exist
166
What are the practice management/economical reasons for doing dental radiographs
Dental radiology pays for the expensive “toys” that don't pay for themselves……" Or “ we are losing money by not taking intraoral x-rays!“Because it is a diagnostic toolWe found lesions – we treat them!
167
Describe the dental X-ray machine
Provides the X-ray sourcePortable or wall-mountedPortableFloor trolley (less user friendlyHand-held dental x-ray unitKVp and MA settings are fixedUsually 50-70 KVpmA is fixed (8-10)Can use regular rad machine, but film-focus distance is only 30-50 cmBetter to use dental machine
168
What is the one exposure variable for the dental X-ray machine
time in seconds
169
What are two types of dental radiology
dental standard radiology digital dental radiology
170
What are the two types of digital dental radiology
indirect (CR)direct (DR)
171
Describe dental film
Small & flexibleNon-screen filmSize 0, 1, 2 (periapical), size 4 (occlusal)Non screen filmSingle emulsionSpeed: D (ultra) E, F(EKTA) E, F: lower detailD: commonly used
172
Why is the dental film in an envelope
to protect it from light exposure
173
why does the dental film contain a layer of lead foil
to absorb scatter radiation
174
Why does the dental film have a dot
to let you know which side is to be placed rostrally. So you can always tell right from left
175
How do you develop X-ray films
Chairside darkroomDeveloping solutionsFilm clips
176
Describe indirect dental radiology
Use photo-stimulable phosphorplates (PSP)Place in plastic holdersExposed and then digitally scannedFlexible, reusable plates or sheets instead of filmAfter exposure, plate→ scanner → latent formed image is retrieved point-by-point → digitized (laser light scanning)The digitized images are stored and displayed on a computer screen.
177
What are the advantages to the indirect digital dental radiographs
Sensor plates size 0,2, 4, (6)FlexibleLong used-lifeNot expensive to replace
178
what are the disadvantages to indirect digital dental radiographs
Sensor plates must be removed from mouth to get the imageMore time than directImage quality questionableKeep away from direct light while scanning
179
Describe direct digital dental radiography
Sensor (CCD-Type or CMOS)2 sizes (1 & 2)Rigid, relatively thickConnect to a computer with appropriate software (by wire or WIFI)
180
What are the advantages to direct digital dental radiology
FAST! Do not have to remove sensor to get the image Better quality image
181
what are the disadvantages to direct digital dental radiology
Disadvantages:Small sensor sizeDifficult to fit into small mouthsFragile!Expensive Only the sensor 8000$ (2012)
182
What are the methods for radiology safety for dental xrays
Proper tube angle is important Distance from the tube: 6 ftApron, thyroid lead protectorDosimeter
183
What is the intra-oral dental X-ray technique
intra-oral techniques: Film positioned inside the mouth
184
Describe the intra-oral dental X-ray technique
Patient can be left on lateral recumbency (as it is during the dental cleaning OR moved on dorsal or ventral recumbency
185
Describe the parallel technique
Film is placed parallel to the long axis of the toothCentral beam is directed perpendicular to the film
186
What happens when the beam is angled too vertically when using the bisecting technique
foreshortened
187
what happens when the beam is angled too horizontally when using the bisecting technique
lengthened
188
How do you get the perfect image representation of the tooth using the bisecting technique
If the primary bean is aimed at 90 degree to a bisecting angle, the image will be a true representation of the tooth!
189
When you're taking an X-ray of the front tooth (maximally and mandibular incisors and canines) using the bisecting technique
view the animal from the side
190
when you're taking an X-ray of the side tooth (maxillary molars and premolars) using the bisecting technique
view the animal from the front
191
How do you take a picture of all three roots in one picture
the parallax effect
192
What is radiopacity
relative inability for X-rays to pass through a particular material
193
what is radiolucency
transparency for X-rays to pass through
194
Describe the normal structure of dentine on the radiograph
less dense
195
describe the normal structure of the cementum on the radiograph
only seen when hyper plastic (hyperplasia)
196
describe the normal structure of the enamel on the radiograph
very radio dense on crown, tapers to cervical margin
197
describe the normal structure of the root on the radiograph
Root - below gum line surrounded by alveolar bone: appear gray and relatively uniform
198
describe the normal structure of the pulp cavity on the radiograph
Pulp Cavity - radiolucent zone. Pulp chamber in center to tooth & pulp canal in center of the roots
199
describe the normal structure of the periodontal ligament on the radiograph
Periodontal ligament - radiolucent (black) line surrounding the tooth root
200
describe the normal structure of the lamina dura on the radiograph
Lamina dura – sclerotic radiopaque (white) line just outside the PL. Represents bony wall of socket. Runs parallel to the tooth root.
201
What are the normal age related changes in teeth
have a decreased pulp cavityclosure of the apical foramenregression of alveolar crestsclerosis of alveolar bone
202
What composes the periodontium
the alveolar boneperiodontal ligamentcementumgingiva
203
what does the gingiva cover
Gingiva covers the alveolar bone of the maxilla and mandible, and surrounds the tooth itself.
204
what is found around the teeth
sulcus
205
where is junctional epithelium located
Junctional epithelium is where at the bottom of the sulcus, the cells are attached to the enamel surface.
206
describe the gingiva coronal to the CEJ
free gingiva
207
describe the gingiva below the CEJ
attached gingiva
208
where is the attached gingiva differentiated from alveolar mucosa at
the mucogingival junction
209
what is cementum
is the bony-like tissue covering the root
210
describe cementum
Less calcified than dentin and enamelDenser than boneDeposition occurs throughout lifeInvolved in both resorptive and reparative processes
211
What is the periodontal ligament composed of and what does it do
it is composed of collagen fibres and anchor the tooth to the alveolar bone. It also has many blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, elastic fibres and cells
212
what do alveolar sockets contain
the roots of the teeth
213
what is the cribriform plate called
the lamina dura or white line
214
describe oral microbiology
About 100 billion bacteria from all oral surfaces are shed daily in the salivaTotal plaque flora constitutes about 5% of the salivary floraAbout 300 species from dental plaque alone
215
what is the flora of the healthy gingiva
Flora of healthy gingiva: AEROBIC + FACULTATIVE ANAEROBIC
216
What is periodontal disease
A disease process that affects one or more of the periodontal tissues…eventually leading to tooth loss.
217
what is a biofilm
A microscopic layer of glycoprotein molecules found on all moist surfaces. Bacteria live in this "slime" layer that helps them adhere to surfaces.
218
What is plaque
Plaque: A soft material found on tooth surfaces which is made of bacteria and protein. It is not easy to see, but it is easy to remove with toothbrushing; but returns quickly.
219
what is calculus
hardened plaque formed from saliva and food debris. It adheres to teeth and is difficult to remove; requires professional treatment under anesthesia for complete removal.
220
what is gingivitis
Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingiva; leads to redness and/or bleeding gums.
221
what is the periodontitis
The active form of periodontal disease. Bacterial infection and inflammation cause destruction of the periodontal tissues, leading to attachment loss around the teeth.
222
what is the main cause of periodontal disease
plaque - without plaque the periodontal disease does not develop
223
describe the flora of a diseased mouth
gram - rodsmotileanaerobicspirochete
224
what can occur with chronic gingival inflammation
gingival enlargement: hyperplasia, pseudopocket
225
What happens if gingivitis is left untreated
→ extends subgingivally →more inflammation →more plaque accumulate → more tissue is destroyed by bacteria & host inflammatory response
226
what are the main sub gingival bacteria
faculative aerobic since there is less 02
227
how is calculus created
Mixture of bacteria, enzymes, toxins, by-products alter the host defense mechanism = induce calculus.
228
describe calculus
Itself : non-irritant But serves as an ideal surface for more plaque!
229
what are some factors that increase plaque accumulation
tight lipsexcess salivationteeth crowding
230
what are the factors that decrease resistance to infection
- Metabolic, organic disease- Nutritional disturbances- Immunodeficiency
231
What are the changes to the radiographs in stage 4 periodontal disease
Marked bone loss+/- tooth fracturePeriapical lucency consistent with a periapical granuloma (“abscess”)
232
How do you manage periodontal disease
PROFESSIONAL periodontal therapy- Cleaning versus treatmentPlaque control measured (homecare)
233
How do you encourage owners to manage periodontal disease
Educate owners to understand disease progression (at the clinic, website, facebook…etc)Train & motivate owner to perform daily homecare (demo, videos, data information sheet…)Do back up phone calls, with regular checkupsPerform regular professional periodontal therapy
234
How do you treat gingivitis
when you remove plaque and calculus the gingivitis will heal.effective homecare is critical
235
how do you treat periodontitis
Aim is to prevent new lesions at other sites, and prevent further tissue destructions at sites already affectedSame as gingivitis, but perform periodontal therapy, and may require periodontal sx
236
what are the goals of professional periodontal therapy
remove calculus above and below gingivarestore tooth to a smooth plaque attractant surface
237
what is sub gingival scaling
removal of plaque, calculus and other debris from the tooth surface below the gingival margin
238
what is root planning
is the removal of the calculus from the cementum from the root surfaces: produces a smooth root surface which is less likely to accumulate plaque and more likely to permit epithelial reattachment.
239
what instrument do you use to do root planning
the curette
240
what is the most common reason clients come to us about their dogs mouth
due to halitosis caused by bacteria, plaque and calculus
241
.what are some of the most common periodontal disease local consequences
Most common ones:1. Tooth loss 2. Abscess (lateral or periapical)3- Oronasal fistula (ONF)4- Pathologic fracture of the mandibuleOthers: oral cancer, chronic osteomyelitis,
242
describe a lateral periodontal abcess
Orifice of periodontal pocket is blockedMay drain around tissue or fistulate throught the oral mucosa
243
where are periapical abcess often seen
often seen at 208 pm4 (with suborbital swelling and draining)
244
describe a periapical abcess
Pathologic process surrounding the root of the tooth
245
what causes a periapical abcess
Inflammation or necrosis of the dental pulp from trauma or infection OR as an extension of PD
246
describe the radiologic appearance of periodical disease
periapical radiolucency.
247
what can periapical abscess causes
osteomyelitis, cellulitis, bacteraemia. can fistulate in oral mucosa or nose
248
What are 7 common pathologies that can be diagnosed by dental radiology
1- FORL (most common in cats) 2- Alveolar expansion (cats)3- Caries (dogs)4- Root abnormalities: extra roots, root ankylosis 5- Missing tooth6- Dentigerous cyst7- Traumatic lesions: dental and/or bony fractures or dislocation
249
when do feline oral resorptive lesions start
around 4-6 years of age. common in 20-75% of mature cats
250
where is the location of the FORL
apparent at the labial or buccal surface near the neck
251
describe FORL
Resorption →root surface → erode gingival attachment → expose to bacteria → painful inflammation of surrounding tissueThe first clinical manifestation of FORL is a late stage lesion
252
what generaly covers FORL
gingiva which may or may not be inflammed
253
what teeth are generally affected by FORL
107, 207, 307, 407, 108, 208, 309, 409
254
what are the clinical signs of FORL
Clinical signs: hypersalivation, head shaking, sneezing, anorexia, oral bleeding, or have difficulty with prehensionWhen dentine exposed, or affects pulp = painful...but in most cases: NO CLINICAL SIGNS despite the pain!
255
what is the cause of alveolar bone expansion
severe periodontal disease over canines
256
where can alveolar bone expansion happen
around one r both maxillary and/or mandibular canines.
257
what is the radiographic appearance of alveolar bone expansion
Radiographic appearance: bone loss around the root and expansile alveolar bone growth
258
how do you treat alveolar bone expansion
tooth extraction
259
what species gets caries
dogs
260
where are caries found
in pre-molars and molars where occlusal molars come in contactFlat chewing surface, with deep pits and fissures: more susceptible to food accumulation
261
what is a carie
plaque-induced destruction of the enamel of a tooth
262
what are periodontal disease are caries both caused by
plaque
263
how do plaque bacteria cause caries
Plaque bacteria use sugars (CHO) as energy, producing acidic fermentation products which demineralize enamel
264
what dental instrument is used to detect softened discoloured enamel pits and fissures?
the explorer
265
describe a carie
Large defects have food and debris packed within themOnce enamel is gone, process extends to dentineCan reach pulp cavity, causing periapical abcesses and pulpitis
266
what is root ankylosing due to
severe periodontitis
267
what is anondontia
absence of all teeth
268
what is oligodontia
absence of many but not all teeth
269
what is hypodontia
absence of a few teeth
270
what are the most commonly missing teeth
incisor
271
what are the reasons for missing teeth
CommonNeed rads to see if missingAbsence can be inheritedPrimary teeth give rise to permanent tooth budReason to know the deciduous formula, if missing, will miss adult tooth
272
what happens if a tooth is present and unerupted
there is increased risk of abscess formation
273
describe a dentigenous cyst
The follicle of unerupted teeth undergoes cystic transformation, causing dentigerous cysts with large, resorption of surrounding alveolar bone.Either monitor radiographically, or extract prophylactically
274
What is occlusion
normal position of teeth when jaws are closed
275
what is malocclusion
misaligned teeth
276
What are the consequences of malocclusion
Abnormal contact with other teeth or soft tissues = discomfort + painAccumulation of debris + foods, periodontal pockets, PD disease, tooth loss....Chronic pain = changes in behaviorDifficulty in mastication
277
how do you prevent malocclusion
Oral examination starting at initial puppy/kitten 1st visit!AHT: during pre-consultation
278
what can be done about a malocclusion if detected early
Can be treated with simple extraction / crown amputation orOrthodontics tx (eg. braces, wire, buttons, elastics, acrylic plates)
279
what happens if a malocclusion is not detected early
may result in permanent teeth malocclusions that require extensive extractions or multiple-procedure orthodontics.
280
describe the normal occlusion of dogs
Wild phenotype of domestic dogs and cats has interdigitating teeth cheek that create pinking shears effect.
281
describe the pinking shears effect on canines
a mandibular tooth (canine) that interdigitates with the maxillary 3rd incisor and canine (fits in the diasthema) (canine interlock)
282
describe the pinking shears effect on incisors
mandibular incisors that rest on the cingulae of the maxillary incissors
283
what are the 4 points to evaluate occlusion in dogs
Scissor incisor relationshipThe canine interlockThe PM interdigitation (“pinking shear” effect)Head symmetry
284
describe incisor scissor occlusion
scissor bite incisors. the mandibular incisors rest on the cingulae
285
describe the proper canine interlock
Mandibular canine fits into diasthema between maxillary 3rd incisor and upper canineNot touching each otherCreates an interlock situation that prevents one or the other jaw from overgrowing the other.
286
what is a diasthema
space or gap between 2 teeth
287
describe the normal canine PM interdigitation
Cusp tips of PM should point to the interdental spacePinking shear effectBuccal surface of the first 1st mandibular molar occludes with the palatal surface of maxillary PM4
288
what is a cusp
raised points on the crowns of teeth
289
What are the 3 dog head shapes
dolichocephalicmesocephalicbrachycephalic
290
what breed of dog has a dolichocephalic head
borzoi
291
what breed of dog has a mesocephalic head
lab
292
what breed of dog has a brachycephalic head
pug
293
describe the head of a mesocephalic head
Mandible is shorter and less wide than maxillaScissor bite incisorsMaxillary incisors are rostralIncisal tips of mandibular incisor contact cingulae of upper incisor
294
what is the normal dentition for a mesocephalic head
Interdigitation of canine teeth- mandibular one into diastema b/n upper 3rd incisor and upper canine, not touching eitherPremolars oppose interdental space opposite arcadeMaxillary 4th PM scissors with mandibular 1st molar
295
how does cusp to cusp premolars happen
How does this happen?Either mandibular prognathism (undershot) or brachygnathism (overshot)
296
what does prognathic mean
longer
297
what does brachygnathic mean
shorter
298
describe the dentition of a brachycephalic breed
shorter maxilla- normal mandibleCrowding and rotation upper teethMore prone to gingival hyperplasia due to open mouth breathingAlso prone to missing teeth
299
describe the dentition of a dolichocephalic breed
Have longer upper jawLarger interdental spaces
300
what is a lance tooth
Or rostrally displaced maxillary canine(s)One or both of the maxillary canine teeth deviating or pointing rostrally
301
what is the result of a lance tooth
Result: closed diastema space between the max 3rd incisor and max canine tooth (crowding)
302
what can lance tooth cause
periodontal diseaseocclusal problemsarea for plaque retention
303
how does lance tooth occur?
genetic
304
what breed commonly has lance tooth
sheltie
305
describe an anterior crossbite
reverse scissor bite of one, two or all incisorsDisplaced lingual to the lowers and the rest occlude normally
306
what is an anterior corset considered a secondary condition to
Usually secondary to retained deciduous incisors
307
what is a posterior caudal crossbite
Class 1 PM + M are lingual to lower ones(carnassial teeth are reversed)
308
what is a level bite
where the incisor teeth meet exactly, surface to surface
309
what can level bite cause
Cause abnormal wear of the incisal edges of these teeeth & even inflammation surrounding the roots
310
what is the common teeth crowding in toy breeds
incissors
311
what is the common teeth crowding in brachycephalic breeds
PM
312
what is brachygnathia
excessive shortness of one or both jaws
313
what is prognathism
abnormal profusion of one or both jaws
314
what is a mandibular brachygnathic bite
Upper jaw extends significantly over the lower jawAlso called overbite
315
what is a mandibular prognathic bite
Also called underbiteMandibular premolars rostrally displacedReverse scissor biteLower incisors are rostralMandibular canine touches 3rd incisor
316
what is a narrow mandible
Lower canines impinge on:maxillary gingivae orhard palate …..instead of going into diasthema
317
what is an open bite
the teeth do not meet properly and a space is created
318
what is a wry bite
When one jaw quadrant grows differently from the other and symmetry is lostFelt to be caused by one sided prognathism or brachygnathism
319
describe feline chronic stomatitis
Severe focal or diffuse inflammation of:oral mucosa (caudal stomatitis +/- buccal Gingiva (gingivitis)Ulcerative lesionsChronicityPoor response to medical tx
320
which cats are at risk for feline chronic stomatitis
0.7% of cats10 months to 17 years oldNo breed predilectionMay be more frequent in cat colony (environmental stress)
321
what is the ethiology of feline chronic stomatitis
unknown
322
how is feline chronic stomatitis seen
as gingivitis with stomatitisas stomatitis alone or with gingivitis
323
what are the clinical signs of feline chronic stomatitis
HalitosisPtyalism +/- with bloodAnorexia or ↓ appetit, refuse dry foodWeight lossDysphagia↓ grooming HidesAgressivity, irritabilityDo not yawn+++pain at mouth openingMandibular lymphadenopathy
324
how do you diagnose feline chronic stomatitis
Oral stomatitis (caudal +/- buccal) Clinical signsFIV, Felv & CBC – biochem to rule-out systemic disease (eg. kidney disease (causes stomatitis)), Bartonella testing
325
how do you treat feline chronic stomatitis
full mouth extraction
326
describe the effects of a full mouth extraction on cats with feline chronic stomatitis
Provide complete & rapid healing in 80% of the cases within 3 months30-35% will improve but will take longer & will need some Rx5-10% with poor response
327
describe feline juvenile onset gingivitis
Young cats (6-8 months)after the permanent teeth have eruptedSevere gingivitis with overgrowth around crowns, PM, M)Cause pseudopocketsNotable halitosisLittle to no tartar accumulationCause: unknown
328
how do you treat feline juvenile onset gingivitis
Early detectionFrequent professional cleaning (ev. 3-6 months!) with gingivectomy of hyperplastic gingival tissue.Daily brushing & home care
329
what is juvenile onset periodontitis
Prior to the age of 9 monthsAt the time of permanent tooth eruptionMarked inflammation at the gingival marginCan extend in the attached gingivaSiamese, Maine Coon and DSH are predisposed
330
what are supernumerary teeth
extra teethCause crowding = ↓ natural cleaning mechanism + predispose the area to PDIf crowding: should be extracted early
331
which animals are supernumerary teeth common in
brachycephalic breeds (pug etc)in cats: most common SN teeth: PM4Here in the picture, PM3
332
how do you differentiate supernumerary teeth from deciduous teeth
dental radiographs
333
describe fusion and germination of teeth
Gemination is attempt to merge 2 teethCause : unknown (trauma? Genetic?)Often involves supernumerary teethCan be observed in both deciduous & permanent teethDifficult to differentiate between supernumerary and germination without dental x-rays.
334
describe enamel
Very thin material (
335
what is enamel hypoplasia
result form disruption of the normal enamel development
336
what can happen if ameloblasts are injured
very sensitive/ minor injuries can result in enamel malformation
337
what are three causes for enamel hypoplasia
a) Trauma to the unerupted toothb) Severe systemic infectious or nutritional problemc) Hereditary condition: amelogenisis imperfecta
338
what are the two types of trauma that can happen to the unerrupted tooth
physical traumaOne or more adjacent teeth affectedTrauma during extraction of deciduous tooth
339
describe amelogenesis imperfecta
Created by a ↓ in the amount of enamel matrix applied to the teeth during development. Nearly all teeth are involved on all surfaces.
340
describe the appearance of enamel hypoplasia
Appear stained tan to dark brown (rarely black) colorMay appear pitted & roughTooth surface is hardAffected areas are easily exfoliated → expose the underlying dentin → resulting in stainingExpose dentin → discomfort!Roughness of tooth → ↑ plaque & calculus rentention → periodontal diseaseFor all these reasons: prompt therapy of these teeth is critical to the health of the patient
341
what is attrition
gradual physiologic wear resulting from natural mastication (tooth-to-tooth contact)
342
what is abrasion
mechanical wear of teeth from external forces (eg, brushing, dental instruments),(contact between the tooth and something other than the opposing tooth)also defined as wear from chewing on abrasive objects (eg, tennis balls, cage biters)May cause fracture
343
what is primary dentin
Primary dentin: dentin that forms before and during eruption
344
what is secondary dentin
Secondary dentin: normal, physiologic dentin that forms following eruption (as tooth develops) (develops from the odontoblasts living within the pulp)
345
what is tertiary dentin
Tertiary dentin (what you are seeing in the centre of the worn spots) is the darker, less organized dentin formed in response to some irritation or external stimulus (result of trauma to the odontoblasts).
346
what do you have to do if there is abrasion with pulp exposure
need to either extract or Refer to endodontic therapy (root canal)
347
what is endodontics
a branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of pulpal and periradicular tissues (round the roots)
348
what is endodontic therapy
indirect or direct pulp capping, or total pulpectomy (in preparation of root canal)Root canal therapy- a filling in the root.
349
what are the most common oral malignant tumors
Most common:squamous cell carcinoma fibrosarcomamalignant melanoma
350
describe an epulid or epulis
Epulid or epulis describes localized swelling of gingivaBenignTx : excisionRegrowth possible
351
what do you do if you see an oral tumor or growth
Radiographs important to show bony involvement and plan in tumor management
352
What is needed for the HIGHDENT power instrument
chlorexidine and water filled and pressurizedall appropriate tips put on + prophy anglescaler set
353
What is needed for the inovadent dental cart instrument
chlorex + water filled and pressurizedset piezo scalerput on prophy tip and cups
354
What is needed for the cavitron dental instrument
open handle (Water)fill handle with waterput in stacksset scaling water pressure
355
what is needed for the inovadent pet piezo plus
set tipsset piezo scalerpressurize water pumpset scaling water pressure
356
what power instrument do you put at low speed
the polisher
357
what power instrument do you put at high speed
the drill
358
for the cavitron what color does the blue stack need to be set to
grey
359
for the cavitron what color does the green stack need to be set to
blue
360
What is the curved beak instrument used to remove heavy gross calculus from the tooth surface
calculus removing forceps
361
to explore the depth of sulcus to determine periodontal probing depth and sub gingival calculus
dental probe
362
wide working tip, chisel like blade instrument used to remove supra gingival heavy gross calculus
dental hoe/chisel
363
very fine and sharp instrument with a flat tip used to break down the PL and expand the alveolus
dental luxator
364
to examine teeth for caries, calculi, furcations, resorptive lesions, calculus left behind
dental explorer
365
triangle pointed shaped instrument with a pointed toe and 2 parallel cutting edges (also: supra gingival or subgingivial)
supragingival - dental scaler
366
very thin delicate ends instrument used to lift the gingiva/mucosa away from the alveolar bone to prepare tooth for extractions
periosteal elevator
367
double ended instrument, rounded toe and back used to remove calculus (supra and/or subgingivally after power scaling)
both supra and sub - curette
368
thick working ends instrument used to stretch, cut, tear the PL and displace the tooth root from its socket during the extraction process
winged elevator
369
instrument used to grip the tooth or root for removal during extraction
extraction forceps
370
what type of scaler is the cavitron
magnetostrictive
371
where would the dial be placed in order to start scaling on the cavitron
in the blue
372
what needs to be done to the cavitron before inserting the stack
allow water to flow through it
373
what are the handpieces available for the inovadent big one
scaler, polisher, drill, water, air gun
374
what type of mechanical scaler is the inovadent big one
piezoelectric
375
what needs to be done for the inovadent big one before turning it on and using the machine
ensure proper oil level and fill water bottle
376
what are the two liquids in the hanging bottles for the highdent
distilled water, chlorexidine solution
377
what type of mechanical scaler is the highdent
piezoelectric
378
what type of mechanic scaler is in the pet piezo plus
piezoelectric
379
in addition to scaling what does the pet piezo plus
scaling, polishing, drilling
380
what is not recommended to do with the pet piezo plus unit
drilling. it does not run water through the drill so it heats up too quickly and can burn the tooth
381
what distinuishes the handheld unit from the rest.
handheld and wireless
382
what does the handheld unit do
it polishes
383
how do i know when the handheld unit needs to be charged
the light is orange
384
can we re-use the trophy angles for the handheld unit?
no it is disposable.
385
how do we verify the wear of a tip or a stack
compare to the tip cards
386
what are the first three steps when starting the dental prophy on the patients
put a towel under headpack the mouth chlorx- rinse
387
true/false: polishing is only done at the end when all four buccal quadrants have been scaled
false
388
fill in the blank: hand instruments and power instruments are held using the ________
modified pencil grip
389
true/false: the tip of the power instrument can be pointed at the tooth or held at a 90 degree angle to the tooth
false
390
fill in the blank: the correct positioning for the dental radiograph requires proper tube angulation, tube position and _____ position
film
391
what technique do you use for the mandibular PM and molars
parallel technique
392
what is the bisecting technique
when the film is placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth, and the central beam is directed perpendicular to the film
393
what happens when the beam is angled too vertically
the tooth will appear foreshortened
394
what happens when the beam is angled too low
the tooth will appear elongated
395
t/f: the dental film dot should face the beam
true
396
t/f: the dental film dot should be directed towards the inside of the patients throat
false
397
t/f: the white part of the dental film should face the opposite side of the x-ray beam
false
398
how long does the film need to remain in the water bath once it has been developed and fixed
1hour
399
How many teeth does a puppy have
28
400
how many teeth does an adult dog have
42
401
how many teeth does a kitten have
26
402
how many teeth does an adult cat have
30
403
what is the permanent canine dental formula
31423143
404
what is the permanent feline dental formula
31313121
405
towards the root
apical
406
towards the crown
coronal
407
surface towards front midline
mesial
408
surface away from midline
distal
409
4 parts of the periodontum
alveolar bonecementumgingivaPL
410
this structure is covered by enamel at the crown aspect
dentine
411
centre of tooth
pulp
412
hardest substance of the body
enamel
413
covers the root and provides a point of attachment for the PL
cementum
414
main supporting structure of the tooth
dentine
415
where the tooth sits in the alveolar bone
alveolar socket
416
what is a diphyodont
has 2 sets of teeth in a lifetime
417
what does the mucogingival line divide
junction of attached gingiva and oral mucosa
418
t/f: glycopyrrulate prevents bradycardia
true
419
what drug prevents bradycardia
atropine, glyco
420
a dog receives BAG and is induced with ket-val. give 2 reasons why we should put tear gel in his eyes
he isn't blinking due to the ketamine, he got glyco so he is also producing less tears
421
which drug should be used in the pre-med to reduce salivation during a dental procedure
glyco
422
what does propofol do to the respiratory system
respiratory depression
423
how can you minimize the respiratory depression from propofol
pre-oxygenate for 5 mins
424
t/f: propofol is not considered safe for animals with liver or kidney dysfunction
false
425
what do you do if an animal is moving under anesthesia
stop scaling, increase iso and bag patient
426
what do you do if an animal regurgitates during the recovery period with the ET tube still in
place her head lower, ensure regurgitated material is not in mouth and clean mouth with gauze
427
what drug family will not slow down heart rate
anticholinergics
428
t/f: butorphanol is used for severe pain such as tooth extraction
false
429
t/f: the pulse oximeter of a patient reads 94%. this is normal
false
430
what drug is used first during cardiac arrest
epinepherine
431
what are the alpha 2 agonists
medetomidine, dexmeditomidine, xylazine
