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Pathophysiology > Vessels > Flashcards

Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

varicose veins

A
  • distended, torturous, palpable vessel resulting from the pooling of blood
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2
Q

varicose vein causes

A
  • trauma to the valves in the saphenous veins
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3
Q

edema in varicose vein is due to ___________pressure

A

increased hydrostatic pressure

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4
Q

what causes gradual venous distention

A

gravity

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5
Q

edema is due to

A

increased hydrostatic pressure

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6
Q

causes of gradual venous distention

A

individuals who stand for a long time, wear constricting gametes, or cross the legs at the knees

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7
Q

causes of varicose veins

A

Trauma that damages the valves in the sapenous vein
- valves do not move blood back up; gravity causes blood to pool

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8
Q

risk factors for varicose veins

A
  • age
  • gender (female)
  • family history
  • obesity
  • pregnancy
  • DVT
  • previous leg injury
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9
Q

varicose veins treatment (conservative and invasive)

A
  • conservative: elevate legs, wear compression stockings, preform physical exercise
  • invasive: surgical ligation, vein resection, vein stripping
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10
Q

what happens if varicose veins are not treated

A

formation of collateral blood vessels
- alternative vessels deeper in the leg will develop and detour aroun the varicose vein

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11
Q

what is chronic venous insufficiency

A
  • inadequate venous return over a prolonged period
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12
Q

chronic venous insufficiency is most common in

A

obese patients

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13
Q

chronic venous insufficiency causes

A
  • vascular incompetence
  • obesity
  • venous hypertension, circulatory stasis, and tissue hypoxia
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14
Q

chronic venous insufficiency symptoms

A
  • edema of the extremities
  • hyperpigmentation of feet and ankles
  • cellular demand for oxygens and removal of metabolic needs is not fully met
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15
Q

treatment for chronic venous insufficiency

A
  • elevate legs, compression stockings, physical exercise
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16
Q

thromboembolism occurs more frequently in

A

veins
- due to lower pressure

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17
Q

Deep Vein thrombus causes

A
  • venous stasis (immobility, age, heart failure)
  • venous endothelial damage (trauma, IV meds)
  • hypercoagulative states (inherited disorders, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, malignancy)
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18
Q

Risk for developing DVT

A
  • orthopaedic trauma/surgery
  • spinal cord injury
  • obstetric/gynaecological conditions
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19
Q

DVT manifestations

A
  • leg pain starting in calf (cramping)
  • red or discoloured skin on legs
  • feeling of warmth
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20
Q

DVT prevention

A

early ambulation, pneumatic devices, prophylactic anticoagulation

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21
Q

diagnosis of DVT

A

doppler ultrasound

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22
Q

treatment of DVT

A
  • low molecular weight heparin
  • prevention of inferior vena cava (IVC) filter
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23
Q

hypertension

A

consistent elevation of arterial blood pressure
- systolic >140
- diastolic >90

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24
Q

hypertension signs and symptoms

A
  • often “silent killer” (asymptomatic)
  • heart disease, renal insufficiency, impaired mobility, vision loss, headache, epitaxis, confusion, dyspnea
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25
Q

hypertension diagnostics

A
  • repeated BP measurements
  • bloodwork: CBC, electrolytes, creatine, glucose
  • ECG
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26
Q

hypertension treatment

A
  • lifestyle modifications (exercise, diet, smoking, obesity)
  • medications
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27
Q

Beta 1

A
  • increased heart rate and contraction
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28
Q

alpha 1 receptors

A

peripheral vasoconstriction

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29
Q

Primary hypertension results from

A
  • sympathetic NS (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
  • overly active RAAS
  • diabetes
  • Diet
  • chronic inflammation
  • obesity
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30
Q

secondary hypertension

A

results from an underlying disease (renal vascular disease, adrenal tumours, medications)

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31
Q

secondary hypertension treatment

A
  • resolve underlying disease
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32
Q

complicated primary hypertension

A
  • uncontrolled hypertension
  • hypertension causes the problems
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33
Q

complicated primary hypertension examples

A
  • left ventricular hypertrophy, angina pectoris, heart failure, coronary artery disease, myocardial infraction
  • renal complications: arterial sclerosis, renal insufficiency or failure
  • Cardiovascular: transient ishemia, stroke, cerebral thrombus, aneurysm, haemorrhage, dementia
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34
Q

hypertensive crisis is also called

A

malignant hypertension

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35
Q

hypertensive crisis

A
  • rapidly progressive hypertension
  • medical emergency
36
Q

hypertensive crisis causes

A
  • chronic hypertension , pregnancy, adrenal failure
37
Q

hypertensive crisis process

A
  • increased arterial pressure
  • vascular fluid pushed into the interstitial space
  • cerebral edema or cerebral encephalopathy
  • death
38
Q

hypotension symptoms

A

fatigue, lightheadedness, dizziness, nausea, clammy skin, depression, loss of consciousness, blurry vision

39
Q

hypotension acute causes

A

pregnancy (increased blood demand), blood loss, impaired circulation (heart attacks of faulty valves), dehydration, anaphylaxis, infections of the bloodstream, diabetes, adrenal insufficiency, thyroid disease

40
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A
  • a decrease in systolic BP >20 or decrease in Diastolic BP >10 within 3 mins of changing position
  • when individual stands blood pools (normal arterial blood pressure cannot be maintained)
41
Q

orthostatic hypotension occurs more in

A

men

42
Q

orthostatic hypotension treatment

A

sit before standing to allow body to compensate, don’t cross legs, education

43
Q

orthostatic hypotension is a result of

A

reflex mechanism dysfunctional or inadequate

44
Q

aneurysm

A

dilation or outpatching of a blood vessel

45
Q

true aneurysm

A

all 3 layers of the arterial wall

46
Q

false aneurysm

A

extravascular hematoma

47
Q

dissecting aneurysm

A
  • splits the vessel wall along the lenght of the vessel
48
Q

dissecting aneurysm most commonly occur in the

A

thoracic or abdominal aorta

49
Q

aneurysm risks

A

genetic and environmental (smoking and diet)

50
Q

aneurysm causes

A
  • atherosclerosis (plaque formation erodes wall and causes inflammation)
  • hypertension (increases stress on vessel wall)
51
Q

aneurysm manifestation

A
  • dependent on location
  • asymptomatic until they rupture (hypotension and severe back pain; large amounts of internal bleeding usually moves to lower extremities)
52
Q

thoracic aneurysm manifestation

A

dysphagia, dyspea

53
Q

femoral aneurysm symtoms

A

if effecting circulation ischemia to the lower limbs

54
Q

cerebral aneuryms often occurs in

A

the circle of wilis

55
Q

cerbral aneurysm manifestations

A

incresased intercranial pressurem signs of stroke when cerebral aneurysm leak

56
Q

aortic aneurysms manifestations

A

dissection, hemorrhage, or rupture

57
Q

aneurysm diagnosis

A

ultrasound, CT, most often angiography

58
Q

aneurysm treatment

A

Symptomatic: repaired surgically
asymptomatic: stop smoking , decreased BP

59
Q

embolism

A

blus of matter circulating in the bloodstream

60
Q

embolism manifestations

A

ishemia or infraction in the tissues distal to obstruction, producing organ disfunction and pain

61
Q

embolism can cause

A
  • myocardial infraction
  • stroke
62
Q

pulmonary embolism originate on

A

the venous side (DVT)

63
Q

arterial embolism originate in the

A

left ventricle after MI, vascular disease, endocarditis, dysrhythmia

64
Q

embolism is a result of

A
  • dislodged thrombus
  • air bubble (IV lines, chest trauma)
  • amniotic fluid (intraabdominal pressure during delivery)
  • fat (trauma to long bones)
  • bacteria (subacute bacterial endocarditis)
  • cancer cells
  • foreign body
65
Q

what are the 2 examples of peripheral vascular disease

A
  • Buergers Disease
  • Raynauds Phenomenon
66
Q

Buerger’s Disease

A
  • inflammatory disease of the peripheral arteries associated with smoking
  • formation of thrombi which overtime become organized and fibrotic resulting in permanent occlusion
67
Q

what develops in buergers disease

A

colateral vessels
- they are inadequate (not quick enough, decreased blood vessels)

68
Q

Buergers disease symptoms

A

pain and tenderness, sluggish backflow, rubor (redness) of skin, shiny skin, nails thick and deformed

69
Q

Beurgers disease is associated with

A

stroke, mensenteric disease, and rheumatic symptoms (joint pain)

70
Q

beurgers disease diagnosis

A

<45 years of age, history of smoking, evidence of peripheral ischemia

71
Q

beurgers disease treatment

A

stop smoking, vasodilators, exercise (promote blood flow)

72
Q

Raynauds phenomenon

A
  • attacks of vasospasm in small arteries and arterioles (usually fingers; feet less common)
73
Q

Raynauds disease primary disease

A

unknown

74
Q

raynauds secondary phenomenon

A

associated with systemic diseases (lupus)

75
Q

treatments for raynauds phenomenon

A

removal of stimulus (cold, stress), medications

76
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

thickening and hardening of vessel wall

77
Q

atheroscleerosis

A

build up of plaque (lipid material) on artery walla
- a form of arteriosclerosis

78
Q

what is the leading cuase of coronary artery disease and cerebralvascular disease

A

atherosclerosis

79
Q

Atherosclerosis risk factors

A

smoking, hypertension, diabetes, increased levels of LDL, decreased levels of HDL

80
Q

atherosclerosis is caused by

A

increased consumption of fat cholesterol and LDL foods, hypertension. smoking, obesity, diabetes, hyperlipedemia, insulin resistance, periodontal disease

81
Q

atherosclerosis manifestations

A

transient ischemic events, exercise or stress thrombus resulting in tissue infraction, obstruction of peripheral arteries (pain)

82
Q

atherosclerosis examination

A

decreased blood flow to tissues, dtermine glucose and lipid (LDL, HDL) levels

83
Q

atherosclerosis treatment

A
  • medications (stabilize or reverse plaque before rupture)
  • reduce risks (exercise, stop smoking, decrease LDL and cholesterol, control hypertension)
84
Q

Peripheral artery disease

A
  • atherosclertic disease of the arteries in the limb
  • intermittent claudication (normally pain free but increase in activity in the vessels cannot handle increased blood flow)
85
Q

gradula peripheral artery disease

A

pain with ambulation

86
Q

acute peripheral artery disease

A

thrombus formation over athersclerotic lesion

87
Q

peripheral artery disease risk factors

A

smoking, hypertension, diabetes, increased levels of LDL, decreased levels of HDL

Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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