Pain and Thermodynamics

Question 1

Specific theory

Answer 1

• pain is directly related to the amount of tissue injury

Question 2

Gate control theory

Answer 2

• mociceptive pain opens gate
• non-nociceptive pain closes gate (touch)

Question 3

Neuromatrix theory

Answer 3

• patterns of nerve impulses
• genetic, psychological and cognitive experiences (phantom pain)

Question 4

A fibres

Answer 4

• larger, myelinated, rapid transmission
• sharp, well localized, “fast” pain sensation
• cause reflex of withdrawl

Question 5

C fibres

Answer 5

• more numerous, smaller, and unmyelinated
• local in muscle, tendon, body organs, skin
• dull, aching, or durning; constant

Question 6

Anterior spinothalmic tract

Answer 6

fast impulse or acute sharp pain

Question 7

lateral spinothalamic tract

Answer 7

slow impulses for dull or persistant pain

Question 8

sensory-discriminative system

Answer 8

• identifying presence, character, location, and intensity of pain
  – makes us want to withdraw our hand or act to stop pain

Question 9

Affective-motivational system

Answer 9

– conditioned avoidance behaviors and emotional responses to pain
– includes depression, anger, anxiety

Question 10

Cognitive-evaluative system

Answer 10

– individual’s learned behaviour
– can modulate perception of pain

Question 11

excititory neurotransmitter function

Answer 11

reduce activation thershold; increase responsiveness to nociceptors

Question 12

excitatory neurotransmitter examples

Answer 12

prostiglandins, histamines, bradykinin, lymphokines

Question 13

inhibitory neurotransmitter example

Answer 13

GABA, norepinephrine and serotonin

Question 14

Endogenous opiods function

Answer 14

inhibit transmission of pain impulses

Question 15

endogenous opiods examples

Answer 15

morphinelike neuropeptides

Question 16

what is the most common enkephalins

Answer 16

endorphins

Question 17

enkephalins function

Answer 17

• produce an exhilaration as well as pain releif

Question 18

acute pain time

Answer 18

< 3 months

Question 19

chronic pain time

Answer 19

> 3 months

Question 20

somatic pain

Answer 20

surface or superficial

Question 21

visceral pain

Answer 21

originates from an organ

Question 22

reffered pain

Answer 22

pain coming from one area but felt in another

Question 23

somatic or cutaneous pain involves what fibers

Answer 23

A fibres

Question 24

visceral pain involves what fibres

Answer 24

C fibres

Question 25

neuropathic pain

Answer 25

- primary lesion or dysfunction of the nervous syte, - long term changes in path pathway structures and abnormal processing of information

Question 26

neuropathic pain is often treated with

Answer 26

anticonvulsion and antidepressents

Question 27

peripheral neuropathic pain examples

Answer 27

diabetic neuropathy, nerve entrapment, chronic pancreatitis

Question 28

central neuropathic pain

Answer 28

brain or spinal column tramua, tumor, multiple sclerosis, phantom limb pain

Question 29

acute pain purpose

Answer 29

protectivec

Question 30

chronic pain purpose

Answer 30

none

Question 31

acute pain cause

Answer 31

present

Question 32

chronic pain cause

Answer 32

commonly absent

Question 33

acute pain prognosis

Answer 33

predictable

Question 34

chronic pain prognosis

Answer 34

unpredictable

Question 35

acute pain nerve conduction

Answer 35

rapid

Question 36

chronic pain nerve conduction

Answer 36

slow

Question 37

acute pain associated illness

Answer 37

uncommon

Question 38

chronic pain associated illness

Answer 38

depression/anxiety

Question 39

acute pain treatment

Answer 39

analgesic

Question 40

chronic pain treatment

Answer 40

multimodal

Question 41

neuromatrix theory

Answer 41

- multiple factors contribute to pain - genetic, psychological, sensory, emotional, and cognitive experiences

Question 42

sings and symptoms of neuropathic pain

Answer 42

- pain begins in one area, spreads to multiple points in the body - fatigue (affects daily living)

Question 43

what is an example of neuropathic pain

Answer 43

fibromyalgia

Question 44

thermoregulation is mediated by

Answer 44

the hypothalmus and endocrine system

Question 45

radiation

Answer 45

- heat loss/transfer through electromagnetic waves - no contact

Question 46

convection

Answer 46

- heat loss through movement of air across skin

Question 47

conduction

Answer 47

- heat transfer - movement of heat from one object to another

Question 48

fever

Answer 48

- temporary increase in body temperature - reset its internal thermostat in response to exogenous and endogenous pyrogens

Question 49

fever benefits

Answer 49

- Kills bacteria - ↓ bacteria replication - Prevents viral replication - Facilitates immune response - ↑phagocytosis