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Pathophysiology > Alterations in Neurological Function > Flashcards

Alterations in Neurological Function Flashcards

1
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A
  • progressive demyelination of the white matter of brain and spinal cord
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2
Q

Guillain Barre

A
  • acute autoimmune associated with demylination of peripheral nerves
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3
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

neurodegenerative disease affects nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Parkinsons disease

A
  • motor disorder accompanied by systemic nonmotor and neurological symptoms
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5
Q

Dymylinating disorders

A

Centrally: MS
Peripherally: Gullain Barre

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6
Q

what is myelin

A

insulating layer around nerves which allow electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells

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7
Q

MS is more common in

A

women 20-40 age

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8
Q

MS

A
  • autoimmune response
  • loss of oligodendrocytes
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9
Q

MS risk factors

A

smoking, vitamin D deficiency, Epstein Barr virus, family history

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10
Q

which country has the highest rate of MS in the world

A

canada
- higher in the northern hemisphere

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11
Q

MS progression

A
  • T cells and B cells cross the blood-brain barrier
  • Inflammation-induced loss of oligodendrocytes
  • Activation of microglia cells: macrophages
  • Disrupted nerve conduction with death of neurons and brain atrophy
  • Formation of lesions
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12
Q

MS signs and symptoms

A
  • vidual disturbances
  • paresthesia of face, trunck, or limbs
  • weakness
  • impaired gait
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13
Q

Remitting-relapsing MS

A
  • never knew disability between attacks
  • 85%
  • exacerbation and remission
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14
Q

Progressive relapsing MS

A
  • progressice onset with superimposed relapses
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15
Q

Secondary progressice relapsing MS

A
  • initial remitting and relapsing
  • steady decline
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16
Q

primary progressice MS

A
  • steady decline
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17
Q

..

A

..

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18
Q

what can be found in an MRI during the diagnosis of MS

A
  • most sensitive
  • detects lesions and evaluates disease process
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19
Q

What can be found with evoked response (ER) studies following the diagnosis of MS

A
  • measure electrical activity to the brain
  • can show slowing electrical conduction
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20
Q

what can be found eith elevated IgG in the CSF in the diagnosis of MS

A
  • indicate hyperactivity of the immune system
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21
Q

what is Guillain Barre syndrome

A

acute inflammatory demylinating polyneuropathy
- rare disorder caused by an autoimmune reaction directed at the peripheral nerves

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22
Q

Guillain Barre syndrome occurs after

A

a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection

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23
Q

Guillian Barre syndrome acute phase

A
  • ends in 1-3 weeks
  • no further deterioration
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24
Q

Guillain barre plateau phase

A
  • lasts for several days or 2 weeks
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25
Q

Guillian barre recovery phase

A
  • remylination and axonal process regrowth
  • can last from 4months to 2 years
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26
Q

Guillian Barre syndrome sings and symptoms

A
  • starts with numbness and tingeling progressing to paresis of the legs to complete quadriplegia
  • respiratory insufficiency
  • ANS instability
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27
Q

Motor Neuron Disease (MND)

A
  • progressive neurodegenerative disease: affects nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord
  • notor neurons eventually die and voluntary muscle movement is impacted
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28
Q

lateral sclerosis

A

scarring of the carticospinal tract
- lose the ability to eat, speak, move and breath

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29
Q

mtor neuron disease prognosis

A
  • progressively debilitating disease
  • rapidly fatal
  • survivial tine is < 3 years
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30
Q

who are the famous figures who have MND

A
  • Lou Gehrig
  • stephan hawking
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31
Q

what is a primary sign of ALS

A

muscle weakness
- trouble lifting cur or holding pen, trouble speaking or swallowing, chocking, excessive drooling, depression, inappropriate laughter

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32
Q

ALS diagnosis

A

electromyography (nerve damage)
- muscle biospy
- neuromuscular system exam

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33
Q

what is parkinsons disease

A

dopamine deficency that occurs in the basal ganglia

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34
Q

dopamine is responsible for

A

smooth muscle movement

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35
Q

primary parkinsonism

A
  • complex motor disorder accompanied by systemic nonmotor and neurological systems
  • benign after the age of 40
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36
Q

primary parkinism is more common in

A

males

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37
Q

what is the leading cause of neurological disability in individuals older than 60

A

primary parkinism

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38
Q

secondary parkinsonism is caused by

A

other factors
- trauma, infection, intoxication

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39
Q

what are the famous figures who have parkinsons disease

A
  • Muhamad Ali, Micheal J fox
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40
Q

signs and symptoms of parkinsons disease

A

TRAP
- temor
- regidity
- akinesia/bradykinesia
- postural disturbances
- dysarthria
- dysphagia

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41
Q

akinesia / bradykinesia

A

absense or slowing

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42
Q

dysarthria / dysphagia

A
  • muscle control loss of ability to speak and swallow
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43
Q

what is delirium

A

abrupt change in the brain that causes mental confusion and emotional disruption
- makes it difficult to think, remeber, sleep and pay attention

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44
Q

what is dementia

A

general term for loss of memory, language, problem solving, and other thinking abilities that are severe enough to interfere with daily life

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45
Q

what neurotransmitters are involved in delerium

A

several
- dopamine and acetylcholine

46
Q

delerium is caused by

A
  • substance intoxication
  • drug induced
  • substance withdrawl
  • general medical conditions (UTI, meningitis, diabetes, hypothermia, electrolyte imbalances, heat stroke)
47
Q

delirium signs and symptoms

A

reduced motor activity, lethargy, withdrawal, drowsiness and starting into space , forgetfulness, slowed speech

48
Q

Excited delirium

A
  • agitated delirium hyperkinetic that can lead to sudden death
49
Q

excited delirium signs and symptoms

A
  • altered mental status, combativeness, aggressiveness, tolerance to pain, rapid breathing, diaphoresis, severe agitation, increased temperature, noncompliance
  • “superhuman strength”
49
Q

delirium onset

A

acute

50
Q

delirium course

A

fluctuating

51
Q

delirium duration

A

days to weeks

52
Q

delirium conciouness

A

altered

53
Q

delirium attention

A

impaired

54
Q

delirium psychomotor changes

A

increased or decreased

55
Q

delirium reversibility

A

usually

56
Q

dementia onset

A

insidious

57
Q

dementia course

A

progressive

58
Q

demetria duration

A

months to years

59
Q

dementia conciouness

A

clear

60
Q

dememtia attention

A

normal, except in severe dementia

61
Q

dementi phychomotor changes

A

often normal

62
Q

dementia reversibility

A

rarely

63
Q

what is dementia caused by

A

neuron degration, compression of the brain tissue, atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels

64
Q

dementia is associated with

A

neuro-degenerative diseases like parkinsons disease and alzheimers disease, HIV

65
Q

what is the cause of half of adult demetia

A

alzheimers

66
Q

late onset alzheimers

A

70-90%

67
Q

early onset demetia

A

familial

68
Q

what is the cause of alzheimers

A

cause is not clear
- build-up of proteins around the brain area
- accumulation of neuritic plaques, interneuronal neurofibrillary tanges
- cause the disruption of nerve impulses transmission

69
Q

brain atrophy in alzheimers results deom

A

the loss of neurons

70
Q

what contributes to the decline in cognition in alzheimers

A

synapses, acetylcholine, and neurotransmitters

71
Q

alzheimers disease early symptoms

A
  • memory loss affects job
  • difficulty preforming familar tasks
  • learning difficulties
  • deterioration of appearance and personal hygiene
72
Q

alzheiners late signs and symptoms

A
  • difficultly with abstract thinking
  • difficulty with communication
  • deterioration of memory, language, and motor function
  • repetitive actions, restlessness, wandering
  • irritability, mood swings, depression
  • disorientation
73
Q

sundowners syndrome

A
  • increase in dementia type symptoms in the evenings or night
74
Q

risk factors for dementia

A
  • age
  • family history
  • hypertension
  • smoking
  • diabetes
  • high cholesterol
  • obesity / sedentary lifestyle
  • cognitive activity
  • depression
  • head injuries
75
Q

cataracts

A

are protein that is normally found on the lens, as we age it start clumping together

76
Q

what is the leading cause of blindness in the world

A

cataracts

77
Q

cataracts developes because of

A
  • alteration of metabolism and transportion of proteins within the lens
  • ifection, radiation, trauma, mefication or DM
78
Q

risk factors for cataracts

A

age, diabetes, trauma, exposure to UV light, genetics

79
Q

cataracts signs and symptoms

A

cloudy or opaque area in the lens = vision loss

80
Q

cataracts early stage

A

some light transmitted though the lens - useful vision

81
Q

cataracts seond stage

A

vision significantly decrease
- lens appears opaque

82
Q

cataracts third stage

A

lens starts to increase in size

83
Q

cataracts fourth stage

A

lens may start to leak protein as it breaks down
- increase in intraocular pressure as well as blocking of the trabecular meshwork

84
Q

trabecular meshwork

A

located around the base of the corna
- responsible for aqueous humor from the eue

85
Q

risk factors for glaucoma

A
  • hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, DM
  • smoking, caffine, alcohol, and illicit drugs
86
Q

glaucoma

A
  • increased intraocular pressure
87
Q

glaucoma vision lost starts at the

A

periphery

88
Q

open angle glaucoma

A

slow and progressive, bilatterally

89
Q

closed angle glaucoma

A

sudden, acute, unilaterally

90
Q

what is blocked in open angle glaucoma

A

trabecular meshwork

91
Q

what is blocked in closed angle glaucoma

A

displaced iris pushes the ciliary body and blocks fluid from entering the trabecular meshwork

92
Q

people with close angled glaucoma may see

A

rainbow in their vision

93
Q

Glaucoma diagnositica

A
  • ophthalmoscopic exmination
  • measuring visual feild
  • tonometery (air puff)
94
Q

Macular degeneration

A
  • deteriation od tissue in the macula
  • severe and irreversible loss of central vision
95
Q

dry stage macular degeneration

A
  • eye tissue starts to degenerate
  • epithelial cells produce yellowish- white spots
  • deposited on retina
  • calcify, enlarge and multiply
96
Q

wet stage of macular degeneration

A
  • newly developed vessels beneath the epithelial cells
  • weak and leak serous fluid or blood
  • central vision is lost
97
Q

macular degeneeration risk factors

A
  • hypertension, smotin, DM, and family distory
98
Q

macular degeneration ussually occur in

A

after the age of 60
- more common in caucasioans, women

99
Q

macular degeneration diagnostics

A
  • ophthalmoscopic examination
  • patient report loss of central vision
100
Q

sensorineual hearing loss

A

impairment of the organ of corti

101
Q

what is the most common cause of hearing loss

A

prebycusis or age related sensorineural hearing loss

102
Q

sensorineural hearing loss causes

A
  • noise exposure, aging, ototoxicity, systenic disease (DM, neoplasma, autoimmune processes)
103
Q

what are the early signs or sensorineural hearing loss

A

tinnitus or ringing in the ear

104
Q

conductive hearing loss causes

A
  • impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, tumours in the middle ear, ruptured tympanic membrane, or otitis media
105
Q

conductive hearing loss symptoms

A
  • diminished hearing and soft speaking voice
106
Q

why is otitis media common in children and infant

A

eustachian tube is shorter, wider, and more horizontal

107
Q

what are predisosing factors for otitis media

A
  • allergies, sinustis, cleft palate, hypertrophy or the adenoids, eustachian tube dysfunction and immune deficency
108
Q

Acute otitis media (AOM)

A

tympanic membrane changes from convex pearky grey to buldging pink/red

109
Q

AOM symptoms

A
  • ear pain, irritability, inflammed TM and fluid in the middle ear
  • pain, fever, purulent dischage
110
Q

Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)

A

accumulation of fluid in the middle ear with symptoms of acute infection

111
Q

OME can be caused by

A

flying
- changes in air pressure
- fluid is present but is not infected

Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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