Alterations in Neurological Function Flashcards
1
Q
Multiple sclerosis
A
- progressive demyelination of the white matter of brain and spinal cord
2
Q
Guillain Barre
A
- acute autoimmune associated with demylination of peripheral nerves
3
Q
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A
neurodegenerative disease affects nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord
4
Q
Parkinsons disease
A
- motor disorder accompanied by systemic nonmotor and neurological symptoms
5
Q
Dymylinating disorders
A
Centrally: MS
Peripherally: Gullain Barre
6
Q
what is myelin
A
insulating layer around nerves which allow electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells
7
Q
MS is more common in
A
women 20-40 age
8
Q
MS
A
- autoimmune response
- loss of oligodendrocytes
9
Q
MS risk factors
A
smoking, vitamin D deficiency, Epstein Barr virus, family history
10
Q
which country has the highest rate of MS in the world
A
canada
- higher in the northern hemisphere
11
Q
MS progression
A
- T cells and B cells cross the blood-brain barrier
- Inflammation-induced loss of oligodendrocytes
- Activation of microglia cells: macrophages
- Disrupted nerve conduction with death of neurons and brain atrophy
- Formation of lesions
12
Q
MS signs and symptoms
A
- vidual disturbances
- paresthesia of face, trunck, or limbs
- weakness
- impaired gait
13
Q
Remitting-relapsing MS
A
- never knew disability between attacks
- 85%
- exacerbation and remission
14
Q
Progressive relapsing MS
A
- progressice onset with superimposed relapses
15
Q
Secondary progressice relapsing MS
A
- initial remitting and relapsing
- steady decline
16
Q
primary progressice MS
A
- steady decline
17
Q
..
A
..
18
Q
what can be found in an MRI during the diagnosis of MS
A
- most sensitive
- detects lesions and evaluates disease process
19
Q
What can be found with evoked response (ER) studies following the diagnosis of MS
A
- measure electrical activity to the brain
- can show slowing electrical conduction
20
Q
what can be found eith elevated IgG in the CSF in the diagnosis of MS
A
- indicate hyperactivity of the immune system
21
Q
what is Guillain Barre syndrome
A
acute inflammatory demylinating polyneuropathy
- rare disorder caused by an autoimmune reaction directed at the peripheral nerves
22
Q
Guillain Barre syndrome occurs after
A
a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection
23
Q
Guillian Barre syndrome acute phase
A
- ends in 1-3 weeks
- no further deterioration
24
Q
Guillain barre plateau phase
A
- lasts for several days or 2 weeks
25
Guillian barre recovery phase
- remylination and axonal process regrowth
- can last from 4months to 2 years
26
Guillian Barre syndrome sings and symptoms
- starts with numbness and tingeling progressing to paresis of the legs to complete quadriplegia
- respiratory insufficiency
- ANS instability
27
Motor Neuron Disease (MND)
- progressive neurodegenerative disease: affects nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord
- notor neurons eventually die and voluntary muscle movement is impacted
28
lateral sclerosis
scarring of the carticospinal tract
- lose the ability to eat, speak, move and breath
29
mtor neuron disease prognosis
- progressively debilitating disease
- rapidly fatal
- survivial tine is < 3 years
30
who are the famous figures who have MND
- Lou Gehrig
- stephan hawking
31
what is a primary sign of ALS
muscle weakness
- trouble lifting cur or holding pen, trouble speaking or swallowing, chocking, excessive drooling, depression, inappropriate laughter
32
ALS diagnosis
electromyography (nerve damage)
- muscle biospy
- neuromuscular system exam
33
what is parkinsons disease
dopamine deficency that occurs in the basal ganglia
34
dopamine is responsible for
smooth muscle movement
35
primary parkinsonism
- complex motor disorder accompanied by systemic nonmotor and neurological systems
- benign after the age of 40
36
primary parkinism is more common in
males
37
what is the leading cause of neurological disability in individuals older than 60
primary parkinism
38
secondary parkinsonism is caused by
other factors
- trauma, infection, intoxication
39
what are the famous figures who have parkinsons disease
- Muhamad Ali, Micheal J fox
40
signs and symptoms of parkinsons disease
TRAP
- temor
- regidity
- akinesia/bradykinesia
- postural disturbances
- dysarthria
- dysphagia
41
akinesia / bradykinesia
absense or slowing
42
dysarthria / dysphagia
- muscle control loss of ability to speak and swallow
43
what is delirium
abrupt change in the brain that causes mental confusion and emotional disruption
- makes it difficult to think, remeber, sleep and pay attention
44
what is dementia
general term for loss of memory, language, problem solving, and other thinking abilities that are severe enough to interfere with daily life
45
what neurotransmitters are involved in delerium
several
- dopamine and acetylcholine
46
delerium is caused by
- substance intoxication
- drug induced
- substance withdrawl
- general medical conditions (UTI, meningitis, diabetes, hypothermia, electrolyte imbalances, heat stroke)
47
delirium signs and symptoms
reduced motor activity, lethargy, withdrawal, drowsiness and starting into space , forgetfulness, slowed speech
48
Excited delirium
- agitated delirium hyperkinetic that can lead to sudden death
49
excited delirium signs and symptoms
- altered mental status, combativeness, aggressiveness, tolerance to pain, rapid breathing, diaphoresis, severe agitation, increased temperature, noncompliance
- "superhuman strength"
49
delirium onset
acute
50
delirium course
fluctuating
51
delirium duration
days to weeks
52
delirium conciouness
altered
53
delirium attention
impaired
54
delirium psychomotor changes
increased or decreased
55
delirium reversibility
usually
56
dementia onset
insidious
57
dementia course
progressive
58
demetria duration
months to years
59
dementia conciouness
clear
60
dememtia attention
normal, except in severe dementia
61
dementi phychomotor changes
often normal
62
dementia reversibility
rarely
63
what is dementia caused by
neuron degration, compression of the brain tissue, atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels
64
dementia is associated with
neuro-degenerative diseases like parkinsons disease and alzheimers disease, HIV
65
what is the cause of half of adult demetia
alzheimers
66
late onset alzheimers
70-90%
67
early onset demetia
familial
68
what is the cause of alzheimers
cause is not clear
- build-up of proteins around the brain area
- accumulation of neuritic plaques, interneuronal neurofibrillary tanges
- cause the disruption of nerve impulses transmission
69
brain atrophy in alzheimers results deom
the loss of neurons
70
what contributes to the decline in cognition in alzheimers
synapses, acetylcholine, and neurotransmitters
71
alzheimers disease early symptoms
- memory loss affects job
- difficulty preforming familar tasks
- learning difficulties
- deterioration of appearance and personal hygiene
72
alzheiners late signs and symptoms
- difficultly with abstract thinking
- difficulty with communication
- deterioration of memory, language, and motor function
- repetitive actions, restlessness, wandering
- irritability, mood swings, depression
- disorientation
73
sundowners syndrome
- increase in dementia type symptoms in the evenings or night
74
risk factors for dementia
- age
- family history
- hypertension
- smoking
- diabetes
- high cholesterol
- obesity / sedentary lifestyle
- cognitive activity
- depression
- head injuries
75
cataracts
are protein that is normally found on the lens, as we age it start clumping together
76
what is the leading cause of blindness in the world
cataracts
77
cataracts developes because of
- alteration of metabolism and transportion of proteins within the lens
- ifection, radiation, trauma, mefication or DM
78
risk factors for cataracts
age, diabetes, trauma, exposure to UV light, genetics
79
cataracts signs and symptoms
cloudy or opaque area in the lens = vision loss
80
cataracts early stage
some light transmitted though the lens - useful vision
81
cataracts seond stage
vision significantly decrease
- lens appears opaque
82
cataracts third stage
lens starts to increase in size
83
cataracts fourth stage
lens may start to leak protein as it breaks down
- increase in intraocular pressure as well as blocking of the trabecular meshwork
84
trabecular meshwork
located around the base of the corna
- responsible for aqueous humor from the eue
85
risk factors for glaucoma
- hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, DM
- smoking, caffine, alcohol, and illicit drugs
86
glaucoma
- increased intraocular pressure
87
glaucoma vision lost starts at the
periphery
88
open angle glaucoma
slow and progressive, bilatterally
89
closed angle glaucoma
sudden, acute, unilaterally
90
what is blocked in open angle glaucoma
trabecular meshwork
91
what is blocked in closed angle glaucoma
displaced iris pushes the ciliary body and blocks fluid from entering the trabecular meshwork
92
people with close angled glaucoma may see
rainbow in their vision
93
Glaucoma diagnositica
- ophthalmoscopic exmination
- measuring visual feild
- tonometery (air puff)
94
Macular degeneration
- deteriation od tissue in the macula
- severe and irreversible loss of central vision
95
dry stage macular degeneration
- eye tissue starts to degenerate
- epithelial cells produce yellowish- white spots
- deposited on retina
- calcify, enlarge and multiply
96
wet stage of macular degeneration
- newly developed vessels beneath the epithelial cells
- weak and leak serous fluid or blood
- central vision is lost
97
macular degeneeration risk factors
- hypertension, smotin, DM, and family distory
98
macular degeneration ussually occur in
after the age of 60
- more common in caucasioans, women
99
macular degeneration diagnostics
- ophthalmoscopic examination
- patient report loss of central vision
100
sensorineual hearing loss
impairment of the organ of corti
101
what is the most common cause of hearing loss
prebycusis or age related sensorineural hearing loss
102
sensorineural hearing loss causes
- noise exposure, aging, ototoxicity, systenic disease (DM, neoplasma, autoimmune processes)
103
what are the early signs or sensorineural hearing loss
tinnitus or ringing in the ear
104
conductive hearing loss causes
- impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, tumours in the middle ear, ruptured tympanic membrane, or otitis media
105
conductive hearing loss symptoms
- diminished hearing and soft speaking voice
106
why is otitis media common in children and infant
eustachian tube is shorter, wider, and more horizontal
107
what are predisosing factors for otitis media
- allergies, sinustis, cleft palate, hypertrophy or the adenoids, eustachian tube dysfunction and immune deficency
108
Acute otitis media (AOM)
tympanic membrane changes from convex pearky grey to buldging pink/red
109
AOM symptoms
- ear pain, irritability, inflammed TM and fluid in the middle ear
- pain, fever, purulent dischage
110
Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)
accumulation of fluid in the middle ear with symptoms of acute infection
111
OME can be caused by
flying
- changes in air pressure
- fluid is present but is not infected
