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Pathophysiology > Musculoskeletal system pt.2 > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal system pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

clubfoot can be classified as

A

positional, idiopathic or teratological

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2
Q

clubfoot commonly results form

A

another disease
- commonly spina bifida

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3
Q

clubfoot diagnosis

A

often diagnosed during a prenatal ultrasound

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4
Q

affected clubfoot symptoms

A
  • does not cause pain
  • less flexiable
  • shorter in lenght
  • smaller shoe and calf size
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5
Q

clubfoot risk factors

A
  • abnormal intrauterine position
  • neuromuscular or vascular problems
  • maternal smoking
    genetics
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6
Q

clubfoot treatment

A

1-2 weeks after birth: stretching and casting using ponseti method
brace: worn continously for 3 months and while sleeping for up to 5 years
doesnt respond: surgery

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7
Q

what is juvenile idiopathic arthritis

A

childhood form of rheumatoid arthritis

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8
Q

oligoarthritis

A

< 3 joints

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9
Q

polyarthritis

A

> 3 joints

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10
Q

what is the diffrence between juvenile idiopathic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • large joints are more commonly affected
    chronic inflamamtion of the anterior chamber of the eye
  • can affect the epiphyseal plate (individual is still growing)
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11
Q

what is scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
- more common is adolescent girls

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12
Q

non structural scoliosis

A

causes other then the spine
- can become structural if not treated

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13
Q

structural scoliosis

A

cause is vertebral rotation

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14
Q

congential scolosis

A

attributed to bony deformity

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15
Q

teratological scoliosis

A
  • caused by another systemic syndrome
  • cerebral palsy
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16
Q

curvature of the spine progresses during

A

growth periods

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17
Q

causes of scoliosis

A

congenital deformity
neuromuscular disease (MD, CP, polio)
Diffrent leg lenghts
Trauma and paraspinal inflamamtion (stress or distress of spine)
Age (degenerative scoliosis, osteoporosis of spine)
high arches in the in feet (alters balance)
tumors, growths, or other abnormalitles of the spinal column

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18
Q

signs and symptoms of scoliosis

A
  • shortness of breath
  • reduced pulmonary function
  • fatigue, back pain
  • prominate curvature of the spine (one shoulder higher than the other)
  • assymetry of thoracic cage
  • kyposis
  • right sided heart failure
  • GI disturbances
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19
Q

external factors for the development of pressure ulcers

A
  • prolonged pressure (ankles, heals, sacrum; bony prominences)
  • immobilization (quadriplegics, trauma, surgery, stretches in ER, x-ray tables or beds)
  • exposure to moisture (diaphoresis)
  • fractures or contractures
  • sedation
  • friction of shearing forces
  • bed sheets
  • inadequate caretaker
  • knowledge deficit
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20
Q

disease and tissue factors for the development of pressure ulcers

A
  • impaired perfusion (ischemia)
  • eposure to moisture (fecal or urinary incontinence
  • malnutrition
  • dehydration
  • history of pressure ulcers
  • aging
  • prolonged steriod use
  • chronic disease
21
Q

pressure ulcers pathophysiology

A

after prolonged pressure - tissue will redden but will return to normal if there is repositioning or stimulation to that area
- if pressure continues- microthrombi will block blood flow causing hypoxia - potential necrosis - shearing or friction can cause detachment of tissues

22
Q

stage 1 of pressure ulcers

A
  • non blachable erythema (red in color)
  • still can prevent ulceration with skin and repositioning
23
Q

stage 2 pressure ulcers

A
  • partial thickness skin loss
  • skin breaks open or wears away
  • site is tender and painful
  • epidermis or dermis involved
24
Q

stage 3 pressure culcers

A
  • extends to tissues below the skin
  • may see fat tissue
25
Q

stage 4 pressure ulcer

A

full thickness
- bone, ligaments, muscles, tendons visable

26
Q

unstageable pressure ulcers

A

full thickness tissue loss but the base of the ulcer is covered in slough (yellow/white coating) or eschar (dead tissue in wound)

27
Q

thermal burns are cuased by

A

heat contact, scalds, or radiation

28
Q

nonthermal burns are cuased by

A
  • chemical: injestion of acids, alkalis, or blistering agents
  • electricle: passage of current throug the body to the group
29
Q

first degree burn

A
  • no treatment required
  • may have nausea and vomiting
  • may cause dehydration
  • wound healing within 3-5 days
  • no scarring
30
Q

second degree burn

A
  • superficial partial thickness
  • fluid filled blisters, develop minutes within injury
  • pain sensors remain intact
  • wound healing in 3-4 weeks
  • scaring is unusual
  • deep partial thickness
  • waxy white look
31
Q

third degree burn

A
  • full thickness
  • dry leathery appearance
  • lose of dermal elasticity
  • may compromise circulation due to edema if entire limb is involved
  • requires escharmotomies (cutting through burned skin to release pressure and prevent compartment syndrome)
32
Q

fourth degree

A
  • involve joints and burns
  • requires skin grafting or reconstructive surgery
33
Q

front and back for the arm (rule of 9)

A

9%

34
Q

chest (rule of 9)

A

18%

35
Q

back (rule of 9)

A

9%

36
Q

head (rule of 9)

A

9%
- 4.5%
-4.5%

37
Q

Complications of burns

A
  • burn shock (life threatening cardiovascular and cellular hypovolemia
38
Q

ebb phase

A
  • occurs within the first 24 hours
  • shunted away from liver, kidney, and gut
39
Q

flow phase

A
  • hypermetabolic response of cathecholamines, cortisol, glucagon, and insulin correpsonds to increase in their increased energy expenditure
  • hyperglycemia with increased insulin resistance and loss of muscle
40
Q

frostnip

A
  • superficial frostbite
  • pallor and pain
  • increased during tissue rewarming
41
Q

Chilblains

A
  • partial thickness prostbite
  • tissue becomes white
  • can develop chronic vasculitis if skin is constantly exposued to cold
42
Q

frostbite

A
  • full thickness
  • tissue freezes
  • ice crystal formation
  • numbness
  • no sensation of pain
43
Q

flash freeze

A
  • rapid formation of ice crystals
44
Q

cellulitis can occur

A

extension of skin wound, from ulcer, or insect bites, burns

45
Q

cellulitis sings and symptoms

A
  • warm, erythematous, swollen, painful
  • usually in lower extremities
46
Q

populations at risk for cellulitis

A
  • diabetics, cirrhosis, renal failure, and malnourishment, immunocompromised, cancer, alcohol and drug users
47
Q

necrotizing fascitis

A
  • rare but potentially fatal depenent on area infected
  • infection of streptococcus pyogenes
  • rapid spreading; destroy skin, fat, fascia, muscles
48
Q

necrotizing facitis occurance in the genital area is called

A

fournier gangreen

Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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