Acid Base Balance

Question 1

what does the pH scale measure

Answer 1

• concentration of H in fluids

Question 2

pH scale range

Answer 2

0-14

Question 3

what is the normal PH range of arterial blood

Answer 3

7.35 to 7.45

Question 4

low PH =

Answer 4

acidic

Question 5

high PH =

Answer 5

basic/alkaline

Question 6

why is PH important

Answer 6

• membrane potential
• membrane excitability

Question 7

how are acids produced in the body

Answer 7

by-products of metabolism
- phosphates, sulphates, HCO3

Question 8

how does the body maintain a normal PH

Answer 8

• H must be nutralized by buffers and excreted via the lungs or the kidneys

Question 9

respiration chemical formular

Answer 9

HCO3 + H –> H2CO3 —> H2O + CO2

bicarbonate ions circulate in the bloodstream. In the linfs bicarbonate ions combine with hydrogen ions and loss a water molecule to form carbon dioxide

Question 10

what percent of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin

Answer 10

20%

Question 11

what percent of CO2 is catalyzed into carbonic acid

Answer 11

70%

Question 12

low PH effect on the lungs

Answer 12

Hyperventilation
- remove CO2; raise PH

Question 13

high PH effect on the lungs

Answer 13

hypoventilation
- retain CO2; lower PH

Question 14

respiratory system effect on acid base balance

Answer 14

• excretes CO2 by increasing or decreasing ventilation rate
• second line of defence,
• reacts quickly

Question 15

how do kidneys control PH

Answer 15

• excrete hydrogen ions in urine
• reabsorb or regenerate bicarbonate

Question 16

excretion of carbonic acid in the lungs is ________

Answer 16

volatile
- CO2 goes from a liquid to a gas

Question 17

excretion of acids in the kidneys is ________

Answer 17

nonvolatile

Question 18

kidneys excrete _______, ______, and _______ in order to maintain acid base balance

Answer 18

sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids

Question 19

acid base imbalances are caused by

Answer 19

respiratory or metabolic

Question 20

acidosis

Answer 20

• low PH
• in a state of acidemia

Question 21

alkalosis

Answer 21

• high PH
• in a state of alkalemia

Question 22

with respiratory imbalances the ______ will try to compensate

Answer 22

kidneys

Question 23

with metabolic imbalances the _____ will try to compensate

Answer 23

lungs

Question 24

normal PaCO2 (respiratory)

Answer 24

35-45mm Hg

Question 25

normal HCO3 (metabolic)

Answer 25

22-26mEq/L

Question 26

Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 26

too much CO2 - PCO2 > 45mm Hg - ph < 7.35

Question 27

respiratory acidosis causes

Answer 27

- alveolar hypoventilation - slow/shallow breathing (head injury, spinal cord injury, drug overdose, paralysis of respiratory muscles, depression of respitory center) - decreased gas exchange in alveoli (pneumonia, emphysema, pulmonary edema, asthma, brochitis)

Question 28

respiratory acidosis sings and symptoms

Answer 28

- headache, blurred vision, restlessness, disorientation, tremors - hypoxia, increased BP with vasodialtion, dyspnea,

Question 29

respiratory alkalosis

Answer 29

to little CO2 - PCO2 <35 mm Hg - pH > 7.45

Question 30

respiratory alkalosis causes

Answer 30

- Hypoxemia (Pulmonary disease, Heart failure, anemia, High altitudes) - Hyperventilation (Fever, anxiety)

Question 31

respiratory alkalosis signs and symptoms

Answer 31

- seizures, tachycardia, dizziness, confusion, tingeling of the extremities, convulsions

Question 32

Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 32

-Not enough Bicarbonate / too much acid - pH < 7.35 - HCO3 < 22mEq/L

Question 33

metabolic acidosis causes

Answer 33

- Excess loss of bicarbonate ion (Kidney dysfunction, Diarrhea) - Excess production non-volatile acids (Diabetic ketoacidosis, Starvation)

Question 34

diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 34

- blood sugar levels are high - ketones (acid) build up in blood

Question 35

starvation

Answer 35

produces excessive ketone bodies

Question 36

metabolic acidosis signs and symptoms

Answer 36

- high serum K (causes potassim to moe from ICF to ECF) - headach, lethargy, confusion, coma - Kussmaul breating - anorexia, nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, abdominal dicomfort - vasodialation

Question 37

metabolic alkalosis

Answer 37

too much bicarbonate / not enough acid - PH> 7.45 - HCO3 > 26

Question 38

metabolic alkalosis causes

Answer 38

- Excess loss of acid (Vomiting, gastric suction) - ↑Aldosterone - Excessive intake of base (Antacid overdose)

Question 39

metabolic alkalosis signs and symptoms

Answer 39

- Weakness, muscle cramps, hyperactive reflexes, tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles), convulsion, atrial tachycardia

Question 40

full compensation

Answer 40

PH will be normal

Question 41

Partial compensation

Answer 41

PH will move towards normal but is not within a normal range