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Pathophysiology > Acid Base Balance > Flashcards

Acid Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

what does the pH scale measure

A
  • concentration of H in fluids
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2
Q

pH scale range

A

0-14

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3
Q

what is the normal PH range of arterial blood

A

7.35 to 7.45

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4
Q

low PH =

A

acidic

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5
Q

high PH =

A

basic/alkaline

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6
Q

why is PH important

A
  • membrane potential
  • membrane excitability
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7
Q

how are acids produced in the body

A

by-products of metabolism
- phosphates, sulphates, HCO3

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8
Q

how does the body maintain a normal PH

A
  • H must be nutralized by buffers and excreted via the lungs or the kidneys
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9
Q

respiration chemical formular

A

HCO3 + H –> H2CO3 —> H2O + CO2

bicarbonate ions circulate in the bloodstream. In the linfs bicarbonate ions combine with hydrogen ions and loss a water molecule to form carbon dioxide

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10
Q

what percent of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin

A

20%

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11
Q

what percent of CO2 is catalyzed into carbonic acid

A

70%

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12
Q

low PH effect on the lungs

A

Hyperventilation
- remove CO2; raise PH

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13
Q

high PH effect on the lungs

A

hypoventilation
- retain CO2; lower PH

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14
Q

respiratory system effect on acid base balance

A
  • excretes CO2 by increasing or decreasing ventilation rate
  • second line of defence,
  • reacts quickly
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15
Q

how do kidneys control PH

A
  • excrete hydrogen ions in urine
  • reabsorb or regenerate bicarbonate
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16
Q

excretion of carbonic acid in the lungs is ________

A

volatile
- CO2 goes from a liquid to a gas

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17
Q

excretion of acids in the kidneys is ________

A

nonvolatile

18
Q

kidneys excrete _______, ______, and _______ in order to maintain acid base balance

A

sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids

19
Q

acid base imbalances are caused by

A

respiratory or metabolic

20
Q

acidosis

A
  • low PH
  • in a state of acidemia
21
Q

alkalosis

A
  • high PH
  • in a state of alkalemia
22
Q

with respiratory imbalances the ______ will try to compensate

A

kidneys

23
Q

with metabolic imbalances the _____ will try to compensate

A

lungs

24
Q

normal PaCO2 (respiratory)

A

35-45mm Hg

25
Q

normal HCO3 (metabolic)

A

22-26mEq/L

26
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

too much CO2
- PCO2 > 45mm Hg
- ph < 7.35

27
Q

respiratory acidosis causes

A
  • alveolar hypoventilation
  • slow/shallow breathing (head injury, spinal cord injury, drug overdose, paralysis of respiratory muscles, depression of respitory center)
  • decreased gas exchange in alveoli (pneumonia, emphysema, pulmonary edema, asthma, brochitis)
28
Q

respiratory acidosis sings and symptoms

A
  • headache, blurred vision, restlessness, disorientation, tremors
  • hypoxia, increased BP with vasodialtion, dyspnea,
29
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

to little CO2
- PCO2 <35 mm Hg
- pH > 7.45

30
Q

respiratory alkalosis causes

A
  • Hypoxemia (Pulmonary disease, Heart failure, anemia, High altitudes)
  • Hyperventilation (Fever, anxiety)
31
Q

respiratory alkalosis signs and symptoms

A
  • seizures, tachycardia, dizziness, confusion, tingeling of the extremities, convulsions
32
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

-Not enough Bicarbonate / too much acid
- pH < 7.35
- HCO3 < 22mEq/L

33
Q

metabolic acidosis causes

A
  • Excess loss of bicarbonate ion (Kidney dysfunction,
    Diarrhea)
  • Excess production non-volatile acids (Diabetic ketoacidosis, Starvation)
34
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis

A
  • blood sugar levels are high
  • ketones (acid) build up in blood
35
Q

starvation

A

produces excessive ketone bodies

36
Q

metabolic acidosis signs and symptoms

A
  • high serum K (causes potassim to moe from ICF to ECF)
  • headach, lethargy, confusion, coma
  • Kussmaul breating
  • anorexia, nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, abdominal dicomfort
  • vasodialation
37
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

too much bicarbonate / not enough acid
- PH> 7.45
- HCO3 > 26

38
Q

metabolic alkalosis causes

A
  • Excess loss of acid (Vomiting, gastric suction)
  • ↑Aldosterone
  • Excessive intake of base (Antacid overdose)
39
Q

metabolic alkalosis signs and symptoms

A
  • Weakness, muscle cramps, hyperactive reflexes, tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles), convulsion, atrial tachycardia
40
Q

full compensation

A

PH will be normal

41
Q

Partial compensation

A

PH will move towards normal but is not within a normal range

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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