Hematology Flashcards
1
Q
Platelets are also called
A
thrombocytes
2
Q
RBC are also called
A
erythrocytes
3
Q
cytotoxic T cells function
A
- kill virus infected and damaged cells
4
Q
helper T cell functions
A
- help cytotoxic T cells and B cells in their immune functions
5
Q
Hematocrit
A
% of blood volume that is RBC
6
Q
Hemoglobin
A
of hemoglobin in the blood
7
Q
ESR
A
rate at which RBCs settle out of suspension
8
Q
reticulocyte count
A
of immature RBC
9
Q
Anemia can be caused by
A
- losing too much blood (hemorrhagic)
- destroying too much; rupturing of red blood cells (hemolytic)
- not making enough, lack of iron, protein, vit.B12 (nutritional deficiency)
10
Q
symtoms of general anemia
A
- fatigue
- weakness
- dyspnea
- pallor
11
Q
how does the body compensate for decreased hemoglobin associated with anemia
A
- tachycardia
- dizziness
- impaired hemoglobin
12
Q
low oxygen supply to the spinal column can result in
A
- paresthesia, weakness, impaired reflexes
13
Q
low oxygen associated with anemia can result in
A
nausea, vomiting, and anorexia
14
Q
ischemic tissue can be associated with
A
fever
15
Q
All symptoms of anemia
A
- shortness of breath, rapid and pounding heartbeat, dizziness, fatigue
- pallor or yellow (jaundice)
- impaired healing
- paresthesia, balance disturbances, weakness, spasticity, reflex abnormailities
- abdominal pain, neausea, vimiting, anorexia
- low grade fever (ischemic tissue)
- PICA
16
Q
what is PICA
A
eating items that are not typically though of as food
17
Q
why do some patients with anemia experience PICA
A
body is trying to replenish needed nutrients
18
Q
examples of loss or destruction anemia
A
Normocytic - normochromic anemia
aplastic anemia
post hemorrhagic anemia
hemolytic anemia
19
Q
aplastic anemia
A
- stops producing enough new RBC
20
Q
Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias
A
- normal in size and hemoglobin content
- insufficient numbers of RBC
- there is no change in the cells itself; not enough cells
21
Q
Post hemorrhagic anemia cause
A
- sudden blood loss
- normal iron stores
22
Q
signs and symptoms of acute hemorrhage anemia
A
- orthostatic hypotension, altered mental status, cool/clammy skin, tachycardia, hyperventilation, decreased pulse pressure
- Late sings: decreased urine output, decrease in BP
23
Q
how does the body try to compensate for hemorrhage anemia
A
- body will initially try to compensate for blood loss through peripheral vasoconstriction
24
Q
hemolytic anemias are caused by
A
premature destruction
- hemolytic disease of newborns
- infections (E.Coli, salmonella, snake bites, malaria)
25
hemolytic disease of newborns
- Rh incompatibility
- 1st baby has separate blood circulation, 2nd baby that is Rh positive mother antibodies will destroys RBCs
26
hemolytic uremic syndrome is caused by
Infections
- E. Coli (several days of diarrhea can lead to low RBC count)
- Snake Bites (venom induced consumption coagulopathy)
- malaria (cause RBCs to rupture) --> sickel cell anemia
27
consumption coagulopathy
platelet disorder which can lead to prolonged or excessive bleeding
28
hemolytic anemias symptoms
- abnormal paleness
- yellowish skin, eyes and mouth (jaundice)
- dark colored urine
- fever
- weakness
- dizziness
- confucion
- cant handle physical activity
29
hemolytic anemias treatments
- blood transfusions, medications, plasmapheresis surgery, bone marrow and stem cell transplants, lifestyle changes
30
plasmapheresis
plasma is separated from the blood cells
- plasma is replaces with another solutions such as saline or albumin, or plasma is treated and then returned to the body
31
Iron deficency anemia classification
Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia
32
Pernicious Anemia (vit.B) classification
macrocytic-mormochromic anemia
33
Floate deficency anemia classifications
macrocytic normochromic anemia
34
Aplastic anemia classificication
normocytic- normochromic anemia
35
sickle cells anemia classification
Normocytic-normochromic anemia
36
Microcytic hypochromic anemia cell size
- cells small in size, light in color
- small and low hemoglobin
37
Microcytic hypochromic anemia causes
- inadequate intake of dietary iron or a chronic loss of blood
- insufficient iron delivery to bone marrow or impaired iron use within bone marrow
38
Microcytic hypochromic anemia incidence
Men- higher in childhood
women - during reproductive years until menopause
39
women suffer iron deficient anemia as a result of
excessive mentraul bleeding
40
men suffer iron deficent anemia as a result of
ulcer, histal hernias, esophageal varices, cirrhosis, hemorrhoids, ulcerative colitis, cancer
41
How does IDA progress
- depleting iron stores
- creating iron deficient RBC
- hemoglobin deficient blood cells enter circulation to replace old RBC
42
IDA symptoms
- fatigure, weakness, dyspnea, pallor,
LATE: fingernails become brittle and spoon shaped, tongue papillae atrophy (soreness and burning), Angular stomatitis (sores in the corner of the mouth
43
Pernicous Anemia cell size
- large cell, normal color (without vit.B12 and folic acid cells do not decrease in size)
44
Causes of pernicious Anemia
lack of intrinsic factor (vit.B cannot be absorbed)
- inflammation of the gastric muscosa (body attacks healthy cells)
- H. pylori bacterium (reduces stomach acid = reduced absorption)
- alcohol intake, smoking
45
Pernicious anemia classification
Macrocytic-normochromic
46
how long can pernicous anemia take to develop
20-30 years
47
pernicous anemia signs and symptoms
- mood swings, other GI issues, cardiac and kidney alterations
- LATE: anemia weakness, fatigue, pallor/jaundice, paresthesia (tingeling) of feet and fingers, difficulty walking, loss of appetite, weight loss, sore tongue (smooth and beefy red)
48
Folate Deficiency Anemia calssification
Macrocytic-normochromic
49
Folate Deficiency Anemia cell
large cell, normal color
50
Folate Deficiency Anemia cause
lack of folic acid (essential for RNA and DNA synthesis within maturing erythrocytes)
- chronic malnurishment
- alcoholics
51
Folic Acid Deficent Anemia manifestations
- painful ulcerations (scales and fissures) in the mouth
- burning mouth syndrome (scalding or tingleing feeling in the mouth)
- dysphagia, watery diarrhea
52
Folic Acid Deficient Anemia treatment
- oral folate
- adjustment of dietary intake
- prophylactic treatment in pregnancy
53
reason for prophylactic treatment in pregnancy
prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida
54
aplastic anemia cells
too many cells are being made
without growth
55
aplastic anemia occurs more frequecy in
teens and early 20s
56
aplastic anemia causes
Autoimmune disease - attack your own stem cells
radiation and chemotherapy treatment
radiation and chemotherapy treatments
- idiopathic - greater than 50%
- exposure to radiation or certain toxic chemical, viral infections (hepatitis)
- congenital from chromosomal abnormalities
- damage to bone marrow erythropoiesis
57
aplastic anemia symptoms
- manifests as typical anemia - but it is pancytopenia
- leukopenia and infections, thrombocytopenia
- easy bruising
58
how is aplastic anemia diagnoised
bone marrow biospy
59
aplastic anemia treatment
antirejection
- transfusions, or a blood and bone marrow transplant
60
Sickle-Cell Anemia causes
an inherited RBC disorder in which there arent enough healthy RBC
- recessive genetic link
- linked to aferican, carbbean, or indian ancestory
61
Sickle Cell anemia signs and symptoms
Vaso-occlusive crisis
- blood vessel occulsion
- causes vasospasms (extremely painful)
Sequestration Crisis
- blood pooled in spleen
Chronic hemolytic anemia
- diminished erythropoiesis
62
Sickle Cell Anemia treatment
- adequate hydration and pain medications
- stem cells transplant or bone marrow transplant
- oxygen
63
what is the leading cause of dealth in children with sickle cell anemia
pneumonia
- affected spleen increases the risk of infection
64
Anemia due to chronic disease
Rheumatoid - inflammation in joints decreases production
Lupus - have antibodies against erythropoietin
Infection - decreases life span, impaired iron metabolism, impaired erythropoiesis
Chronic blood loss - impaired iron stores
65
adaptive immunity cells
- B and T cells
- denititic cells
66
Innate immunity cells
- neurophils, eosinophil, basophil, macrophage, dendritic cells
67
dendritic cells
form the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune response (via antigen presentation to lymphocytes)
68
leukocytes function (B and T cells)
- ingests foreign material and cellular debris
- destroys infectious agents and cancer cells
- inflammation medication
- produces antibodies
69
Leukocytosis
a condition in which the white cells (leukocyte count) is above the normal ranfe in the blood
70
Leukocytosis is a protective mechanism for
- inflammation, infection, anesthesia, surgury, pregnancy
- malignancies: leukemia or hematologic disease (HIV, anemia)
71
leukocytosis sings and symtoms
- fever
- feeling weak, tired or sick
- feeling dizzy, faint, or sweaty
- pain or tinglinf in arms, legs or abdomen
- trouble breathing, thinking or seeing
- loosing weight without trying or poor appetite
72
Leukopenia
decreased leukocytes in the blood
73
leukopenia causes
Cancer or disease of the bone marrow
- antibiotics can destroy WBC
74
decreased WBC =
increased risk of infection
75
Leukopenia signs and symptoms
fever and chills, frequent infections that will not go away
76
neutrophils increase due to
infection
77
neutrophils decrease due to
chemotherapy
78
Increased eosinophils is due to
allergies, parasitic infections
79
decreased eosinophils is due to
stress, medications
80
increased basophils is due to
inflammation, infection, allergies
81
decreased basophils is due to
acute infection, hyperthyroidism
82
increased monocytes is due to
late stage of infection
83
decreased monocytes is due to
prednisone use
84
increased lymphocytes is due to
viral infections, endocrine dysfunction
85
decreased lymphocytes are due to
immunodeficency, cancer, treatment
86
What is infectious mononucleosis
over production of T cells
87
what is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) herpes
88
main transportation of infectious mononucleosis
saliva
- kissing disease
89
infectious mononucleosis symptoms
headache, malaise, joint pain, fatigue
- sore throat, fever, lymph node enlargement and fatigue
- may experience fatigue for 1-2 months
- may experience splenomegaly
90
Leukemia
overproduction of malignant leukocytes
- overcrowding of bone marrow and decreased production and function of normal leukocytes: causing pancytopenia
91
what are the 2 types of
- acute lymphocytic leukemia
- acute myeloid leukemia
92
ALL, CLL
too many lymphoblasts (immature lymphocytes)
93
AML, CML
too many myeloblasts (immature granulocytes)
94
Acute
- rapid increase in immature blood cells
- rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells over weeks or months
- immediate treatment is required in acute leukemia
- most common forms of leukemia in children
95
Chronic
- excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal, WBCs
- months or years to progress
- chronic forms can be monitored for extended time before treatment to increase effectiveness
- most common in the older population
96
leukemia risk factors
- exposure to rays before birth
- previous chemotherapy
- genetic conditions including Down Syndrome
- family history
- smoking, previous chemotherapy, exposure to ionizing radiation
97
leukemia signs and symptoms
amenia and thrombocytopenia
- fatigue due to anemia
- fever due to infection
- anorexia
- wasting of the muscle
- difficulty swallowing
98
CML
- slow growing disease
- immature myeloblasts
99
CLL
- slow growing
- too many immature lymphocytes
- most common in the western world (longer life expextency)
100
3 stages of leukemia
- chronic phase
- acclerated phase
- terminal blast phase
101
chronic phase
2-5 years
102
accelerated phase
6-18 months
- primary develop lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
- can have a decrease in neutrophils (infections)
103
terminal blast phase
3-6 months
- painful, liver enlargement
104
normal platelets
150-400
105
bleeding disorders are caused by
- platelet disorders (primary)
- coagulation defects (secondary)
- or a combination of both
* decreased platelet production, increased consumption or both
106
Heparin Induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) occurs
5-10 days after administration
107
Heparin Induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
- marked by decrease in platelet count
- thrombocytopenia
- prothrombotic state
108
prothrombotic state
Venous - DVT and PE
Arterial - Ischemia
109
Hemorrhagic Disorders
- diminished levels of coagulation factors (hemophilia)
- excessice clotting (thromboembolic)
- pulmonary emobilism
110
Hemorrhagic Disorders causes
- vitamin K deficiency
- liver disorder (Hemophilia)
111
vitamin K deficency
- required for the synthesis and regulation of prothrombin
- pro-coagulation and anticoagulant factors
- destroy normal flora of the GI tract
- prenatal storage is low (not sufficent in breast milk)
112
Sings of Hemorrhagic Disorders
- excessive bleeding
- brusiing easily
- bleeds in the mucous membrane
- stool that looks dark black (like tar) and contains some blood
113
hemophilia
X linked inheritance
114
primary structures of the lymphatic system
bone marrow and thymus gland
- development of WBC
115
Secondary structures of the lymphatic system
spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches (small intestine)
- maintains volume balance between blood and interstitial fluids
- initiates adaptive immune response
116
Lymphadenopathy or adenopathy
disease of the lymph modes, abnormal in size or consistency
117
what are the 4 causes of Lymphadenopathy or adenopathy
neoplastic disease, immunological or inflammatory conditions, endocrine disorders, or lipid storage disease
118
lymphoma
cancer that begins in the lymph nodes
- result of genetic mutation or infection
119
Hodgkins lymphoma
cancer moves from one lymph more to another
120
Hodgkins lymphoma symptoms
- fever, night sweats, and weight loss, nonpainful enlargement of the lymph nodes in the neck, arm or groin
- sedemate rate increases
121
what is consitered on e of the most treatable forms of cancer
Hodgkins disease
122
lymphoma stage I
localized disease
- signle lymph node involvement
123
lymphoma stage II
2 or more lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm
124
stage 3 lymphoma
lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm
125
stgae 4 lymphoma
involvement of extra lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, ileum, appendix)
126
non-hodgkins lymphoma
tumors develop form lymphocytes
- more common
127
non-hodgkins lymphoma risk factors
- older, man, white
- inherited immune disorders
- autoimmune disease
- HIV/AIDS
- exposure to chemical/pesticides
128
non-hodgkins lymphoma symptoms
may be mistakes for a severe cold or flue
