Neoplasia Flashcards
1
Q
Atrophy
A
- decreasing the size of a cell
- leads to a decrease in the size of an organ
2
Q
hypertrophy
A
- increase the cell size
- response to mechanical stress or load
- EXAMPLE: sleletal muscles
3
Q
hyperplasia
A
- increase in the number fo cells
- increased rate of cellular division
4
Q
metaplasia
A
- reversible replacement of one mature cell by another, sometimes less differentiated, cell type
5
Q
cellular adaptions
A
- atrophy
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- metaplasia
6
Q
non adaptive changes to cells
A
- dysplasia
- neoplasia
7
Q
non adaptive adaptation typically leads to
A
cancerous growth
8
Q
atrophy is most common ins
A
skeletal muscles, heat, secondary reproductive organs, and brain
9
Q
atrophy causes
A
decrease in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, nervous system stimulation
10
Q
hypertrophy can occur in the
A
- skeletal muscles
- heart
- kidneys
- uterus
11
Q
compensatory hyperplasia
A
- adaptive mechanism allows regeneration
- Example: Liver (one lobe can be donated and the remaining liver will undergo hyperplasia)
12
Q
hormonal hyperplasia example
A
Uterus and estrogen
- endometrium thickens in anticipation of pregnancy, if there is pregancy hyperplasia and hypertrophy will occur
13
Q
physiological hyperplasia
A
- compensatory
- hormonal
14
Q
pathological hyperplasia
A
- abnormal proliferation of normal cells
15
Q
cells that look normal might be called
A
well diffrentiated
16
Q
cells that look abnormal might be called
A
poorly differentiated or undifferentiated
17
Q
metaplasia is caused by
A
- chronic injury or irritation
- reprograming of stem cells in response to signals generated from the cells environment
18
Q
metaplasia example
A
smoking
- normal cells replaced over time with squamous epithelial cells (dont operate the same)
19
Q
dysplasia
A
- abnormal size, shape, and organization of cells
– also called atypical hyperplasia
– which is not always related to cancer
20
Q
dysplasia is common in
A
the cervix and respitory tract
20
Q
dysplasia is also called
A
atypical hyperplasia
21
Q
dysplasia example
A
Carcinoma in Stiu (CIS)
-preinvasive epithehial tumors
- common in smokers
22
Q
Neoplasia
A
- abnormal cells divide without control and can invade other tissues
23
Q
neoplasia is also referred to as
A
a tumor
24
benign neoplasia
non invasive, well differentiated, well organized as encapsulated
25
malignant
- rapid growth, loss of differentiation, absense of normal tissue
- anaplasia, pleomorphic
26
anaplasia
loss of cellular differentition
27
sarcoma
- rising from mesenchymal tissue- connective tissue
28
Carcinoma
- rising from epithelial tissue
- covers body organs
29
benign characteristics
- Cells well differentiated
- Grows slowly
- Encapsulated
- Local effects
- Not invasive
- Does not metastasize
- Leimyoma – smooth muscle
30
malignant characteristics
- poorly differentiated
- Grows rapidly
- Non-encapsulated
- Generalized effects
- Greek word karkinoma for - crab formation – ‘claw’ like - formation that reach into other tissues
- Leiomyosarcoma – smooth muscle sarcoma
- Invasive – sends out ‘crab’ like extensions
- Metastasizes distantly
31
What can be used to differentiate benign from malignant tumors
- asymmetry
- border
- color
- diameter
- evolution
32
Progression of cancer
1. mutation
2. hyperplasia
3. dysplasia
4. In Situ cancer
5. invasive cancer
33
In situ cancer
- precancerous state; cell growth is closely monitored
34
2 characteristics that cancer cells have
- anaplasia
- autonomy
35
anaplasia is also considered
advanced dysplasia
- cannot be revered
36
if ananplasia cells are not removed
they will continue to grow and spread
37
autonomy
- develop indifference from normal cellular controls such as apoptosis, cohesisveness, and stoppage of growth upon contact with neighboring cells
38
can occurs because fo
mutations in genes that control cell growth, replication, and repair
39
what are the 10 enablersof cancer progression
- evading growth suppressors
- enabling replicative immorality ( able to replicate unlimitedly)
- tumor promoting inflammation
- activating invasion and metastasis (ability to spread)
- genomic instability (mutator phenotype; increase number of mutations in caretaker genes )
- inducing angiogenesis (stimulation of blood vessels to supply tumor)
- resisting cell death
- deregulating cellular energetics
- sustained proliferative signalling
- evading immune destruction
40
what is the most feared complication
pain
41
Pain is influenced by
fear, anxiety, sleep loss, fatigue, and overall physical deterioration
42
what is the number 1 manifestation of cancer
fatigue
43
sign
objective
44
symptom
subjective
45
leukemia
direct invasion of bone marrow
46
granulocytopenia
- lack of granulocytes
- inate immune system is compromised
47
thrombocytopenia
- decrease in platelets
- caused by tumour invading bone marrow or chemotherapy
48
chemotherapy
attacks rapidly dividing cells which is toxic to the bone marrow
49
people with lwukopenia and thrombocytopenia are at riask for
- infection due to deccreased WBC
- granulocytes decrease
- hemorrage
- thrombocytopenia
50
Anemia
decrease of hemoglobin in the blood
51
anemia can be caused by
- chronic bleeding resulting in iron deficiency
- severe malnutrition
- malignancy in blood forming organ
52
what is the most significant cause of complications and death in people with a malignant disease
infection
53
Cachexia
- most severe form of malnutrition
- present in 80% of cancer patents at death
54
Cachexia symptoms
- anorexia, early satiety, weight loss, asthenia, taste alterations, altered protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism
55
Biological risk factors
- age
- hereditary
- down syndrome
- hormones
56
what is the median age for diagnosis
66
57
lifestyle / enviormental risk factors
- tabacco
- alcohol consumption
- sexual reproduction behaviour
- ionizing radiaition
- UV radiation
- diet
- physical inactivity
- occupational hazards
58
Bacterial and viral causes of cancer
- Helicobacter pylori (Ulcers)
- Herpes Virus
- Human Papillomavirus
- Hepatitis B & C
59
stage 1 cancer
- confined to the organ or orgin
60
stage 2 cancer
- locally invasive
61
stage 3 cancer
- spread to regional structures such as lymph nodes
62
stage 4 cancer
- spread to distant sites
EXAMPLE: liver to lungs, prostate to bone
