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Pathophysiology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Atrophy

A
  • decreasing the size of a cell
  • leads to a decrease in the size of an organ
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2
Q

hypertrophy

A
  • increase the cell size
  • response to mechanical stress or load
  • EXAMPLE: sleletal muscles
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3
Q

hyperplasia

A
  • increase in the number fo cells
  • increased rate of cellular division
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4
Q

metaplasia

A
  • reversible replacement of one mature cell by another, sometimes less differentiated, cell type
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5
Q

cellular adaptions

A
  • atrophy
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
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6
Q

non adaptive changes to cells

A
  • dysplasia
  • neoplasia
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7
Q

non adaptive adaptation typically leads to

A

cancerous growth

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8
Q

atrophy is most common ins

A

skeletal muscles, heat, secondary reproductive organs, and brain

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9
Q

atrophy causes

A

decrease in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, nervous system stimulation

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10
Q

hypertrophy can occur in the

A
  • skeletal muscles
  • heart
  • kidneys
  • uterus
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11
Q

compensatory hyperplasia

A
  • adaptive mechanism allows regeneration
  • Example: Liver (one lobe can be donated and the remaining liver will undergo hyperplasia)
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12
Q

hormonal hyperplasia example

A

Uterus and estrogen
- endometrium thickens in anticipation of pregnancy, if there is pregancy hyperplasia and hypertrophy will occur

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13
Q

physiological hyperplasia

A
  • compensatory
  • hormonal
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14
Q

pathological hyperplasia

A
  • abnormal proliferation of normal cells
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15
Q

cells that look normal might be called

A

well diffrentiated

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16
Q

cells that look abnormal might be called

A

poorly differentiated or undifferentiated

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17
Q

metaplasia is caused by

A
  • chronic injury or irritation
  • reprograming of stem cells in response to signals generated from the cells environment
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18
Q

metaplasia example

A

smoking
- normal cells replaced over time with squamous epithelial cells (dont operate the same)

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19
Q

dysplasia

A
  • abnormal size, shape, and organization of cells
    – also called atypical hyperplasia
    – which is not always related to cancer
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20
Q

dysplasia is common in

A

the cervix and respitory tract

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20
Q

dysplasia is also called

A

atypical hyperplasia

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21
Q

dysplasia example

A

Carcinoma in Stiu (CIS)
-preinvasive epithehial tumors
- common in smokers

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22
Q

Neoplasia

A
  • abnormal cells divide without control and can invade other tissues
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23
Q

neoplasia is also referred to as

A

a tumor

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24
Q

benign neoplasia

A

non invasive, well differentiated, well organized as encapsulated

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25
Q

malignant

A
  • rapid growth, loss of differentiation, absense of normal tissue
  • anaplasia, pleomorphic
26
Q

anaplasia

A

loss of cellular differentition

27
Q

sarcoma

A
  • rising from mesenchymal tissue- connective tissue
28
Q

Carcinoma

A
  • rising from epithelial tissue
  • covers body organs
29
Q

benign characteristics

A
  • Cells well differentiated
  • Grows slowly
  • Encapsulated
  • Local effects
  • Not invasive
  • Does not metastasize
  • Leimyoma – smooth muscle
30
Q

malignant characteristics

A
  • poorly differentiated
  • Grows rapidly
  • Non-encapsulated
  • Generalized effects
  • Greek word karkinoma for - crab formation – ‘claw’ like - formation that reach into other tissues
  • Leiomyosarcoma – smooth muscle sarcoma
  • Invasive – sends out ‘crab’ like extensions
  • Metastasizes distantly
31
Q

What can be used to differentiate benign from malignant tumors

A
  • asymmetry
  • border
  • color
  • diameter
  • evolution
32
Q

Progression of cancer

A
  1. mutation
  2. hyperplasia
  3. dysplasia
  4. In Situ cancer
  5. invasive cancer
33
Q

In situ cancer

A
  • precancerous state; cell growth is closely monitored
34
Q

2 characteristics that cancer cells have

A
  • anaplasia
  • autonomy
35
Q

anaplasia is also considered

A

advanced dysplasia
- cannot be revered

36
Q

if ananplasia cells are not removed

A

they will continue to grow and spread

37
Q

autonomy

A
  • develop indifference from normal cellular controls such as apoptosis, cohesisveness, and stoppage of growth upon contact with neighboring cells
38
Q

can occurs because fo

A

mutations in genes that control cell growth, replication, and repair

39
Q

what are the 10 enablersof cancer progression

A
  • evading growth suppressors
  • enabling replicative immorality ( able to replicate unlimitedly)
  • tumor promoting inflammation
  • activating invasion and metastasis (ability to spread)
  • genomic instability (mutator phenotype; increase number of mutations in caretaker genes )
  • inducing angiogenesis (stimulation of blood vessels to supply tumor)
  • resisting cell death
  • deregulating cellular energetics
  • sustained proliferative signalling
  • evading immune destruction
40
Q

what is the most feared complication

A

pain

41
Q

Pain is influenced by

A

fear, anxiety, sleep loss, fatigue, and overall physical deterioration

42
Q

what is the number 1 manifestation of cancer

A

fatigue

43
Q

sign

A

objective

44
Q

symptom

A

subjective

45
Q

leukemia

A

direct invasion of bone marrow

46
Q

granulocytopenia

A
  • lack of granulocytes
  • inate immune system is compromised
47
Q

thrombocytopenia

A
  • decrease in platelets
  • caused by tumour invading bone marrow or chemotherapy
48
Q

chemotherapy

A

attacks rapidly dividing cells which is toxic to the bone marrow

49
Q

people with lwukopenia and thrombocytopenia are at riask for

A
  • infection due to deccreased WBC
  • granulocytes decrease
  • hemorrage
  • thrombocytopenia
50
Q

Anemia

A

decrease of hemoglobin in the blood

51
Q

anemia can be caused by

A
  • chronic bleeding resulting in iron deficiency
  • severe malnutrition
  • malignancy in blood forming organ
52
Q

what is the most significant cause of complications and death in people with a malignant disease

A

infection

53
Q

Cachexia

A
  • most severe form of malnutrition
  • present in 80% of cancer patents at death
54
Q

Cachexia symptoms

A
  • anorexia, early satiety, weight loss, asthenia, taste alterations, altered protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism
55
Q

Biological risk factors

A
  • age
  • hereditary
  • down syndrome
  • hormones
56
Q

what is the median age for diagnosis

A

66

57
Q

lifestyle / enviormental risk factors

A
  • tabacco
  • alcohol consumption
  • sexual reproduction behaviour
  • ionizing radiaition
  • UV radiation
  • diet
  • physical inactivity
  • occupational hazards
58
Q

Bacterial and viral causes of cancer

A
  • Helicobacter pylori (Ulcers)
  • Herpes Virus
  • Human Papillomavirus
  • Hepatitis B & C
59
Q

stage 1 cancer

A
  • confined to the organ or orgin
60
Q

stage 2 cancer

A
  • locally invasive
61
Q

stage 3 cancer

A
  • spread to regional structures such as lymph nodes
62
Q

stage 4 cancer

A
  • spread to distant sites
    EXAMPLE: liver to lungs, prostate to bone

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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