Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
hormone release is regulated by
A
- chemical factors
- endocrine factors
- neural control
2
Q
positive feedback
A
increases secretion
3
Q
negative feedback
A
decreases secretion
4
Q
hyperfunction can be caused by
A
excessive secretion of hormones, a tumour in the gland, etopic tumour somewhere else
5
Q
hyperfunction
A
- increased stimulation of an endocrine gland
- caused by hyperlasia or neoplasia of an endocrine gland or tumour
6
Q
hypofunction can be caused by
A
- cogneital defect of the gland
- gland destruction
- aging
- atrophy due to drug administration
- receptor defects
7
Q
pancrease endocrine function
A
releases hormones (insulin, glucagon, amylin, and somatostain) into the blood
8
Q
pancrease exocrine function
A
releases digestive enzymes into the GI tract
9
Q
Islets of langerhans make up ___% of the pancreas by receive ______ of the blood flow
A
1-2%
10-15%
10
Q
alpha cells
A
secrete glucagon
11
Q
beta cells
A
- secrete insulin and amylin
12
Q
delta cells
A
secrete somatosostatin and gastrin
13
Q
glucagon acts primarily in the
A
liver
14
Q
glucagon is stimulated by
A
low glucose levels
15
Q
glucagon function
A
increases bllod glucose concentration by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
16
Q
glycogenolysis
A
carbohydrate stored in the liver is broken down into glucose for energy use
17
Q
gluconeogenesis
A
formation of glucose for noncarbohydrate carbon sources
18
Q
insulin
A
promotes cellular glucose reuptake
19
Q
amylin
A
- co secreted with insulin
- regulates glucose concentration
- can delay gestric emptying and supress glucagon secretion after meals
20
Q
type 1 Diabetes Melitus is also called
A
insulin dependent diabetes melitus
20
Q
somatostatin
A
growth hormone inhibitor
- regulates alpha and beta cell function
- inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon
21
Q
type 2 diabetes melitus is also called
A
non-insulin dependent diabetes melitus
22
Q
type 1 diabetes
A
- has almost complete beta cell destruction
- no production of insulin
- total insulin dependency
23
Q
type 2 diabetes
A
- occurs over time as body becomes insulin resistant
24
what is the most common pediatric chronic disease
type 1 diabetes mellitus
25
idiopathic
- strong genetic link
- more common in asian or african decent (still rare)
26
Autoimmune
- most common
- body destroys beta cells
27
what are the 2 types of type 1 diabetes mellitus
- idopathic
- autoimmune
28
hyperglycemia occurs when
80-90% of insulin secreting cells are destroyed
29
type 1 diabetes effect on hormones
- glucagon increased
- amylin decreased
*** causes hyperglycemia
30
Diabetes Mellitus type 1 signs and symptoms
- hyperglycaemia
- osmotic diuresis manifesting as polyuria and thirst
- effects metabolism (tired)
- weight loss
high levels of ketones (potential ketoacidosis)
31
what are the first 2 symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus
polyuria and thirst
32
type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus effect on weight
type 1= weight loss
type 2 = because of weight gain
33
ketones are ususally used in our body by the
heart
34
diabetic ketoacidosis usually happens to
- newly diagnoised diabetics
- not taking enough insulin or not taking ant insulin
- stomach illness with excessive vomiting
35
signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis
- dry mouth, strong thirst
- polyuria
- deep respirations in metabolic acidosis
- fruity breath (due to ketones)
- nausea, vomiting
- confusion, loss of conciousness
36
how to diagnose diabetic hetoacidosis
- high blood glucose
- high ketone levels
37
Diabetes mellitus type 2 process
cells develope resistance to insulin --> pancrease releases more insulin --> exhausted beta cells can no longer release insulin
38
what leads to insulin resistance
obesity
39
what are the known causes of type 2 DM
none
- combination of genetic and enviormental
40
type 2 DM risk factors
- age, obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension, high cholesterol, family history, sedentary behaviour, prior history of gestational diabetes
- native american, hispanic, african decent
41
type 2 DM signs and symptoms
- may be asymptomatic
- polyiria
- excessive thirst
- fatigue
- dry skin
- sores that wont heal
- more infections than normal
- unexplained weight loss
- sudden vision changes
42
complicartions of acute diabetes mellitus
- dabetic ketoacidosis
- hypoglycemia
- Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS)
43
diabetic ketoacidosis is most common in what type of diabetes
type 2
44
hypoglycemia signs and symptoms
- pallor, palpitations, diaphoresis, dizziness, irritability, fatigue, poor judgement, confusion, visula disturbances, sezuires and coma
45
Hyperosmolar hyperglucemic syndrome is ussually cause by
infection (usually pneumonia)
or
poor adherence to diabetic meds
46
Hyperosmolar hyperglucemic syndrome signs and symptoms
- high serum glucose
- normal bicarbonate and PH (no acidosis)
- dehydration elevates glucose due to volume depletion
47
Hyperosmolar hyperglucemic syndrome treatment
- fluid replacement
- electrolyte replacement
48
Diabetic ketoacidosis
- hyperglycemia
- metabolic acidosis
- most common in T1DM
49
Hyperosmolar hyperglucemic syndrome
- severe hypoglycaemia
- elevated serum osmolarity
- T2DM after long illness
50
macrovascular disease causes
damage to medium and large blood vessels
51
microvascular disease causes
damage to small blood vessels
52
pateitns are at risk for macrovascular disease if
- hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, children with poorly controlled diabetes
- increased risk if combined with smoking, obesity, dyslipidemia
53
A1c diagnostics
- percentage of hemoglobin that is glycated or covered with glucose
- should be <6.5%
- good test to see if a diabetic is managing their glucose/insulin levels
54
Fasting glucose
- should be <7.0
- body shlul dbe able to break down almost all of the glucose if you have been fasting for over 8 hours
55
2 hours post meal
- glucose tolerance <11.1
- your body shoul dbe able to control glucose levels within 2 hours of eating
56
Random glucose (GTT)
- should be <11.1
57
OGTT oral glucose test
- given a dose og glucose and blood glucose is measured at intervals of 1-2 hours following administration
58
babies born from mothers with gestational diabetes will typically be
larger in size
59
the posterior pituitary gland secretes
- ADH
- oxytocin
60
ADH is regulated by
the hypothalmus
61
posterior pituitary gland hyperfunction
- syndrome of inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH)
62
posterior pituitary gland hypofunction
diabetes insipidus
63
ADH hormone function
- helps control blood pressure by acting on kidneys and blood vessels
- conserve fluid volume
64
Diabetes Insipidus
- high urinary output
- low levels of ADH
- hypernatremia
- dehydrated
- lose too much fluid
65
SIADH
- low urinary output
- high levels of ADH
- hyponatremia
- over hydrated
- retain too much fluid
66
what symptom will both diabetes insipidus and SIADH present with
excessive thirst
67
the thyroid gland secretes
- T3 and T4
- calcitonin (c cells)
68
T3 and T4 function
- essential for growth, maturation, and function of cells and tissures
- required for metabolism and function of RBCs
69
increased levels to thyroxine hormones results in
- increased metabolic rate with heat intolerance
- increased tissue sensitivity to stimulation
70
50-80% of hyperthyroidism is caused by
graves disease
71
Graves disease signs and symptoms
- Ophthalmopathy
- exopthalmos
- demopathy
- myxedema
72
thyroid storm signs and symptoms
- hyperthermia, tachycardia, agitation, delirium, nausea and vomiting
73
thyroid storm
- results from partially treated or undiagnosied graves disease and increased stress
- medical emergency (death can occur in 24 hours)
74
hyperthyrodism diagnosis
- increased serum thyroxine
- suppresed TSH levels
75
Hashimoto's disease
- hypothyrodism
- autoimmune (gradual inflammation and destruction of thyroid tissue)
76
Hashimotos disease symptoms
- lower energy metabolism, lowers heat production
- low basal metabolic rate (cold intolerance, lethargy)
77
goitre
- swelling from enlargement of the thyroid gland
- major cause is iodine deficiency
78
symptoms similar in hyper and hypo thyroidism
hair loss, insomnia
79
hypothroidism symptoms
- perioritbal edema
- bradycardia
- constipation
- cold
- muscle weakness
- edema of extremities
80
hyperthyrodism symptoms
- exophtalamos
- tachycardia
- diarrhea
- warm
- hyper reflexia
- pretibial edema
81
diagnosis of hypothyroidism
- increased TSH, decreased T3 and T4
- basal metabolic rate decrease
82
generalized myxedema
- severely advanced hypothyrodism
- weigth gain, mental dulllness, sensitivity to cold
83
Glucocorticoids
- steriod hormones
- have metabolic, neurological, anti-inflammatory, and growth supressing effects
84
what is the most potent glucocorticoid
cortisol
85
what is the most potent mineralcorticoid
aldosterone
86
mineral corticoids
- affect sodium retention and potassiun and hydrogen loss
87
the adrenal cortex secretes
- glucocorticoids
- mineralcorticoids
- ganadotropins
88
the adrenal medulla secretes
catecholamines
- epinephrine
- norepineprine
89
cushing syndrome
- chronic exposure to excess cortisol regardless of cause
90
cushing disease
- excess endogenous secretion of ACTH
- most commonly caused by tumour
91
cushing disease signs and symptoms
- weight gain (trunk and cervical area)
- glucose intolerance
- diabetes mellitus (20%)
- protein wasting (muscle wasting and osteoporosis)
- short stature in children
- loss of collagen (thin skin, weakened capillaries) --> easy bruising
92
Addisons disease
- hypocortisolism and low aldosterone
- autoimmune destruction
93
addisons disease signs and symptoms
- abdominal pain, nausea, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, weakness, extreme fatigue, dehydration, hypotension, hypoglycemia
94
