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Pathophysiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

hormone release is regulated by

A
  • chemical factors
  • endocrine factors
  • neural control
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2
Q

positive feedback

A

increases secretion

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3
Q

negative feedback

A

decreases secretion

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4
Q

hyperfunction can be caused by

A

excessive secretion of hormones, a tumour in the gland, etopic tumour somewhere else

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5
Q

hyperfunction

A
  • increased stimulation of an endocrine gland
  • caused by hyperlasia or neoplasia of an endocrine gland or tumour
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6
Q

hypofunction can be caused by

A
  • cogneital defect of the gland
  • gland destruction
  • aging
  • atrophy due to drug administration
  • receptor defects
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7
Q

pancrease endocrine function

A

releases hormones (insulin, glucagon, amylin, and somatostain) into the blood

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8
Q

pancrease exocrine function

A

releases digestive enzymes into the GI tract

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9
Q

Islets of langerhans make up ___% of the pancreas by receive ______ of the blood flow

A

1-2%
10-15%

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10
Q

alpha cells

A

secrete glucagon

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11
Q

beta cells

A
  • secrete insulin and amylin
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12
Q

delta cells

A

secrete somatosostatin and gastrin

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13
Q

glucagon acts primarily in the

A

liver

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14
Q

glucagon is stimulated by

A

low glucose levels

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15
Q

glucagon function

A

increases bllod glucose concentration by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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16
Q

glycogenolysis

A

carbohydrate stored in the liver is broken down into glucose for energy use

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17
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

formation of glucose for noncarbohydrate carbon sources

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18
Q

insulin

A

promotes cellular glucose reuptake

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19
Q

amylin

A
  • co secreted with insulin
  • regulates glucose concentration
  • can delay gestric emptying and supress glucagon secretion after meals
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20
Q

type 1 Diabetes Melitus is also called

A

insulin dependent diabetes melitus

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20
Q

somatostatin

A

growth hormone inhibitor
- regulates alpha and beta cell function
- inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon

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21
Q

type 2 diabetes melitus is also called

A

non-insulin dependent diabetes melitus

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22
Q

type 1 diabetes

A
  • has almost complete beta cell destruction
  • no production of insulin
  • total insulin dependency
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23
Q

type 2 diabetes

A
  • occurs over time as body becomes insulin resistant
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24
Q

what is the most common pediatric chronic disease

A

type 1 diabetes mellitus

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25
Q

idiopathic

A
  • strong genetic link
  • more common in asian or african decent (still rare)
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26
Q

Autoimmune

A
  • most common
  • body destroys beta cells
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27
Q

what are the 2 types of type 1 diabetes mellitus

A
  • idopathic
  • autoimmune
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28
Q

hyperglycemia occurs when

A

80-90% of insulin secreting cells are destroyed

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29
Q

type 1 diabetes effect on hormones

A
  • glucagon increased
  • amylin decreased
    *** causes hyperglycemia
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30
Q

Diabetes Mellitus type 1 signs and symptoms

A
  • hyperglycaemia
  • osmotic diuresis manifesting as polyuria and thirst
  • effects metabolism (tired)
  • weight loss
    high levels of ketones (potential ketoacidosis)
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31
Q

what are the first 2 symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

polyuria and thirst

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32
Q

type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus effect on weight

A

type 1= weight loss
type 2 = because of weight gain

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33
Q

ketones are ususally used in our body by the

A

heart

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34
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis usually happens to

A
  • newly diagnoised diabetics
  • not taking enough insulin or not taking ant insulin
  • stomach illness with excessive vomiting
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35
Q

signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis

A
  • dry mouth, strong thirst
  • polyuria
  • deep respirations in metabolic acidosis
  • fruity breath (due to ketones)
  • nausea, vomiting
  • confusion, loss of conciousness
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36
Q

how to diagnose diabetic hetoacidosis

A
  • high blood glucose
  • high ketone levels
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37
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 2 process

A

cells develope resistance to insulin –> pancrease releases more insulin –> exhausted beta cells can no longer release insulin

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38
Q

what leads to insulin resistance

A

obesity

39
Q

what are the known causes of type 2 DM

A

none
- combination of genetic and enviormental

40
Q

type 2 DM risk factors

A
  • age, obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension, high cholesterol, family history, sedentary behaviour, prior history of gestational diabetes
  • native american, hispanic, african decent
41
Q

type 2 DM signs and symptoms

A
  • may be asymptomatic
  • polyiria
  • excessive thirst
  • fatigue
  • dry skin
  • sores that wont heal
  • more infections than normal
  • unexplained weight loss
  • sudden vision changes
42
Q

complicartions of acute diabetes mellitus

A
  • dabetic ketoacidosis
  • hypoglycemia
  • Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS)
43
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis is most common in what type of diabetes

A

type 2

44
Q

hypoglycemia signs and symptoms

A
  • pallor, palpitations, diaphoresis, dizziness, irritability, fatigue, poor judgement, confusion, visula disturbances, sezuires and coma
45
Q

Hyperosmolar hyperglucemic syndrome is ussually cause by

A

infection (usually pneumonia)
or
poor adherence to diabetic meds

46
Q

Hyperosmolar hyperglucemic syndrome signs and symptoms

A
  • high serum glucose
  • normal bicarbonate and PH (no acidosis)
  • dehydration elevates glucose due to volume depletion
47
Q

Hyperosmolar hyperglucemic syndrome treatment

A
  • fluid replacement
  • electrolyte replacement
48
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis

A
  • hyperglycemia
  • metabolic acidosis
  • most common in T1DM
49
Q

Hyperosmolar hyperglucemic syndrome

A
  • severe hypoglycaemia
  • elevated serum osmolarity
  • T2DM after long illness
50
Q

macrovascular disease causes

A

damage to medium and large blood vessels

51
Q

microvascular disease causes

A

damage to small blood vessels

52
Q

pateitns are at risk for macrovascular disease if

A
  • hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, children with poorly controlled diabetes
  • increased risk if combined with smoking, obesity, dyslipidemia
53
Q

A1c diagnostics

A
  • percentage of hemoglobin that is glycated or covered with glucose
  • should be <6.5%
  • good test to see if a diabetic is managing their glucose/insulin levels
54
Q

Fasting glucose

A
  • should be <7.0
  • body shlul dbe able to break down almost all of the glucose if you have been fasting for over 8 hours
55
Q

2 hours post meal

A
  • glucose tolerance <11.1
  • your body shoul dbe able to control glucose levels within 2 hours of eating
56
Q

Random glucose (GTT)

A
  • should be <11.1
57
Q

OGTT oral glucose test

A
  • given a dose og glucose and blood glucose is measured at intervals of 1-2 hours following administration
58
Q

babies born from mothers with gestational diabetes will typically be

A

larger in size

59
Q

the posterior pituitary gland secretes

A
  • ADH
  • oxytocin
60
Q

ADH is regulated by

A

the hypothalmus

61
Q

posterior pituitary gland hyperfunction

A
  • syndrome of inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH)
62
Q

posterior pituitary gland hypofunction

A

diabetes insipidus

63
Q

ADH hormone function

A
  • helps control blood pressure by acting on kidneys and blood vessels
  • conserve fluid volume
64
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A
  • high urinary output
  • low levels of ADH
  • hypernatremia
  • dehydrated
  • lose too much fluid
65
Q

SIADH

A
  • low urinary output
  • high levels of ADH
  • hyponatremia
  • over hydrated
  • retain too much fluid
66
Q

what symptom will both diabetes insipidus and SIADH present with

A

excessive thirst

67
Q

the thyroid gland secretes

A
  • T3 and T4
  • calcitonin (c cells)
68
Q

T3 and T4 function

A
  • essential for growth, maturation, and function of cells and tissures
  • required for metabolism and function of RBCs
69
Q

increased levels to thyroxine hormones results in

A
  • increased metabolic rate with heat intolerance
  • increased tissue sensitivity to stimulation
70
Q

50-80% of hyperthyroidism is caused by

A

graves disease

71
Q

Graves disease signs and symptoms

A
  • Ophthalmopathy
  • exopthalmos
  • demopathy
  • myxedema
72
Q

thyroid storm signs and symptoms

A
  • hyperthermia, tachycardia, agitation, delirium, nausea and vomiting
73
Q

thyroid storm

A
  • results from partially treated or undiagnosied graves disease and increased stress
  • medical emergency (death can occur in 24 hours)
74
Q

hyperthyrodism diagnosis

A
  • increased serum thyroxine
  • suppresed TSH levels
75
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A
  • hypothyrodism
  • autoimmune (gradual inflammation and destruction of thyroid tissue)
76
Q

Hashimotos disease symptoms

A
  • lower energy metabolism, lowers heat production
  • low basal metabolic rate (cold intolerance, lethargy)
77
Q

goitre

A
  • swelling from enlargement of the thyroid gland
  • major cause is iodine deficiency
78
Q

symptoms similar in hyper and hypo thyroidism

A

hair loss, insomnia

79
Q

hypothroidism symptoms

A
  • perioritbal edema
  • bradycardia
  • constipation
  • cold
  • muscle weakness
  • edema of extremities
80
Q

hyperthyrodism symptoms

A
  • exophtalamos
  • tachycardia
  • diarrhea
  • warm
  • hyper reflexia
  • pretibial edema
81
Q

diagnosis of hypothyroidism

A
  • increased TSH, decreased T3 and T4
  • basal metabolic rate decrease
82
Q

generalized myxedema

A
  • severely advanced hypothyrodism
  • weigth gain, mental dulllness, sensitivity to cold
83
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • steriod hormones
  • have metabolic, neurological, anti-inflammatory, and growth supressing effects
84
Q

what is the most potent glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

85
Q

what is the most potent mineralcorticoid

A

aldosterone

86
Q

mineral corticoids

A
  • affect sodium retention and potassiun and hydrogen loss
87
Q

the adrenal cortex secretes

A
  • glucocorticoids
  • mineralcorticoids
  • ganadotropins
88
Q

the adrenal medulla secretes

A

catecholamines
- epinephrine
- norepineprine

89
Q

cushing syndrome

A
  • chronic exposure to excess cortisol regardless of cause
90
Q

cushing disease

A
  • excess endogenous secretion of ACTH
  • most commonly caused by tumour
91
Q

cushing disease signs and symptoms

A
  • weight gain (trunk and cervical area)
  • glucose intolerance
  • diabetes mellitus (20%)
  • protein wasting (muscle wasting and osteoporosis)
  • short stature in children
  • loss of collagen (thin skin, weakened capillaries) –> easy bruising
92
Q

Addisons disease

A
  • hypocortisolism and low aldosterone
  • autoimmune destruction
93
Q

addisons disease signs and symptoms

A
  • abdominal pain, nausea, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, weakness, extreme fatigue, dehydration, hypotension, hypoglycemia
94
Q
A

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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