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Pathophysiology > Cerebral Vascular and Infectious Disorders > Flashcards

Cerebral Vascular and Infectious Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is the leasing cause of disability

A

cerebrovascular accident

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2
Q

what are the major risk factors for a cerebrovascular accident

A
  • hypertensio, and type 2 diabetes
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3
Q

whata re the three types of cerevrovascular accidents

A
  • Ischemic
  • hemmorrhagic
  • hypoperfusion
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4
Q

what are the risk factors for a cerebrovascular accident

A
  • poorly or uncontrolled hypertension
  • smoking
  • insulin resistance and diabetes melitus
  • polycythemia, thrombocythemia
  • high LDL; low HDL
  • congestive heart disease and peripheral vascular disease
  • hyperhomocysteinemia
  • artrial fibrillation
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5
Q

Ischemic stroke

A
  • obstruction of blood flow to the brain caused by thrombus, embolism, or hypoperfusion (decreased blood volume or heart failure)
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6
Q

transient ischemic attacks

A
  • last under an hour
  • focal cerebral ishemia
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7
Q

transient ischemic attacks signs and symptoms

A

weakness, numbness, sudden confusion, loss of balance, sudden or severe headache

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8
Q

thrombotic stroke

A
  • atrial occlusions caused by thrombi in arteries supplying brain or inter cranial vessels
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9
Q

thrombic stroke risk factors

A
  • increased coagulation or inadequate cerebral perfusion
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10
Q

thrombotic stroke most often developes for

A

atherosclerosis

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11
Q

embolic stroke

A
  • fragments that break from thrombus formed outside the brain or from fat, air, tumour, bacteria or foreign body
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12
Q

embolic stroke risk factors

A

atrial fibrillation, potential for pooling of blood, left artial or centricular disease, recent myocardial infraction, tumours

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13
Q

hypoperfusion stroke occurs

A

if there is carotid artery occlusion

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14
Q

hypoperfusion stroke is caused by

A

cardiac failure, pulmonar embolism or hemorrhage that results in inadequate blood flow to the brain

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15
Q

ischemic stroke signs and symptoms

A

Weakness
Trouble Speaking
Vision Problems
Headache
Dizziness

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16
Q

broad signs and symptoms of a stoke acronym

A

FAST
Face - is it drooping?
Arms - can you riase both?
Speech - is it slurred or jumbled
time - to call 911 right away

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17
Q

hypoperfusion ischemic stroke symptoms

A

are bilateral and diffuse

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18
Q

embolic stroke treatment

A
  • prevent further embolisation
  • anticoagulation therapy
  • correct primary problem (fat, embolus, tumour, cardiac condition)
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19
Q

intracrainial aneurysms is caused by

A

arteriosclerosis, congenital abnormality, cocaine use, inflammation, vascular sheer wall stress

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20
Q

intercranial aneurysms is most often located at the

A

bifurcation or near the circle of Willis, vertebrobasillar arteries, carotid arteries

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21
Q

intercranial aneurysms signs and symptoms

A

often asymptomatic
- dizziness or headache

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22
Q

if cranial nerves are effected

A

stoke on left side shows left sided deficits

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23
Q

arteriovenous malformation (AVM) signs and symptoms

A
  • chronic headache
  • 50% will have seizures
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24
Q

arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)

A
  • congenital vascular lesion
  • mass of dilation vessels instread of a capillary bed
  • direct shunting of arterial blood into the venous system
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25
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhages risk factors

A
  • intracranial aneurysm, AVM, hypertension, family history of subarachnoid hemorrhage, sustained head injury
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26
Q

complication of subarachoid hemorrhages

A

Vasospasm
- causes decreased cerebral blood flow, ischemia, and potential infract

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27
Q

subarachnoid signs and symptoms

A

Early: headache, changes in mental staus of LOC, nausea or vomiting

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28
Q

ruptured subarachnoid hemorrhages signs and symptoms

A

sudden throbbing, explosice headache with nausea and vomiting, visual disturbances, motor deficits, decreased LOC, neck stiffness, photophobia, blurred vision due to meningeal irritation

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29
Q

subarachoid hemorrhages treatment

A
  • controlling ICP, improving cerebral perfusion pressure, prevent ischemia and hypoxia or neural tissues, and avoid rebleeding
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30
Q

intraparenchymal aneurysms treatment

A

stop bleeding, control intercrainal pressure, prevent rebleed, prevent rebleed, prevent vasospasm, surgical intervention (rutured aneurysms, AV malformations, and subarachnoid hemorrhage)

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31
Q

intracranial aneurysms treatment

A
  • control hypertension, prevent vasospasm, microvascular clipping or endovascular coild
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32
Q

AV malformation treatment

A
  • surgical excision, embolization, radiotherapy
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33
Q

outcome of left side stroke

A
  • right sided weakness or paralysis
  • problems with speech (speaking and understanding)
  • Visual (cant see the right side of vision)
  • depression and cautiousness
  • impaired cognitive abilities
  • memory problems
34
Q

right sided stroke outcomes

A
  • left sided weakness or paralysis
  • denial of paralysis (“left neglect” - lack of response to stimuli on the left side)
  • visual (cant see left side)
  • depth perception
  • recognition of body parts
  • memory problems
  • depression, inappropriate behaviours, impulsivity
35
Q

cerebellum stroke outcomes

A
  • problems with gait
  • dizziness
  • headache
  • nausea and vomiting
36
Q

brainstem stroke outcomes

A
  • respiratory and cardiac concerns
  • tempurature control
  • balance/coordination
  • weakness or paralysis
  • dysphagia, dysphasia
  • vision prpblems
  • coma or death
37
Q

example fo left sided neglect

A

when writing the number 12 only writes the number 2

38
Q

example of primary prevention for stoke

A
  • education
  • yearly checkups
39
Q

example of secondary prevention for stroke

A
  • FAST
  • lifestyle changes: diet, sodium intake, exercise, wight, smoking, and alcohol intake)
40
Q

tertiary prevention fro stroke examples

A

treatments for stoke

41
Q

headache

A
  • symptom of an underlying disease (brain tumor, CVA< meningitis)
42
Q

Cluster headache

A

pain is in and around one eye

43
Q

tension headache

A

pain is like a band squeezing the head
- mild to moderate headache felt on both sides of the head

44
Q

migraine headache

A
  • pain, nausea and visual changes are typical of classic form
45
Q

migraine

A

episodic neurologic disorder headache lasting 4-72 hours

46
Q

individuals who suffer from migraines are at higher risk of

A

epilepsy, depression, anxiety, cardiovascular disease and stoke

47
Q

premonitory phase

A
  • hours to days before the onset of a headache
    SYMPTOMS: tiredness, irritability to concentrate, and stiff neck
48
Q

migraine aura

A
  • may last 1 hour
    SYMPTOMS: visual (flashes of light), sensory (tingeling on one side of the body), or motor (inability to speak clearly)
49
Q

what perventage of people report having migraine aura

A

1/3

50
Q

headache phase

A

throbbing and spread to entire head
- accompanied by nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and dizziness
- may last 4-72 hours

51
Q

recovery phase

A
  • irritability, fatigue, depression
  • lasts hours to days
52
Q

management of headaches

A
  • identify and avoid triggers
  • sleeping at the onset
  • pharmacy for prevention and treatment
  • rebound headaches (overuse of analgesics)
  • manage weight, avoid caffeine
53
Q

Cluster headaches occur

A

in the autonomic division of CN5 (trigeminal nerve)

54
Q

cluster headache is described as

A

servere, stabbing, throbbing

55
Q

cluster headache occurs predominetly in

A

men between 20 and 50 years of age

56
Q

cluster headache treatment

A
  • avoid triggers
  • treated with medications and oxygen
57
Q

what is the most common type of headache

A

most common

58
Q

what is the average age of onset for tension headaches

A

teenage years

59
Q

tension headache treatment

A
  • mild treated with ice
  • moderate treated with aspirin and NSAIDS
  • possibly antidepressants, botox injections
  • long term use of analgesics, caffeine, antihistamines should be avoided
60
Q

meningitis

A
  • inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
61
Q

bacterial menigitis is caused by

A

neisseria meningitidis and streptococcus pneumoniae

62
Q

acute menigitis

A

< 1 day

63
Q

subacte menigitis

A

1-7 days

64
Q

chronic meningitis

A

> 7 days

65
Q

bacterial menigitis risk factors

A
  • Invasive injury or procedure
  • Respiratory/ear infection
  • Immunocompromised individuals
  • Overcrowded living conditions
66
Q

Aseptic Viral Meningitis

A
  • results form infection or secondary to disease (enteroviral viruses, mumps, herpes type 2, measles
67
Q

risk factors for aseptic viral menigitis

A

infants, children, older adults, malnourishmnet, immunosuppression, and CNS trauma

68
Q

treatment of aseptic viral meningitis

A

antivirals, and supportive corticosteriods

69
Q

viral meningitis neurological symtoms

A
  • changes in LOC
  • focal defitics
  • seizures
70
Q

infectous meningitis signs

A
  • fever, tachycardia, chills, ect.
71
Q

clinical signs of viral meningitis

A
  • headache, stiff neck, photophobia, + kernig sign, + brudzinski’s sign
72
Q

brudzinski’s sign

A

severe neck stiffness causes hips and knees to flex when the neck is flexed

73
Q

kernig’s sign

A

severe stiffness of the hamstrings case an inability to straighten the leg when the hip is flexed to 90 degrees

74
Q

Diagnostics for meningitis

A
  • brudzinski’s sign
  • kernig’s sign
  • lumbar puncture
  • sinus and skill xrays
  • CT scan/MRI
  • blood cultures
  • WBC
75
Q

meningitis complication

A
  • Hearing loss – Most common
  • Seizures
  • Increased ICP & cerebral edema
  • Altered mental status
  • Cerebrovascular damage
    Intellectual deficit
76
Q

meningitis complications in children

A
  • sensory hearing loss, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, subdural effusions, subdural empyema
77
Q

hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of CSF in the brain

78
Q

sudural effusions

A

fluid

79
Q

subdural empyema

A

pus

80
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the parenchyma of the brain or spinal cord due to infection

81
Q

encephalitis signs and symptoms

A

similar to meningitis but are usually sicker
- seizures, decrease LOC, aphasia, paralysis, ataxia (gait) abnormalities, nystagmus (eye), hyperkinesia, severe personality changes

82
Q

encephalitis potential outcomes

A

memory problems, personality and behaviour changes, speech problems, epilepsy, physical difficulties, depression and fatigue

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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