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Pathophysiology > Respiratory Function > Flashcards

Respiratory Function Flashcards

1
Q

Pneumo-

A

air, breath

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2
Q

pneumon-

A

lung

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3
Q

ventilation

A
  • movement of air in and out of the lungs
    *** dosent mean there has been an exchange of oxygen
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4
Q

oxygenation

A
  • loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin
  • delivery of oxygen to the organs
    *** doesnt mean there has been ventilation
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5
Q

respiration

A
  • exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli as well as capillaries
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6
Q

Perfusion

A
  • delivery of blood to a capillary bed in tissue
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7
Q

General signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease

A
  • dyspnea
  • cough
  • sputum
  • hemoptysis
  • abnormal breathing
  • hypo/hyper ventilation
  • cyanosis
  • clubbing
  • pain
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8
Q

dyspnea

A

-difficulty breathing
- breathlessness, air hunger, shortness of breath, laboured breathing and preoccupation with breathing

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9
Q

signs of dyspnea

A
  • faring nostrils, use of accessory muscles, tracheal tug
  • head bobbing in infants
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10
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

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11
Q

ortho-

A

upright

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12
Q

orthopnea

A
  • difficulty breathing when lying down
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13
Q

nocturnal dyspnea

A
  • difficulty breathing after you have been lying down for awhile
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14
Q

Cough

A

protective reflex, part of the innate immune system

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15
Q

Acute cough

A

2-3 weeks; resolves with treatment
EXAMPLE: pneumonia, apiration

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16
Q

Chronic cough

A

longer than 2-3 weeks
EXAMPLE: smokers cough, disease process

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17
Q

Hemoptysis

A

coughing up of blood or bloody secretions

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18
Q

kussmaul respirations

A

increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal volume, no

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19
Q

cheyne stokes respirations

A

alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing; apnea and then hyperventilation

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20
Q

clear or white sputum

A

normal secretions

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21
Q

yellow or green sputum

A

indicates infections

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22
Q

rust colored sputum

A

pneumococcal pneumonia (most common pneumonia)

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23
Q

frothy pink colored sputum

A

symptom of heart failure

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24
Q

hemoptysis

A

blood or blood stained mucus

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25
Q

hematemesis

A

blood in vomit

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26
Q

hyperpnea

A

fast respirations

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27
Q

sleep apnea

A
  • occurs during sleeping
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28
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing

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29
Q

assessment of sleep apnea

A

monitored sleep to asses periods of apnea, frequent and lenghty

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30
Q

risk factors for sleep apnea

A

obesity, upper airway obstruction (large neck, recessed chin)

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31
Q

sleep apnea contributes to

A

heart disease, hypertension atrial fibrillation , DVT

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32
Q

cyan-

A

blue

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33
Q

-osis

A

condition

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34
Q

hypoventilation

A

inadequate alveolar ventilation in relation to metabolic needs

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35
Q

how to asses if someone has hypoventilation

A

PCO2 > 45
- if continues to climb = respiratory acidosis

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36
Q

causes of hypoventilation

A

damage to CNS, narcotic overdose

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37
Q

hypoventilation can cause _______ and ______

A

hypoxemia
hypoxia

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38
Q

hypoxemia manifests in

A

sleepiness, disorientation
- can cause hypoxia

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39
Q

treatment of hypoventilation

A

oxygen, increase respirations

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40
Q

hyperventilation can cause

A

hypocapnia

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41
Q

hypocapnia

A

PCO2 <35

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42
Q

hyperventilation casues

A

severe anxiety, acute head trauma, pain

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43
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish tinge to skin and mucous membranes

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44
Q

cyanosis is an indication of

A

hypoxemia

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45
Q

peripheral cyanosis indicates

A

low cardiac output

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46
Q

central cyanosis

A

not enough oxygen getting to the periphery

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47
Q

clubbing causes

A

disruption of the normal pulmonary circulation with chronic hypoxemia or chronic low blood oxygen levels

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48
Q

clubbing =

A

chronic condition

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49
Q

pain is caused by pulmonary disorders that originates in the

A

pleurae, airways, or chest wall

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50
Q

what are the causes of pain

A
  • infection or inflammation
  • pulmonary embolism (PE)
  • infection and inflammation of the trachea or bronchi
  • excessive coughing
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51
Q

hypercapnia

A

too much carbon dioxide; PCO2 >45

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52
Q

hypercapnia causes

A

decreased drive to breath, chronic conditons

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53
Q

hypercapnia signs and symptoms

A

similar to respiratory acidosis
- vasodilation of blood vessels, depression of the CNS

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54
Q

Hypoxemia

A

reduced oxygen of the arterial blood

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55
Q

hypoxia

A

reduced oxygenation of cells

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56
Q

causes of hypoxemia

A
  • poor oxygen delivery to alveoli
  • poor movement of oxygen from alveoli to blood
  • perfusion of pulmonary capillaries
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57
Q

poor movement of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood is called

A

V/Q mismatch

58
Q

V/Q mismatch happens when

A

part of your lung:
- receives oxygen without blood flow
or
- have blood flow without oxygen

59
Q

V/Q mismatch refers to

A

abnormal distribution of ventilation and perfusion

60
Q

Shunting

A

blood is moving through the lung but no ventilation

61
Q

shunting example

A

when the alveoli fills with fluid, causing part of the lung to be unventilated although they are perfused

62
Q

dead space

A

air is moving into the alveoli; no blood is moving by the lungs

63
Q

dead space example

A

pulmonary embolism

64
Q

alveolocapillary membrane is impaired

A

oxygen is there, circulation is there, but gas cannot be exchanged due to membrane impairment

65
Q

alveolocapillary membrane is impaired example

A

pulmonary edema or fibrosis

66
Q

signs and symptoms of VQ mismatch

A

aerobic metabolsim stops (increase in serum lactic acid, increased acid production leads to metabolic acidosis)

67
Q

VQ mismatch can lead to

A

metabolic acidosis

68
Q

acute respiratory failure

A

inadequate gas exchange
PaO2 <60 or high PCO2 >50
Ph <7.25

69
Q

pulmonary embolism causes

A
  • blood clots that travel to deep veins
  • fat from the marrow of a broken long bone
  • part of a tumor
  • air bubbles from medical procedures
70
Q

pulmonary embolism risk factors

A

immobility, inherited conditions, surgery on bone, broken bone, having central venous lines

71
Q

pulmonary embolism signs and symptoms

A
  • sudden onset of sharp chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, hypotension and unexplained anxiety
72
Q

VQ scan

A
  • uses radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) to examine airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs
  • looks for evidence of clot in the lungs
73
Q

flail chest

A

segment of rib cage breaks due to trauma and becomes detatched from the rest of the chest wall

74
Q

flail chest signs and symptoms

A

chest pain and shortness of breath, ineffective ventilation, pulmonary contusion

75
Q

pukmonary contusion

A

bleeding into the pleural cavity, can cause poor inflation of lungs hypoventilation with atelectasis

76
Q

flail chest results

A

increased dead space, decreased intrathoracic pressure, and increased oxygen demand from injured tissue

77
Q

comorbitiy considerations for flail chest

A
  • obesity
  • scoliosis
  • impaired muscle function
78
Q

scoliosis

A

curving of the spine (harder to inflate lungs)

79
Q

impaired muscle function can be caused by

A

muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, gullian barre syndrome (GBS)

80
Q

primary pneumothorax

A

spontaneous; closed
- no opening of the skin in the chest wall
- whole on the surface of the lung
- air moves from inside the lung to the plural speace

81
Q

secondary pneumothorax

A

trauma; open
- opening of the chest wall
- air moves from outside body to the plural space

82
Q

Pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung

83
Q

closed

A

air pressure is < barometric pressure

84
Q

open

A
  • air pressure in the pleural space = barometric pressure
85
Q

complication of pneumothorax

A

tension pneumothrorax

86
Q

tension pneumothorax

A
  • tracheal deviation away from affected lung
  • hypotension
87
Q

signs and symptoms of pneumothorax

A

pleural pain, increased respirations and heart rate

88
Q

pleural effusion

A

build up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lung

89
Q

Transudative (hydrothorax)

A
  • change in the hydrostatic pressure
  • fluid leaking from the capillaries surrounding area
90
Q

exudative

A
  • infection or inflammation
91
Q

empysema

A

pus seen in pneumonia, lung abscesses, or localized infection

92
Q

hemothorax

A

blood seen in trauma, surgery, rupture

93
Q

chylothorax

A

lymph and fatty fluid seen in rare complication of surgeries in the neck and mediastinum

94
Q

Aspiration

A

relatively large amount of material from the stomach or mouth entering the lungs
- rapid onset

95
Q

aspiration predisposing factors

A

altered LOC, seizure disorders, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

96
Q

aspiration signs and symptoms

A

sudden onset of chocking and intractable cough, fever, dyspnea, wheezing

97
Q

aspiration risk factors

A

weak cough, unconscious patient, poor gag reflex, unable to swallow properly

98
Q

prevention for aspiration

A

semi-fowler for tube feelings, promobility agents, NG

99
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse or closure of alveoli, not filled with fluid

100
Q

atelectasis causes

A

blocked airway (obstruction) or pressure from outside the lung (nonobstructive)

101
Q

what is a common cause of atelectasis

A

anestesia

102
Q

causes of atelectasis

A
  • general anesthesia
  • compression (collapse)
  • absorption
  • surfactant impairment
103
Q

atelectasis signs and symptoms

A

dyspnea, cough, fever, leukocytosis

104
Q

what is the main reason an incentive spirometer is used after surgery

A

atelectasis

105
Q

pulmonary edema

A

excess fluid in the lungs

106
Q

what is the most common cause of pulmonary edema

A

congestive heart failure

107
Q

pulmonary edema causes

A
  • congestive heart failure
  • capillary injury
  • obstruction of the lymphatic system
108
Q

pulmonary edema signs and symptoms

A

dyspnea, hypoxemia, increased work of breathing, inspiratory crackles, dullness to percussion to lower lobes

109
Q

how to diagnosis pulmonary edema

A

chest x-ray, presence of pink frothy sputum

110
Q

pulmonary flash edema

A
  • rapid onset of pulmonary edema
111
Q

causes of flash pulmonary edema

A

myocardial infraction, heart failure

112
Q

Asthma

A
  • common long tern inflammatory disease of the bronchial mucosa
  • causes bronchial hyper-responsiveness, constriction, obstruction
113
Q

asthma risk factors

A

age of onset, levels of allergen exposure, air pollution, tobacco smoke, recurrent respiratory infections

114
Q

symptoms of asthma episodes

A

wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.

115
Q

COPD

A

long tern breathing problems and poor airflow
- covers both chronic bronchitis and emphysema

116
Q

COPD symptoms

A

shortness of breath, cough with sputum productions
- symptoms cannot be reverses

117
Q

chronic bronchitis and emphysema are _______ of COPD

A

phenotypes

118
Q

COPD prevention

A

quit smoking, wash your hands, avoid air pollution, wear protective mask

119
Q

Chronic bronchitis is called

A

blue bloaters

120
Q

chronic bronchitis symptoms

A

chronic, productive cough; purulent sputum; hemoptysis; mild dyspnea; cyanosis; peripheral edema; crackles; wheezes; obese

121
Q

Emphysema (pink puffers) symptoms

A

dyspnea; mild cough; pink skin; pushed lip breathing; cachexia; hyperinflation, barrel chest; decreased breath sounds; tachypnea

122
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

change or mutation is gene called CFTR

123
Q

cystic fibrosis effect on the lungs

A

mucus plugging, chronic inflammation and infections, 75% bacteria colonization

124
Q

acute bronchitis

A
  • viral infection of the bronchial tubes; narrows the airways
  • develops 3-4 days after a cold or flu
125
Q

manifestations of acute bronchitis

A

fever, cough, malaise like pneumonia

126
Q

what are the categories of pneumonia

A

CAP
HAP
VAP
HCAP

127
Q

CAP

A

community acquired pneumonia
- no contact with anyone in the hospital

128
Q

HAP

A

hospital aquires pneumonia

129
Q

VAP

A

ventilator associated pneumonia

130
Q

HCAP

A

heath care associated pneumonia

131
Q

risk factors for pneumococcal pneumonia

A
  • age
  • smoking
  • immunosupression
  • altered level of conciousness
  • difficultly swallowing
132
Q

pneumococcal pneumonia

A

most common pneumonia

133
Q

Pneumococcal pneumonia mainfestations

A

upper respiratory tract infection
- fever, chills, productive or dry cough, malaise, pleural pain

134
Q

Covid -19 symptoms

A

fever, dry cough, fatigue
less common: aches and pains, sore throat, conjectivitis, loss of taste or smell

135
Q

covid 19 is spread

A

through droplets from nose or mouth

136
Q

symtoms of laryngeal cancer

A

hoarseness, dyspnea, and cough

137
Q

two main types of lung cancers

A
  • non small cells lung cancer
  • neuroendocrine tumours
138
Q

types of non-small cell lung cancer

A
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Squamous cell
  • Large cell carcinomas
139
Q

adenocarcarcinoma

A
  • most common form
  • usually begins in the outer regions of the lung
140
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • tends to cause early symptoms
141
Q

large cell carcinoma

A
  • grows rapidly and causes late symptoms
  • usually begins in the outer edges of the lungs
142
Q

infections of the upper respiratory system

A
  • croup
  • tonsilitis
  • aspiration
  • bronchiolitis

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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