Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
amenorrhea
A
lack of menstration
2
Q
primary amenorrhea
A
absence of menstration by 13 years without the development of secondary sex characteristics or by 15 years with or without development
3
Q
secondary amenorrhea
A
absense of menstration for 3 cycles in women with previous cycles
4
Q
secondary amenorrhea can be caused by
A
- pregnancy/breastfeeding
- missing oragans (surgically removed uterus)
- hormone imbalance (thyroid malfunction, primary tumor, premature menopause, polycystic ovaries)
- lifestyle
- obesity an anorexia
5
Q
signs of primary amenorrhea
A
does not start menstrating
6
Q
signs of secondary amorrhea
A
absense of menstruation for more than 3 months
7
Q
PCOS
A
endocrine imbalances
defined as having 2/3 of the symptoms: anovulatory, elevated levels of androgens, and polycystic ovaries
8
Q
anvulatory
A
menstral cycle without ovulation
9
Q
do you have to have polysistic overaries to have PCOS
A
no
10
Q
does having polycyctic ovaries mena you have PCOS
A
no
11
Q
risk factors for PCOS
A
Obesity
- related to insulin resistance
12
Q
signs and symtoms of PCOS
A
- dysfunctional uterine bleeding or amenorrhea
- Hypertension and dyslipidemia
- male pattern heair growth
- insulin resistance
13
Q
what is dysmenorrhea
A
painful menstration
14
Q
primary dysmenorrhea
A
- occurs at the onset of their cycle
- incidence rises until late teens early 20s and then decreased
15
Q
primary dysmenorrhea causes
A
- excessive prostaglandin
- increased myometrial contraction, constricts endometrial blood vessels, and enhanced hypersensitivity
16
Q
secondary dysmenorrhea
A
- related to pathological conditions
- appears later in life, occurs anythime during their cycle
17
Q
causes of secondary dysmenorrhea
A
endometriosis, PID, adhesions, obstructive uterine or vagal anormalies, inflammation, uterine fibroids, polyps, tumours, cysts, or IUD
18
Q
symptoms of secondary dysmenorrhea
A
onset of menses accompanied by backpain, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, syncope, and headache
19
Q
endometrial polyps
A
- benign mass of tissue containing glands, connective tissue, and blood vessels
- develop anywhere within tissue within the uterus,
20
Q
endometrial polyps effect
A
- can be asymptomatic or cause excessive bleeding during cycle
21
Q
endometriosis
A
- endometrial tissue outside the uterus
22
Q
endometriosis symtoms
A
infertility, pelvic pain, pain on defication, pain during intercourse
23
Q
endometrial polyps treatment
A
can be removed through a hysteroscopy
24
Q
endometreosis treatment
A
surgery to remove endometrial implants and removing presacral plexus to control pain signals.
- high incidence of reoccurance
- medications
25
benign ovarian cysts
- most common in repproductive years and menospuase
- related to hormone imbalances
26
what are the most common benign ovarian cyst
follicle cysts
- unilateral;asymptomatic
- follicle ruptures and releases the ovu,
27
follicle cysts symptoms
may feeling bloating, tender breast, and havy or irregular menses
28
what is a demoid cyst
- common ovarian neoplasm
- may contain mature tissue (hair, skin, glads, cartilage, and bone)
29
uterine fibroids
- leiomyomas
- slow growing benign tumours that develop in the myometrium
30
uterine fibroids signs and symptoms
- mostly asymptomatic
- abnormal vaginal bleeding, pain and pressure on nearby structures, infertility
31
uterine fibroids treatment
- surgery: myomectomy or hysterectomy
32
exogenous pathogens
most often sexually transmitted infection
33
endogenous causes
infection from micro-organisms form vagina, bowel or vulve
- migration over proliferation due to immunocompromised state
34
latogenic
caused by medical procedure
35
salpingitis
inflammation of the fallopian tube may cause rupture of the tube cauing infection to form into the pelvic area leading to PID
36
you may see increased in the development of vaginitis and cervicitis in women that use
douches, sopas, spermicides, sprays, deodorant feminine pads
37
there is an increased incidence of vaginitis is
menopausal women
- due to low estrogen that causes atopic vaginitis
38
symptoms of infection
often asymptomatic
- discharge changes, becomes malodorus, and irritating
39
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is caused by
infection
40
PID risk factors
- STD (gonorrhea or chlamydia)
- previosu PID
- sexually active < 25 years
- using douches
- IUD
- induced abortions
- vaginal deleveries
41
untreated PID can lead to
infertility
42
PID signs and symptoms
pain in the lower abdomen, fever, odorous vaginal discharge, painful urination, abnormal bleeding between menstruation
43
Orchitis
acute inflammation of the testes
- often caused by STI or viral infections such as mumps
44
orchitis signs and symtoms
blood in semen, discharge from penis, pain, swelling
45
orchitis treatment
bed rest, ice packs, antibiotics if bacterial, viral will resolve on its own
46
epididymitis
occurs in sexually active males <35, usually caused by STI
47
epididymitis in older males can be associated with
urinary tract infections and interstitial bacteria
48
chemical epididymus is associated iwth
reflux of urine into the ejaculatory ducts
- stricutres and pressure on the bladder caused by excessive physical straining
49
epididymitis sings and symtpoms
acute and severe scrotal or inguinal pain, possibly flank pain, urethral discharge
50
urenthritis is caused by
gonorrhea
51
urethritis symtoms
pain or urination
52
urethral stricture
- narrowing of the urethra
- can be caused by scaring created from infections, procedures such as cytoscopy or long term catherization
- can cause bladde robstruction
53
urethral structures symtoms
less forceful urination, hesitency, and frequency
54
general sings and symtoms of neoplasms of the reproductive system
tissue destruction, obstruction, invasiveness, loss of function
55
nonproliferatice breast lesions are also called
fibrocystic changes
56
what is the msot common bibrocystic change
simple breast cyst
57
risks for breast cancer
- BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation
- familial history
- menstruation before the age of 12 or menopause after 55
- Nulliparity (no children) or first child after the age of 30
- HRT and oral contraceptives
- obesity
58
breast cancer is a
heterogenous disease (multiple etiologys)
59
what is the most common breast cancer
adencocarcinomas
60
ductal and lobular carcinoma in situ
cancer in the cells that line the milk duct
- have not spread to surrounding tissues
61
the majority of breast cancer occurs in
the upper outer quardent of the breasts
62
signs and symtoms of breast cancer
- large painless bump
- palpable nodes in the axilla, retraction of breast tissue, change in skin color or texture, discharge from nipple, or bone pain caused by metastasis
63
obstruction or destruction of lymphatic pathways lead to
metastasis to the opposite breast, neck, and abdomen
64
stage 0 breast cancer
non invasive cell malformation
65
stage 1 breast cancer
limited to breast tumour size <2cm
66
stage 2 breast cancer
- cancer present in the axillary node only
67
stage 3 breast cancer
- cancer in the axillary node
- present in skin and chest wall
- in nodes near clavicle or sternum
68
stage 4 breast cancer
- cancer spread to body
69
Gynecomastia
overdevelopment of breast tissue in males
- result of hormonal alterations
70
gyecomsastia causes
- idiopathic
- systemic disorders (cirrhosis, hepatitis, CKD, hyperthyroidism, TB, malnutrition
- medication or neoplasms
- imbalance in estrogen/testosterone levels
- imbalances related to aging, puberty, klinefelters syndrome, hypogonadism, or testicular neoplasms
71
male breast cancer risk factor
- >60 years
- klinefelters syndrome
- BRCA1 or BRCA 2 mutation
72
malignant breast cance rinvolves
the nipples
- crusting and nipple discharge common, ulceration and skin retraction, enlarged axillary nodes
73
cervical cancer risk factors
- multiple sex partners
- male partner with multiple sex partners
- sexually active at a young age
- multiple births
- HPV infection
- oral contracepives
- smoking
74
stage 1 cervical cancer
confined to the uterus and cervix
- up to 4 cm
75
stage 2 cervical cancer
has spread beyound the uterus to nearby areas (vagina)
76
stage 3 cervical cancer
involves the lower 1/3 of the the vagina
- spread to regional lymph nodes
77
stage 4 cervical cancer
spread to bladder or rectum and then to other parts of the body
78
vaginal cancer
rare form of cancer
79
vaginal cancer risk factors
- over 60
- receiving DES hormones while in utero
- HPV
- HIV
- previous carcinoma of the cervix
80
vaginal cancer symtoms
- asymptomatic
- abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, pain during intercourse, pain in pelvic area when urinating
81
what is the most common type of uterine cancer
endometrial
82
survival rate for endometral cancer
5 years
83
endometrial cancer risk factors
- unopposed estrogen (estrogen only HRT)
- early menstruation
- late menopause
- nulliparity
- failure to ovulate (PCOS)
- diabetes, besity, and sedentary lifestyle
84
signs and symtoms of endometrial cancer
- abnormal vaginal bleeding
- pain and weight loss
85
what is the leading cause of death in gynaecological malignancies
ovarian cancer
86
risk factors for ovarian cancer
- age
- family history
- obesity
- reproductive factors (fewer ovulations is better, oral contraceptives, more children, breast feeding)
- HRT
- diabetes
- previous cancer
- smoking
- asbestos
- radiation
87
signs and symtoms of ovarian cancer
silent disease
- no early symtoms
- possible abdominal distention, loss of appetite, feeling full, and pelvic pain
- advanced: pain, swelling, distention, vomiting, and changes in bowel habits
88
What is Benign Prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
enlargement of the prostate gland
89
rosk factors for BPH
family history and obesity
90
signs and symptoms of BPH
- bladder outflow obstruction
- urge to urinate, delay in straining stream, decreased force of urination, urine retention with overflow incontience
91
complications of BPH
bladder and kidney infections, bladder stones, hydronephorsis, and renal insufficency
92
what is prostatitis
inflammation of the prostate
93
acute bacterial prostatitis
- urinary tract infection
- infection causes inflammation of the prostate
- can be acute or follow catherization
94
acute bacterial prostatitis signs and symptoms
- prostate is enlarged, tender, firm or boggy
- sudden onset of malaise, low back pain, perineal pain and fever
95
what is used to treat complete obstruction form acute bacterial prostatis
suprapubic catheter
96
chronic bacterial prostatitis
- reoccurent urinary tract infections persistence of bacteria, presence of prostatic calculi
97
chronic prostatitis
inflammation that continues for 3 months or longer
- non bacterial cause; hard to treat
98
chronic prostatitis signs and symptoms
frequent urination, pain during urination, urgency, pain in perineum, lower back, rectum, penis, or testicles
99
prostate cancer risk factors
- obesity
- high prevelence in black people
- chronic inflammation
- family history
100
signs and symtoms of prostate cancer
- urinary obstruction, slow strea, hesitency, retention, nocturia
- late: bone pain, edema, enlarged lymph nodes, liver enlargement, bone fractures, mental confusion
101
stage 1 prostate cancer
cancer only in the prostate
102
stage 2 prostate cancer
still within the prostate but in both lobes
103
stage 3 prostate cancer
- beyound the prostate to lymph glands and seminal vesicles
104
stage 4 prostate cancer
- spread to other organs such as bone
105
testicular cancer risk factors
- caucasian
- more likely to affect teenagers
- family history
- abnormal testicular development (klinefelters synfrome
- undescented testis
106
testicular cancer signs and symtoms
- pain in one testicle or scrotum
- sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum
- dull ache in the abdomen
- lump in either testicle
- heaviness is the scrotu,
- back pain
- enlargement of breasts
107
what is the cause for structure disorders in males
genetic or inflammatory cuase
108
what is the cause for structure disroders of females
pelvic floor weakness
109
Pelvic organ prolapse
- loss of muscle tone and strenght with aging leads to pelvic organs not maintaining their proper position
110
pelvic organ prolapse can be caused by
childbirth, pelvic floor surgery, or pudendal nerve damage
111
risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse
- aging, obesity, and hysterectormy
- possible repeated heavy lifting (increases intraabdominal pressure)
- chronic lung disease or constipation
112
cystolele prolapse
posterior bladder wall descends into vaginal canal - usually caused by childbirth – mild to moderate are asymptomatic, severe may feel vaginal pressure
113
uterine prolapse
descent of cervix or entire uterus into vaginal canal – Graded 1-3 based on level of descent; mild to severe,
114
grade 3 uterine prolapse
- in grade 3 the cervix protrudes from the vagina
115
rectocele prolapse
bulging of the rectum and posterior vaginal wall into the vaginal canal
- childbirth may cause damage that leads to a rectocele, but rectocele may not be present until menopause
– chronic constipation contributes to rectocele development
116
enterolcele prolapse
descent of the small intestine into the lower pelvic cavity
- can be congenital or acquired
– caused by muscle weakness from previous surgery
–most found in grossly obese & older adults
117
vaginal vault prolapse
typically occurs after hysterectomy
– upper portion of the vagina loses its shape and descends down into the vaginal canal
118
signs and symtoms of pelvic organ prolaspe
painful intercourse, low back pain, chronic urge to urinate, feeling of pressure
119
Hypospadias
- urethral meatus in on the underside of the penis
120
Epispadis
- urethra does not fully develop
- urethral opening can be anterior located just behind the glands or posteriorly
- fissure develops on the posterior penis and extends into the bladder neck
121
Phimosis
foreskin cannot be retracted form penis
- normal ininfancy
122
Phimosis is associated with
poor hygiene and chronic infections
123
Paraphimosis
- foreskin is retracted and cannot be reduced back
- can cause constriction and become a medical emergency
124
varicocele
- enlargement of the testicular vein
- common cuase of low sperm count
125
Hydrocele
- collection of fluid in the thin shath surrounding the testicle
- most common cause of scrotal swelling
126
Crypotorchildism
- underdescended testes
- common congential abnormaility
- mosre often seen in low birth weight infants
127
torsion
- testes roatates on vascular pedicle
- sblood supply is cute off
- causes pain and swelling
- surgery required
128
what is seen on physical examination of hydrocele
light shined through scrotum will illuminate the scrotum
