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Pathophysiology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

amenorrhea

A

lack of menstration

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2
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

absence of menstration by 13 years without the development of secondary sex characteristics or by 15 years with or without development

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3
Q

secondary amenorrhea

A

absense of menstration for 3 cycles in women with previous cycles

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4
Q

secondary amenorrhea can be caused by

A
  • pregnancy/breastfeeding
  • missing oragans (surgically removed uterus)
  • hormone imbalance (thyroid malfunction, primary tumor, premature menopause, polycystic ovaries)
  • lifestyle
  • obesity an anorexia
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5
Q

signs of primary amenorrhea

A

does not start menstrating

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6
Q

signs of secondary amorrhea

A

absense of menstruation for more than 3 months

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7
Q

PCOS

A

endocrine imbalances
defined as having 2/3 of the symptoms: anovulatory, elevated levels of androgens, and polycystic ovaries

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8
Q

anvulatory

A

menstral cycle without ovulation

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9
Q

do you have to have polysistic overaries to have PCOS

A

no

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10
Q

does having polycyctic ovaries mena you have PCOS

A

no

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11
Q

risk factors for PCOS

A

Obesity
- related to insulin resistance

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12
Q

signs and symtoms of PCOS

A
  • dysfunctional uterine bleeding or amenorrhea
  • Hypertension and dyslipidemia
  • male pattern heair growth
  • insulin resistance
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13
Q

what is dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstration

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14
Q

primary dysmenorrhea

A
  • occurs at the onset of their cycle
  • incidence rises until late teens early 20s and then decreased
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15
Q

primary dysmenorrhea causes

A
  • excessive prostaglandin
  • increased myometrial contraction, constricts endometrial blood vessels, and enhanced hypersensitivity
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16
Q

secondary dysmenorrhea

A
  • related to pathological conditions
  • appears later in life, occurs anythime during their cycle
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17
Q

causes of secondary dysmenorrhea

A

endometriosis, PID, adhesions, obstructive uterine or vagal anormalies, inflammation, uterine fibroids, polyps, tumours, cysts, or IUD

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18
Q

symptoms of secondary dysmenorrhea

A

onset of menses accompanied by backpain, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, syncope, and headache

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19
Q

endometrial polyps

A
  • benign mass of tissue containing glands, connective tissue, and blood vessels
  • develop anywhere within tissue within the uterus,
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20
Q

endometrial polyps effect

A
  • can be asymptomatic or cause excessive bleeding during cycle
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21
Q

endometriosis

A
  • endometrial tissue outside the uterus
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22
Q

endometriosis symtoms

A

infertility, pelvic pain, pain on defication, pain during intercourse

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23
Q

endometrial polyps treatment

A

can be removed through a hysteroscopy

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24
Q

endometreosis treatment

A

surgery to remove endometrial implants and removing presacral plexus to control pain signals.
- high incidence of reoccurance
- medications

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25
Q

benign ovarian cysts

A
  • most common in repproductive years and menospuase
  • related to hormone imbalances
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26
Q

what are the most common benign ovarian cyst

A

follicle cysts
- unilateral;asymptomatic
- follicle ruptures and releases the ovu,

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27
Q

follicle cysts symptoms

A

may feeling bloating, tender breast, and havy or irregular menses

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28
Q

what is a demoid cyst

A
  • common ovarian neoplasm
  • may contain mature tissue (hair, skin, glads, cartilage, and bone)
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29
Q

uterine fibroids

A
  • leiomyomas
  • slow growing benign tumours that develop in the myometrium
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30
Q

uterine fibroids signs and symptoms

A
  • mostly asymptomatic
  • abnormal vaginal bleeding, pain and pressure on nearby structures, infertility
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31
Q

uterine fibroids treatment

A
  • surgery: myomectomy or hysterectomy
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32
Q

exogenous pathogens

A

most often sexually transmitted infection

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33
Q

endogenous causes

A

infection from micro-organisms form vagina, bowel or vulve
- migration over proliferation due to immunocompromised state

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34
Q

latogenic

A

caused by medical procedure

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35
Q

salpingitis

A

inflammation of the fallopian tube may cause rupture of the tube cauing infection to form into the pelvic area leading to PID

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36
Q

you may see increased in the development of vaginitis and cervicitis in women that use

A

douches, sopas, spermicides, sprays, deodorant feminine pads

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37
Q

there is an increased incidence of vaginitis is

A

menopausal women
- due to low estrogen that causes atopic vaginitis

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38
Q

symptoms of infection

A

often asymptomatic
- discharge changes, becomes malodorus, and irritating

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39
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is caused by

A

infection

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40
Q

PID risk factors

A
  • STD (gonorrhea or chlamydia)
  • previosu PID
  • sexually active < 25 years
  • using douches
  • IUD
  • induced abortions
  • vaginal deleveries
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41
Q

untreated PID can lead to

A

infertility

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42
Q

PID signs and symptoms

A

pain in the lower abdomen, fever, odorous vaginal discharge, painful urination, abnormal bleeding between menstruation

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43
Q

Orchitis

A

acute inflammation of the testes
- often caused by STI or viral infections such as mumps

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44
Q

orchitis signs and symtoms

A

blood in semen, discharge from penis, pain, swelling

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45
Q

orchitis treatment

A

bed rest, ice packs, antibiotics if bacterial, viral will resolve on its own

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46
Q

epididymitis

A

occurs in sexually active males <35, usually caused by STI

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47
Q

epididymitis in older males can be associated with

A

urinary tract infections and interstitial bacteria

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48
Q

chemical epididymus is associated iwth

A

reflux of urine into the ejaculatory ducts
- stricutres and pressure on the bladder caused by excessive physical straining

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49
Q

epididymitis sings and symtpoms

A

acute and severe scrotal or inguinal pain, possibly flank pain, urethral discharge

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50
Q

urenthritis is caused by

A

gonorrhea

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51
Q

urethritis symtoms

A

pain or urination

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52
Q

urethral stricture

A
  • narrowing of the urethra
  • can be caused by scaring created from infections, procedures such as cytoscopy or long term catherization
  • can cause bladde robstruction
53
Q

urethral structures symtoms

A

less forceful urination, hesitency, and frequency

54
Q

general sings and symtoms of neoplasms of the reproductive system

A

tissue destruction, obstruction, invasiveness, loss of function

55
Q

nonproliferatice breast lesions are also called

A

fibrocystic changes

56
Q

what is the msot common bibrocystic change

A

simple breast cyst

57
Q

risks for breast cancer

A
  • BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation
  • familial history
  • menstruation before the age of 12 or menopause after 55
  • Nulliparity (no children) or first child after the age of 30
  • HRT and oral contraceptives
  • obesity
58
Q

breast cancer is a

A

heterogenous disease (multiple etiologys)

59
Q

what is the most common breast cancer

A

adencocarcinomas

60
Q

ductal and lobular carcinoma in situ

A

cancer in the cells that line the milk duct
- have not spread to surrounding tissues

61
Q

the majority of breast cancer occurs in

A

the upper outer quardent of the breasts

62
Q

signs and symtoms of breast cancer

A
  • large painless bump
  • palpable nodes in the axilla, retraction of breast tissue, change in skin color or texture, discharge from nipple, or bone pain caused by metastasis
63
Q

obstruction or destruction of lymphatic pathways lead to

A

metastasis to the opposite breast, neck, and abdomen

64
Q

stage 0 breast cancer

A

non invasive cell malformation

65
Q

stage 1 breast cancer

A

limited to breast tumour size <2cm

66
Q

stage 2 breast cancer

A
  • cancer present in the axillary node only
67
Q

stage 3 breast cancer

A
  • cancer in the axillary node
  • present in skin and chest wall
  • in nodes near clavicle or sternum
68
Q

stage 4 breast cancer

A
  • cancer spread to body
69
Q

Gynecomastia

A

overdevelopment of breast tissue in males
- result of hormonal alterations

70
Q

gyecomsastia causes

A
  • idiopathic
  • systemic disorders (cirrhosis, hepatitis, CKD, hyperthyroidism, TB, malnutrition
  • medication or neoplasms
  • imbalance in estrogen/testosterone levels
  • imbalances related to aging, puberty, klinefelters syndrome, hypogonadism, or testicular neoplasms
71
Q

male breast cancer risk factor

A
  • > 60 years
  • klinefelters syndrome
  • BRCA1 or BRCA 2 mutation
72
Q

malignant breast cance rinvolves

A

the nipples
- crusting and nipple discharge common, ulceration and skin retraction, enlarged axillary nodes

73
Q

cervical cancer risk factors

A
  • multiple sex partners
  • male partner with multiple sex partners
  • sexually active at a young age
  • multiple births
  • HPV infection
  • oral contracepives
  • smoking
74
Q

stage 1 cervical cancer

A

confined to the uterus and cervix
- up to 4 cm

75
Q

stage 2 cervical cancer

A

has spread beyound the uterus to nearby areas (vagina)

76
Q

stage 3 cervical cancer

A

involves the lower 1/3 of the the vagina
- spread to regional lymph nodes

77
Q

stage 4 cervical cancer

A

spread to bladder or rectum and then to other parts of the body

78
Q

vaginal cancer

A

rare form of cancer

79
Q

vaginal cancer risk factors

A
  • over 60
  • receiving DES hormones while in utero
  • HPV
  • HIV
  • previous carcinoma of the cervix
80
Q

vaginal cancer symtoms

A
  • asymptomatic
  • abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, pain during intercourse, pain in pelvic area when urinating
81
Q

what is the most common type of uterine cancer

A

endometrial

82
Q

survival rate for endometral cancer

A

5 years

83
Q

endometrial cancer risk factors

A
  • unopposed estrogen (estrogen only HRT)
  • early menstruation
  • late menopause
  • nulliparity
  • failure to ovulate (PCOS)
  • diabetes, besity, and sedentary lifestyle
84
Q

signs and symtoms of endometrial cancer

A
  • abnormal vaginal bleeding
  • pain and weight loss
85
Q

what is the leading cause of death in gynaecological malignancies

A

ovarian cancer

86
Q

risk factors for ovarian cancer

A
  • age
  • family history
  • obesity
  • reproductive factors (fewer ovulations is better, oral contraceptives, more children, breast feeding)
  • HRT
  • diabetes
  • previous cancer
  • smoking
  • asbestos
  • radiation
87
Q

signs and symtoms of ovarian cancer

A

silent disease
- no early symtoms
- possible abdominal distention, loss of appetite, feeling full, and pelvic pain
- advanced: pain, swelling, distention, vomiting, and changes in bowel habits

88
Q

What is Benign Prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

enlargement of the prostate gland

89
Q

rosk factors for BPH

A

family history and obesity

90
Q

signs and symptoms of BPH

A
  • bladder outflow obstruction
  • urge to urinate, delay in straining stream, decreased force of urination, urine retention with overflow incontience
91
Q

complications of BPH

A

bladder and kidney infections, bladder stones, hydronephorsis, and renal insufficency

92
Q

what is prostatitis

A

inflammation of the prostate

93
Q

acute bacterial prostatitis

A
  • urinary tract infection
  • infection causes inflammation of the prostate
  • can be acute or follow catherization
94
Q

acute bacterial prostatitis signs and symptoms

A
  • prostate is enlarged, tender, firm or boggy
  • sudden onset of malaise, low back pain, perineal pain and fever
95
Q

what is used to treat complete obstruction form acute bacterial prostatis

A

suprapubic catheter

96
Q

chronic bacterial prostatitis

A
  • reoccurent urinary tract infections persistence of bacteria, presence of prostatic calculi
97
Q

chronic prostatitis

A

inflammation that continues for 3 months or longer
- non bacterial cause; hard to treat

98
Q

chronic prostatitis signs and symptoms

A

frequent urination, pain during urination, urgency, pain in perineum, lower back, rectum, penis, or testicles

99
Q

prostate cancer risk factors

A
  • obesity
  • high prevelence in black people
  • chronic inflammation
  • family history
100
Q

signs and symtoms of prostate cancer

A
  • urinary obstruction, slow strea, hesitency, retention, nocturia
  • late: bone pain, edema, enlarged lymph nodes, liver enlargement, bone fractures, mental confusion
101
Q

stage 1 prostate cancer

A

cancer only in the prostate

102
Q

stage 2 prostate cancer

A

still within the prostate but in both lobes

103
Q

stage 3 prostate cancer

A
  • beyound the prostate to lymph glands and seminal vesicles
104
Q

stage 4 prostate cancer

A
  • spread to other organs such as bone
105
Q

testicular cancer risk factors

A
  • caucasian
  • more likely to affect teenagers
  • family history
  • abnormal testicular development (klinefelters synfrome
  • undescented testis
106
Q

testicular cancer signs and symtoms

A
  • pain in one testicle or scrotum
  • sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum
  • dull ache in the abdomen
  • lump in either testicle
  • heaviness is the scrotu,
  • back pain
  • enlargement of breasts
107
Q

what is the cause for structure disorders in males

A

genetic or inflammatory cuase

108
Q

what is the cause for structure disroders of females

A

pelvic floor weakness

109
Q

Pelvic organ prolapse

A
  • loss of muscle tone and strenght with aging leads to pelvic organs not maintaining their proper position
110
Q

pelvic organ prolapse can be caused by

A

childbirth, pelvic floor surgery, or pudendal nerve damage

111
Q

risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse

A
  • aging, obesity, and hysterectormy
  • possible repeated heavy lifting (increases intraabdominal pressure)
  • chronic lung disease or constipation
112
Q

cystolele prolapse

A

posterior bladder wall descends into vaginal canal - usually caused by childbirth – mild to moderate are asymptomatic, severe may feel vaginal pressure

113
Q

uterine prolapse

A

descent of cervix or entire uterus into vaginal canal – Graded 1-3 based on level of descent; mild to severe,

114
Q

grade 3 uterine prolapse

A
  • in grade 3 the cervix protrudes from the vagina
115
Q

rectocele prolapse

A

bulging of the rectum and posterior vaginal wall into the vaginal canal
- childbirth may cause damage that leads to a rectocele, but rectocele may not be present until menopause
– chronic constipation contributes to rectocele development

116
Q

enterolcele prolapse

A

descent of the small intestine into the lower pelvic cavity
- can be congenital or acquired
– caused by muscle weakness from previous surgery
–most found in grossly obese & older adults

117
Q

vaginal vault prolapse

A

typically occurs after hysterectomy
– upper portion of the vagina loses its shape and descends down into the vaginal canal

118
Q

signs and symtoms of pelvic organ prolaspe

A

painful intercourse, low back pain, chronic urge to urinate, feeling of pressure

119
Q

Hypospadias

A
  • urethral meatus in on the underside of the penis
120
Q

Epispadis

A
  • urethra does not fully develop
  • urethral opening can be anterior located just behind the glands or posteriorly
  • fissure develops on the posterior penis and extends into the bladder neck
121
Q

Phimosis

A

foreskin cannot be retracted form penis
- normal ininfancy

122
Q

Phimosis is associated with

A

poor hygiene and chronic infections

123
Q

Paraphimosis

A
  • foreskin is retracted and cannot be reduced back
  • can cause constriction and become a medical emergency
124
Q

varicocele

A
  • enlargement of the testicular vein
  • common cuase of low sperm count
125
Q

Hydrocele

A
  • collection of fluid in the thin shath surrounding the testicle
  • most common cause of scrotal swelling
126
Q

Crypotorchildism

A
  • underdescended testes
  • common congential abnormaility
  • mosre often seen in low birth weight infants
127
Q

torsion

A
  • testes roatates on vascular pedicle
  • sblood supply is cute off
  • causes pain and swelling
  • surgery required
128
Q

what is seen on physical examination of hydrocele

A

light shined through scrotum will illuminate the scrotum

Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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