Infection and Immune System Flashcards
1
Q
Virulence
A
- capacity to cause severe disease
- how hard it is to treat an organsim
2
Q
susceptibility
A
- how prone the host is to the infection
3
Q
what are the two groups most susceptible to COVID-19
A
- people over the age of 60
- those with underlying medical conditions
4
Q
opertunistic infection
A
Secondary infection
- occurs after the treatment of another infection
- EXAMPLE: yeast infection
5
Q
Nosocomial Infection
A
Hospital Acquired Infection
6
Q
Aerobic
A
- survives in an oxygen enviorment
7
Q
Anaerobic
A
does not require oxygen
8
Q
endotoxins
A
- also known as pyrogens
- cell wall released during cell death
- when treated; cant prevent the toxic effects; causes the inflammatory process to be activated gram negative
9
Q
exotoxins
A
- secreted toxins
- elicit the production of antitoxins
- can produce a vaccine against them
10
Q
how can you determine if a bacteria is gram + or -
A
gram stain
11
Q
example of an exotoxin
A
diptheria
12
Q
septicaemia / sepsis
A
- bacteria in the bloodstream causing generalized infection
- caused by gram negative bacteria
13
Q
what are the 3 life threatening pathogens - “super bugs”
A
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Vanomycin- resistant Enterococci (VRE)
14
Q
S. Aureus
A
- adapted over time to become life threatening
- common in nasal passages and on skin
- becomes opportunistic
- has developed an enzyme that destroys penicillin
- some strains have developed into broad spectrum antibiotics (Methicillinlike antibiotics)
15
Q
MRSA is spread through
A
- spread through contact (person to person)
16
Q
VREis spread through
A
- spread through contact
17
Q
H. pylori is resistant to
A
clarithromycin
18
Q
Salmonellae is resistant to
A
flouroquinolone
19
Q
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is resistant to
A
cephalosporins and flouroquinolone
20
Q
What are the 6 steps in viral infection invasion
A
- attatchment
- penetration
- uncoating
- biosynthesis
- assembly
- release
21
Q
attachment
A
virus attaches to epithelial cell
22
Q
penetration
A
cell engulfs the virus
23
Q
uncoating
A
- virus contents released into the cell
24
Q
biosynthesis
A
RNA enter the nucleus of the cell
25
Assembly
new phage particles are assembled
26
Release
new viral particles are made and released
27
treatment of viral infections
- antiviral medications
- immune system
28
Fungal infection
- large, thick walled organism
- opportunistic
- treated with antifungal medications
29
what is the most common fungal infection
Candida albicans
- resides in the skin, GI tract, and vagina
30
how are fungal infections treated
antifungal medications
31
Parasitic infection
- transmitted through vectors
32
Tapeworm symptoms
nausea, waekness, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, weight loss and inadequate absorption of nutrients, bloating
33
malaria symptoms
fever, chills, headaches, nausea and vomiting, muscle pain and fatigue
34
nonspecific resistance
innate immunity
35
specific resistance
aquired or adapted immunity
36
adaptive (aquired) immunity
- not present at birth
- created in response to a foreign substance
- active and passive
37
active immunity
natural or vaccination
38
passive immunity
maternal or artificial
39
Innate immunity
- physical and chemical (skin, mucous membranes, hair, cilia, urine, deification and vomiting, lysozyme, gastric juice, saliva, sebum, )
- non specific resistance (phagocytes, inflammation, fever)
40
Skin
A thick layer of dead cells in the epidermis provides a physical barrier to viruses, bacteria, and microbes. As the epidermis sheds, microbes are removed
41
Mucous membrane
produce mucus to trap microbes so they cannot spread to the rest of the body
42
Hair
filters microbes, dust, and pollutants from the air to prevent them from invading the body
– present in the nose and ears
43
Cilia
lines the upper respiratory tract and traps and propels inhaled debris to the throat so it can exit the body more quickly
44
Urine
flushes microbes out of the body via the urethers
45
Phagocytes
ingest and destroy microbes that pass into body tissues
46
Inflammation
localized response in the tissue that occurs when a tissues are damaged or in response to other stimuli
47
Fever
inhibits bacterial growth and increases the rate of tissue repair when an infection is presented in the body
- will start by increasing enzyme activity; if too high will diminish activity
48
what antibodies are found in breast milk
IgA and IgG
49
Lymphocytes
- specific wbc
- t cells and b cells
- responsible for aquired immunity
50
b cells
- produce antibodies
- immunoglobulins
- works against bacteria and viruses
51
T cells
- react directly with antigen on surface
- works against viruses and cancer cells
52
ADD mRNA
- messanger RNA that introduce a viral protein which corresponds to the coating of the virus
- body reproduces the viral protein attack to the cell wall
53
Attenuated vaccine
- a weekend virus or bacterium
- produces protective antibodies against a specific pathogen without causing the potentially life threatening disease
- must be stored and handeled carefully (can be destroyed by heat and light)
54
example of attenated vaccines
- measles, mumps, rubella, varicella
55
Inactivated Vaccines
- killed or extracts of bacterial or viral antigens
- vaccine is grown in a culture media and then exposed to heat or chemical to activate it
- can contain strains from multiple strains
- need several doses or use adjuvant
56
Inactivated vaccine examples
- polio, hepatitis, rabies
57
bacterial toxins vaccines
- bacteria diseases that damage the body by secreting chemicals
- can deactivate the toxin and then the deactivated toxins are injected created immunity
58
bacterial toxin vaccine examples
- tetanus, diphtheria
59
Passive immunity
- protection produced by an animal or human and transferred
- disappears within weeks or months
- primary response is often short lived
- mother in utero, milk, immunoglobulin injection
60
Primary immunodeficiency
- born with it; genetic defect
- part of the immune system is either absent or not functioning properly
61
secondary immunodeficiency
- acquired; caused by another condition
- immune system is compromised due to an environmental factor
62
Example of secondary Immunodeficiency
- HIV, severe burns, chemotherapy, radation, diabetes, malnutrition
63
Low T cell counts may be due to
viral infections(influenza), aging, immunodeficiency disorders, HIV, AIDS, cancers that effect the blood or lymph nodes (leukemia and hodgkins disease)
64
T cell deficiencies
- cellular
- viral, fungal, yeast, and atypical microorganism
- less severe symptoms
- react directly against the antigen
- mycoplasma legionella
65
B cell deficiencies
- humoral
- recurrent and life threatening bacterial infections
- b cells create anitbodies
66
Common variable immunodeficiencies (CVID)
- most common
- immune system is unable to defend against bacteria and virusues
- reccurent infections
67
Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)
- most severe primary
- few lymphocytes; thymus is underdeveloped
- boy in the bubble
68
CVID symptoms
- respitory, sinuses, ears
69
SCID symptoms
- respiratory and GI issues, breathing problems, chronic cough, diarrhea, weight loss, ear infections, sinus infections, chronic lung disease
70
Primary T lymphocyte deficiency example
DiGeorge Syndrome
71
DiGeorge Syndrome
- small part of chromosome 22 is missing
- cardiac defects, abnormal facial features, cleft palate, hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism
- no parathyroid gland, no detectable thymus in children (no T cell maturation)
- no cure
72
Conditions associates with secondary immune deficiencies
- normal conditions; pregnancy, infancy, aging
- psychological stress
- diet
- malignancies
- trauma
- infections
73
AIDS
- suppresses the immune response against itself and creates generalized immune deficiency against other pathogens
74
AIDS transmission
- through blood to blood contact, IV medication abuse, heterosexual and homosexual activity, and maternal and child transmission
75
HIV is a ______
retrovirus
76
retrovirus
- inserts a copy of its RNA into DNA of a host cell
- changes to genome of that cell (organisms DNA)
77
What are the stages of HIV infection
- acute
- asymptomatic HIV
- Symptomatic HIV
- advanced HIV
78
stage 1 of HIV
Acute
- occurs about 1-2 weeks after the initial infection
- virus undergoes massive replication
- patients may be asymptomatic or have flu like symptoms
79
Stage 2 of HIV
Asymptomatic HIV
- chronic signs and symptoms are not present
- stage can last for 10-12 years
- virus proliferating in the lymph nodes
80
what is used to monitor the progression of HIV
T cell count
81
stage 3 of HIV has what 2 phases
- early
- late
82
late symptomatic HIV
- T cell count falls below 200cells per cubic millimeter
- emergency of opportunistic infection and cancers
83
stage 4 of HIV infection
Advanced
- t cell count of 50 cells
- high risk for opportunistic infections and malignancies
84
treatment of HIV
antiretroviral therapy
85
antiretroviral therapy
- combination of medications (3 or more)
86
Pediatric HIV children life expectancy
- usually dont survive past their 2nd birthday
87
signs and symptoms of pediatric HIV
- failure to thrive, not reaching milestones, nervous system issues (seizures, walking), frequently sick from childhood illnesses
88
Allergy
- hypersensativity to enviormental antigens
89
Autoimmunity
- misdirected immune response that occurs when the immune system goes awry and attacks the body itself
- body recognizes self antigens as foreign
90
autoimmunity is more common in
women than men
91
Alloimmunity
- immune system of one individual produces an immunological response against tissues of another individual
- through transfusion, transplantation , or mother to fetus
92
hypersensitivity response type I
immunoglobulin E (IgE)
–mediated release of histamine
– most well known is anaphylaxis
– quick onset
93
hypersensitivity response type II
IgM or IgG targeting membrane-associated antigens
– it is an antibody
-dependent process in which specific antibodies bind to antigens, resulting in tissue destruction, inflammation, or dysfunction.
94
hypersensitivity response type 3
Deposit of abnormal antigen-antibody complexes in vessels, joints, heart, & kidney tissues
– call these “immune complexes”
– precipitate in various tissues
– serum sickness or lupus
95
hypersensitivity response type 4
Mediated by T cells, do not involve antibodies
– Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
– it is felt that is triggered by drugs or an infection
– about 3 weeks after exposure entire body, skin and mucus membranes, will develop blisters or rash
– over time the top layer of skin dies and is shed
– healing takes several days
96
!st exposure: IgE mediated
- sensitization
- mast cells produce eosinophils which cause the first reaction
- T helper cells trigger B cells to create IgE antibodes to a specific antigen
- IgE antibodies bind to mast cells ready for the next reaction
97
IgE mediated subsequent exposures
- more serious
- mst calls that are sensitized react to subsequwnt exposure and release histamine
98
IgE mediated early reactions
- trigger smooth muscle contraction (mostly in bronchi; difficulty breathing)
- causes vasodilation, increased permeability, fluid leaks, edema, hives
99
IgE mediated late reactions
- recruitment of other cells to the site
100
IgE mediated late reactions are treated with
antihistamines, corticosteroids, epinephrine
101
angioedema
swelling of the lower layer of the skin
102
how do IgE mediated symptoms occur
Histamine binds with H1 and H2 receptors
103
type 1 manifiestations
- astma, itching, urticaria, conjunctivitis
- wheal swelling
104
Ananphylactic signs and symptoms
- difficulty breathing, wheezing, stridor, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure
105
Anaphylactic treatment
- corticosteriods
- epinephrine administration
106
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia
- phagocytes destroy sensitized platelets in peripheral blood
- petechiae, bleeding from gums, noes, bowl, low platelet count
107
transfusion reactions
- host antibodies react with foreign antigens on the incompatible transfused RBCs and mediate the destruction of these cells
108
hemolytic diseases is newborns
- mothers blood is imcomptiable with mothers blood
- mother is Rh- and father is Rh +
109
Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions examples
- thrombocytopenia
- transfusion reaction
- hemolytic disease in newborns
110
what is the universal recipient
AB+
111
what is the universal donor
O-
112
Hemolytic disease in newborns symptoms
- mild: jaundice
- severe: miscarriages
113
Common examples of type 3 hypersensativity
- allergy: wheat
- autoimmune: systemic lupus erythematosus
114
Which reactions are meditated by antibodies
type I, II, and III
115
which reactions are mediated by T cells
Type IV
116
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions examples
- allergy: contact dermatitis
- alloimmune: transplant rejection
117
why are immunosuppresents given to organ donor recipients
- prevent your immune system from attacking the new organ
118
how long do organ donors take immunosuppresents
lifetime
119
stress
- bodys reaction to any change that requires adjustment or response
120
what is our central stress response system
- hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)
120
HPA regulates
- arousal, cognition, mood, sleep, metabolism, cardiovascular tone, immune and inflammatory reactions, growth, and reproduction
121
dysregulation of HPA
loss of resilience and depletion of metabolic reserve (change of cortisol output)
- inflammation due to a variety of stressors, including emotional stress, undiagnosed infections, exposure to environmental toxins and pollutants, and food sensitivities or poor diet
122
manifestations of dysregulation of HPA
- obesity, depression, and anxiety
123
HPA axis increases ______ levels in time of stress
cortisol
124
what hormones increase during stress
cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
125
stress effect on the immune system
suppresses the effectiveness by lowering the number of lymphocytes
126
cortisol
- carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism
- anti-inflammatory effects
- proinflammatory effects
127
recovery from dysregulation
- within 5-7 days but can take 3-6 months
