Vertebrates Flashcards
ectothermic
cold-blooded (heat/temp based on environment)
endothermic
maintain internal body temp, warm blooded, metabolism releases heat energy (birds and mammals, insolation- fur, fat, feathers, hair)
common characteristics of all animals in phylum chordata
- dorsal notochord (vertebrae and vertebral column)
- dorsal tubular nerve chord
- pharyngeal pouches
dorsal notochord
tough and flexible, develops into the backbone (vertebrae and vertebral column), runs length of animal’s body, some maintain notochord and never grow a backbone, some only have to in larval stage
vertebrae and vertebral column
- individual bones of vertebral column
- vertebrae put together
cartilaginous bones in sharks
dorsal tubular nerve chord
spinal chord/vertebrae grow around this for protection, connects to brain and transmits signals throughout body (hollow)
pharyngeal pouches
slits/clefts, supposed to prove evolution (we evolved from animals), develop into gills, mammals- develop into vocal chords, neck, and ears
subphylum cephalochordata
lancelets (fish-like), aquatic, burrow into sand, mouth sticking out because filter feeder (eats plankton), suck in water and push out water through gills, never get backbone, maintain notochord
subphylum urochordata
tunicates (sea squirts)- soft bodied, sessile, filter feeder, notochord only in larval stage, larvae attach to things on sea floor, slits in pharynx
subphylum vertebrata
95% of chordates, actual backbone
class agnatha
gnathostomes- animals with no jaw, lamprey (parasitic - attach onto fish, eat blood), teeth in circle
class chondrichthyes
cartilaginous fish (leather), sting ray, sharks, skates
class osteichthyes
bony fish
class amphibia
frogs, salamanders, “both” - water and land in life cycle (larval stage- water and adult stage- land, lay eggs in water)
class reptilia
amniotic egg (our fetus surrounded by amniotic fluid)
class aves
birds, endothermic
class mammalia
humans, dogs, cats, bears, 2 characteristics: hair/fur and milk for young
endoskeleton
protects organs
- axial skeleton (skull, ribs, backbone)
- appendicular skeleton (arms, legs, girdles)
pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
- arms, chest muscles, animals: front legs
2. hips, legs, hind legs
vertebrate circulation
closed system with ventral heart
arteries, veins, capillaries
- away from heart
- thin, diffusion, gas exchange (wastes picked up, O2 dropped off)
- towards heart
vertebrate nutrition
carnivores- meat, sharp teeth, sharp claws, wolves
herbivores- plant material (flat, huge molars), beavers
omnivores- both
3 methods of vertebrate reproduction
viviparous- birth to live young (mammals), longer time of pregnancy, fewer young
oviparous-egg (spawning), fish, birds, frogs
ovoviviparous- young form in egg, hatch inside mothers’ body, born alive (sharks)
craniates
animals with skull
chromatophores
pigment cells in fish’s (camouflage) and communication (coloration for mating season)
countershading
top- darker (blend in with ocean floor) bottom- lighter (looking up into sun) help hunting (sharks)
lateral line
extra sensory system (series of canals - jelly - to detect changes in pressure and current) important in schooling fish (feeling when others change paths, perfect sync)
dorsal fin
comes when stressed, down when swimming
gills
thin walled, O2 diffuse from water
mouth, gills, out
lots of capillaries
olfactory lobe
sense of smell, important in murky lakes, not as important in caribbean
operculum
covers and protects gills, pushes water over gills, improves O2 absorption
spawning
release gametes into water (need to be in group at right time and place) cycle of moon
osmoregulation
maintaining a salt and water balance
salt water fish: more solutes in water, trying to hold onto water because it wants to diffuse out (poop extra salt and don’t pee often), gills also pull salt out of the water and develop salt crystals that eventually fall off
fresh water fish: higher solute concentration inside the fish so water wants to diffuse in, pee a lot, hold onto salt
amphibians and metamorphosis
frogs, salamanders, and caecilians, primary changes: development of lungs, lose gills, loss tail, grow 4 legs
gelatinous eggs and amplexus
male climbs on top of female and squeezes eggs out, lay sperm on top
4 means of respiration
- gills- larval stage
- lungs- adults (small because other ways of O2 absorption)
- moist skin- vascularized, capillaries on underside of skin, gas exchange
- mouth- same
estivation and hibernation
- buried in cool mud on hot days to get cool for a few hours
- buried into mud, deep enough that it doesn’t freeze, warm, metabolic rates slow down, use fat bodies as food
nictitating membrane
covers/protects eye
vomerine and maxilary teeth
holding and swallowing prey
glottis
opening to lungs
gullet
opening to esophagus
eustacian tube
inner ear that leads to tympanic membrane
tympanic membrane
outer ear
What is the name of the membrane that holds the coils of the small intestine together?
mesentery
differences between chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes
- gill slits, no operculum, sharks - side, rays - bottom
- multiple rows of teeth (only sharks), always replacing one another
- no swim bladder, 3-lobed, oily liver
- electroreceptors- (Ampullae of Lorenzini), head and snout, electrical impulses of any fish who is swimming
class reptile (long)
- ectothermic
- scales - dry, leathery, have to molt as reptile grows except crocs and gators, reduce friction
- sensory abilities- snakes (forked tongue - attract scent molecules and when it goes back in, it hits sensors on roof of mouth and trigger reaction to brain
- oviparous repro
- venomous snakes- poison glands, pressure on fang will trigger this, milking snakes for their venom helps create antibodies
- amniotic egg- contains amniotic fluid within amniotic egg
- feeding methods- constriction and venom (unique jaws - quadrate bone and elastic ligaments)
- claws- climb and capture prey (iguanas)
- all have lungs with alveoli (gas exchange in capillaries), increased SA, branches
class aves (flight adaptions)
- light weight, streamline bodies, aerodynamic
- strong wings: keel (where pectoral muscles connect) and wishbone (attachment for additional flight muscles)
- lots of energy
- hollow bones
- high metabolic rates (air sacs for increases respiratory rates)
- oviparous (lay eggs in nest so that she doesn’t have to fly with babies)
feathers
wing (canture) feathers
- down (layer of feathers beside the body to keep warm, endothermic), can stay completely dry in water
- preening- brushing feathers, pressure triggers oil glands which helps to waterproof the ducks
- ploom feathers- colorful, to attract mates (females = plain because want to avoid predators when having babies)
class aves (digestion)
esophagus, crop (storage), proventriculus, gizzard (grinding with swallowed stones), small intestine (duodenum), cecum/rectum
- no large intestine because of weight
- food goes through quickly
class aves (respiration)
lungs and 6 air sacs
inhales: O2 both full
exhales: air moves out of lungs and air leaves air sacs and is absorbed in lungs
- increases lightweight capacity to fly higher
class aves (excretion)
kidney and ureter, no bladder (extra weight that’s not needed), do not produce much water
