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Biology > More on Evolution > Flashcards

More on Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three types of natural selection?

A

directional, disruptive, and stabilizing

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2
Q

What is the variation of body mass attributed to?

A

variation in gene pool

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3
Q

fitness

A

the relative ability of an individual or population to survive, reproduce, and pass on genes

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4
Q

directional selection

A

Extreme individuals at one end of the spectrum show more fitness due to the environment. Selection occurs and more individuals have the desired phenotype over time.

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5
Q

disruptive selection

A

Both extreme individuals show more fitness. Over time, the intermediates die off due to the environment.

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6
Q

stabilizing selection

A

Due to environmental conditions, the intermediates have more fitness. Over time, more individuals have the intermediate phenotype.

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7
Q

Finches with a small beak cannot crack open seeds.

A

directional selection

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8
Q

Human babies with very high or very low birth weights have a higher mortality rate.

A

stabilizing selection

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9
Q

A population of seed-cracker finches feeds on seeds available in two sizes, small or large.

A

disruptive selection

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10
Q

Overfishing occurs in two rives in British Columbia, Canada, where larger salmon are preferentially caught.

A

directional selection

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11
Q

artificial selection

A

the effect of humans purposefully breeding animals to select for desirable traits

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12
Q

How are organisms of the same species?

A

mating results in viable, fertile offspring

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13
Q

What other two examples result in offspring but the parents are not of the same species?

A

results are viable but infertile, results are born but die quickly

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14
Q

What 3 causes result in the parents not being from the same species?

A

live in separate geological areas, do not have compatible reproductive organs, feed from different sources

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15
Q

What is this called when organisms cannot reproduce?

A

reproductive isolation: organisms from the two populations cannot pass on their genetic code through reproduction for several generations

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16
Q

Could directional selection lead to another species?

A

No, because the same species moves in the same direction and there is no new species introduced to the group

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17
Q

Could disruptive selection lead to another species?

A

Yes, because the species is being split

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18
Q

Could stabilizing selection lead to another species?

A

No, because it only narrows the species down

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19
Q

Will a certain allele ever reappear in a population?

A

Yes because of mutations or gene flow

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20
Q

If the population had been very large, would the loss of two alleles from that population have led to the disappearance of that allele?

A

No, because 2 alleles do not make a difference in the population and other organisms with that allele can carry on that trait

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21
Q

What are the 4 proofs of evolution?

A

natural selection, homology, fossils, biogeography

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22
Q

3 examples of natural selection

A
  1. soapberry bugs adapt the length of their needles to the outer layer of fruit from the trees in Florida
  2. bacteria (MRSA) resist penicillin and methicillin because they selected for a certain gene. they rapidly reproduce and transfer the resisting genes to their offspring
  3. peppered moths- lichens on trees blend in with white moths so they aren’t eaten but lichens died off when pollution became bad and then the dark moths blended in and the white moths were eaten. it then went back to the way it was
23
Q

Why would natural selection be a proof for evolution?

A

can lead to speciation and eventually other families possibly

24
Q

How could natural selection as a proof for evolution be refuted?

A

does not create anything, only selects for what is already there, and the fittest trait may not necessarily mean it’s able to reproduce

25
Q

homology

A

similarity resulting from common ancestry

26
Q

homologous structures

A

similarities between organisms because of common ancestry (whale, cat, bat, human = same hand structure)

27
Q

vestigial structures

A

a characteristic that their parents used for a purposeful point but the offspring had it and didn’t use it

28
Q

Why would homology be a proof for evolution?

A

similarity means a common ancestor

29
Q

What do Creationists believe about homology?

A

shows the incredible unity, diversity, and order of our God

30
Q

What does “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” mean? What does a Creationist think about this?

A

“embryology replays its evolutionary history”- from a zygote, a baby became a reptile and so on… tails and gills (fish). Creationists think God shows his unity, diversity, order, and specificity through this

31
Q

Why would fossils be a proof for evolution?

A

marks evolutionary change into different species

32
Q

Deluge fossil formation theory

A

Noah’s Flood scattered and fossilized the tons of organisms found throughout rock layers

33
Q

As a Creationist, how would you explain the differences between fossilized plants and animals and modern day plants and animals?

A

natural selection

34
Q

biogeography

A

the geographic distribution of species

35
Q

Pangaea

A

the original continent (land mass) that broke off into our 7 continents found today

36
Q

endemic

A

species that are only found in a certain place

37
Q

Why would biogeography be a proof for evolution?

A

explains why a species may be isolated in one part of the world but related to another across the world, the scattered fossils

38
Q

What do Creationists think about biogeography?

A

the distribution of fossils is attributed to the Flood

39
Q

Biblical Worldview vs. Evolutionary Worldview

A 
Biblical
-God's plan
-Genesis account
-microevolution
-man created in the image of God
-supernatural
Evolutionary
-random chance
-macroevolution
-age of earth
-natural
40
Q

fossils

A

remains or evidence of a once living thing, proves the extinction of species, the origin of new groups, and changes within groups over time

41
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

life in earth has had periods of rapid change (evolution) that then stopped suddenly with relative equilibrium, disproves theory of gradualism

42
Q

topography

A

physical features founded in the earth

43
Q

Cambrian Explosion (the Flood in Creationists’ minds)

A

disproves gradualism, huge levels of fossils, no transitional forms between this and before hand

44
Q

transitional forms

A

an organism in the middle of evolving to another organism

45
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

“early” bird or gliding lizard- missing link between birds and reptiles, had beak and feathers and scales, teeth, claws, and flat sternum (birds have a keel- sternum sticking out to which flight muscles connect)

46
Q

fossil fuels

A

coal or oil made from the remnants of buries organic matter, then burned and releases CO2

47
Q

What are the most abundant fossils?

A

trilobites and ammonites that are now extinct

48
Q

spontaneous generation

A

living things can arise from nonliving things

49
Q

biogenesis

A

living things come from living things

50
Q

protocells

A

precursors to cells, droplets that had a membrane-like covering that were able to maintain a different internal chemistry from their surroundings

51
Q

What is another place life may have come from?

A

amino acids have been found on meteorites

52
Q

Big Bang Theory

A

creation came out of nothing (pressure=explosion)

53
Q

Old earth creationism

A
  1. Age of rocks - radio metric dating
  2. Size of expanding universe
  3. Speed of light
  4. Billions of years are necessary for all life in earth to evolve
54
Q

Young earth creationism

A
  1. Biblical records - adding genealogies in the Bible

2. Creation has apparent age - mature earth

Biology (22 decks)

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