More on Evolution Flashcards
What are the three types of natural selection?
directional, disruptive, and stabilizing
What is the variation of body mass attributed to?
variation in gene pool
fitness
the relative ability of an individual or population to survive, reproduce, and pass on genes
directional selection
Extreme individuals at one end of the spectrum show more fitness due to the environment. Selection occurs and more individuals have the desired phenotype over time.
disruptive selection
Both extreme individuals show more fitness. Over time, the intermediates die off due to the environment.
stabilizing selection
Due to environmental conditions, the intermediates have more fitness. Over time, more individuals have the intermediate phenotype.
Finches with a small beak cannot crack open seeds.
directional selection
Human babies with very high or very low birth weights have a higher mortality rate.
stabilizing selection
A population of seed-cracker finches feeds on seeds available in two sizes, small or large.
disruptive selection
Overfishing occurs in two rives in British Columbia, Canada, where larger salmon are preferentially caught.
directional selection
artificial selection
the effect of humans purposefully breeding animals to select for desirable traits
How are organisms of the same species?
mating results in viable, fertile offspring
What other two examples result in offspring but the parents are not of the same species?
results are viable but infertile, results are born but die quickly
What 3 causes result in the parents not being from the same species?
live in separate geological areas, do not have compatible reproductive organs, feed from different sources
What is this called when organisms cannot reproduce?
reproductive isolation: organisms from the two populations cannot pass on their genetic code through reproduction for several generations
Could directional selection lead to another species?
No, because the same species moves in the same direction and there is no new species introduced to the group
Could disruptive selection lead to another species?
Yes, because the species is being split
Could stabilizing selection lead to another species?
No, because it only narrows the species down
Will a certain allele ever reappear in a population?
Yes because of mutations or gene flow
If the population had been very large, would the loss of two alleles from that population have led to the disappearance of that allele?
No, because 2 alleles do not make a difference in the population and other organisms with that allele can carry on that trait
What are the 4 proofs of evolution?
natural selection, homology, fossils, biogeography
3 examples of natural selection
- soapberry bugs adapt the length of their needles to the outer layer of fruit from the trees in Florida
- bacteria (MRSA) resist penicillin and methicillin because they selected for a certain gene. they rapidly reproduce and transfer the resisting genes to their offspring
- peppered moths- lichens on trees blend in with white moths so they aren’t eaten but lichens died off when pollution became bad and then the dark moths blended in and the white moths were eaten. it then went back to the way it was
Why would natural selection be a proof for evolution?
can lead to speciation and eventually other families possibly
How could natural selection as a proof for evolution be refuted?
does not create anything, only selects for what is already there, and the fittest trait may not necessarily mean it’s able to reproduce
homology
similarity resulting from common ancestry
homologous structures
similarities between organisms because of common ancestry (whale, cat, bat, human = same hand structure)
vestigial structures
a characteristic that their parents used for a purposeful point but the offspring had it and didn’t use it
Why would homology be a proof for evolution?
similarity means a common ancestor
What do Creationists believe about homology?
shows the incredible unity, diversity, and order of our God
What does “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” mean? What does a Creationist think about this?
“embryology replays its evolutionary history”- from a zygote, a baby became a reptile and so on… tails and gills (fish). Creationists think God shows his unity, diversity, order, and specificity through this
Why would fossils be a proof for evolution?
marks evolutionary change into different species
Deluge fossil formation theory
Noah’s Flood scattered and fossilized the tons of organisms found throughout rock layers
As a Creationist, how would you explain the differences between fossilized plants and animals and modern day plants and animals?
natural selection
biogeography
the geographic distribution of species
Pangaea
the original continent (land mass) that broke off into our 7 continents found today
endemic
species that are only found in a certain place
Why would biogeography be a proof for evolution?
explains why a species may be isolated in one part of the world but related to another across the world, the scattered fossils
What do Creationists think about biogeography?
the distribution of fossils is attributed to the Flood
Biblical Worldview vs. Evolutionary Worldview
Biblical -God's plan -Genesis account -microevolution -man created in the image of God -supernatural Evolutionary -random chance -macroevolution -age of earth -natural
fossils
remains or evidence of a once living thing, proves the extinction of species, the origin of new groups, and changes within groups over time
Punctuated equilibrium
life in earth has had periods of rapid change (evolution) that then stopped suddenly with relative equilibrium, disproves theory of gradualism
topography
physical features founded in the earth
Cambrian Explosion (the Flood in Creationists’ minds)
disproves gradualism, huge levels of fossils, no transitional forms between this and before hand
transitional forms
an organism in the middle of evolving to another organism
Archaeopteryx
“early” bird or gliding lizard- missing link between birds and reptiles, had beak and feathers and scales, teeth, claws, and flat sternum (birds have a keel- sternum sticking out to which flight muscles connect)
fossil fuels
coal or oil made from the remnants of buries organic matter, then burned and releases CO2
What are the most abundant fossils?
trilobites and ammonites that are now extinct
spontaneous generation
living things can arise from nonliving things
biogenesis
living things come from living things
protocells
precursors to cells, droplets that had a membrane-like covering that were able to maintain a different internal chemistry from their surroundings
What is another place life may have come from?
amino acids have been found on meteorites
Big Bang Theory
creation came out of nothing (pressure=explosion)
Old earth creationism
- Age of rocks - radio metric dating
- Size of expanding universe
- Speed of light
- Billions of years are necessary for all life in earth to evolve
Young earth creationism
- Biblical records - adding genealogies in the Bible
2. Creation has apparent age - mature earth
