More on Evolution

Question 1

What are the three types of natural selection?

Answer 1

directional, disruptive, and stabilizing

Question 2

What is the variation of body mass attributed to?

Answer 2

variation in gene pool

Question 3

fitness

Answer 3

the relative ability of an individual or population to survive, reproduce, and pass on genes

Question 4

directional selection

Answer 4

Extreme individuals at one end of the spectrum show more fitness due to the environment. Selection occurs and more individuals have the desired phenotype over time.

Question 5

disruptive selection

Answer 5

Both extreme individuals show more fitness. Over time, the intermediates die off due to the environment.

Question 6

stabilizing selection

Answer 6

Due to environmental conditions, the intermediates have more fitness. Over time, more individuals have the intermediate phenotype.

Question 7

Finches with a small beak cannot crack open seeds.

Answer 7

directional selection

Question 8

Human babies with very high or very low birth weights have a higher mortality rate.

Answer 8

stabilizing selection

Question 9

A population of seed-cracker finches feeds on seeds available in two sizes, small or large.

Answer 9

disruptive selection

Question 10

Overfishing occurs in two rives in British Columbia, Canada, where larger salmon are preferentially caught.

Answer 10

directional selection

Question 11

artificial selection

Answer 11

the effect of humans purposefully breeding animals to select for desirable traits

Question 12

How are organisms of the same species?

Answer 12

mating results in viable, fertile offspring

Question 13

What other two examples result in offspring but the parents are not of the same species?

Answer 13

results are viable but infertile, results are born but die quickly

Question 14

What 3 causes result in the parents not being from the same species?

Answer 14

live in separate geological areas, do not have compatible reproductive organs, feed from different sources

Question 15

What is this called when organisms cannot reproduce?

Answer 15

reproductive isolation: organisms from the two populations cannot pass on their genetic code through reproduction for several generations

Question 16

Could directional selection lead to another species?

Answer 16

No, because the same species moves in the same direction and there is no new species introduced to the group

Question 17

Could disruptive selection lead to another species?

Answer 17

Yes, because the species is being split

Question 18

Could stabilizing selection lead to another species?

Answer 18

No, because it only narrows the species down

Question 19

Will a certain allele ever reappear in a population?

Answer 19

Yes because of mutations or gene flow

Question 20

If the population had been very large, would the loss of two alleles from that population have led to the disappearance of that allele?

Answer 20

No, because 2 alleles do not make a difference in the population and other organisms with that allele can carry on that trait

Question 21

What are the 4 proofs of evolution?

Answer 21

natural selection, homology, fossils, biogeography

Question 22

3 examples of natural selection

Answer 22

1. soapberry bugs adapt the length of their needles to the outer layer of fruit from the trees in Florida
2. bacteria (MRSA) resist penicillin and methicillin because they selected for a certain gene. they rapidly reproduce and transfer the resisting genes to their offspring
3. peppered moths- lichens on trees blend in with white moths so they aren’t eaten but lichens died off when pollution became bad and then the dark moths blended in and the white moths were eaten. it then went back to the way it was

Question 23

Why would natural selection be a proof for evolution?

Answer 23

can lead to speciation and eventually other families possibly

Question 24

How could natural selection as a proof for evolution be refuted?

Answer 24

does not create anything, only selects for what is already there, and the fittest trait may not necessarily mean it’s able to reproduce

Question 25

homology

Answer 25

similarity resulting from common ancestry

Question 26

homologous structures

Answer 26

similarities between organisms because of common ancestry (whale, cat, bat, human = same hand structure)

Question 27

vestigial structures

Answer 27

a characteristic that their parents used for a purposeful point but the offspring had it and didn't use it

Question 28

Why would homology be a proof for evolution?

Answer 28

similarity means a common ancestor

Question 29

What do Creationists believe about homology?

Answer 29

shows the incredible unity, diversity, and order of our God

Question 30

What does "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" mean? What does a Creationist think about this?

Answer 30

"embryology replays its evolutionary history"- from a zygote, a baby became a reptile and so on... tails and gills (fish). Creationists think God shows his unity, diversity, order, and specificity through this

Question 31

Why would fossils be a proof for evolution?

Answer 31

marks evolutionary change into different species

Question 32

Deluge fossil formation theory

Answer 32

Noah's Flood scattered and fossilized the tons of organisms found throughout rock layers

Question 33

As a Creationist, how would you explain the differences between fossilized plants and animals and modern day plants and animals?

Answer 33

natural selection

Question 34

biogeography

Answer 34

the geographic distribution of species

Question 35

Pangaea

Answer 35

the original continent (land mass) that broke off into our 7 continents found today

Question 36

endemic

Answer 36

species that are only found in a certain place

Question 37

Why would biogeography be a proof for evolution?

Answer 37

explains why a species may be isolated in one part of the world but related to another across the world, the scattered fossils

Question 38

What do Creationists think about biogeography?

Answer 38

the distribution of fossils is attributed to the Flood

Question 39

Biblical Worldview vs. Evolutionary Worldview

Answer 39

``` Biblical -God's plan -Genesis account -microevolution -man created in the image of God -supernatural Evolutionary -random chance -macroevolution -age of earth -natural ```

Question 40

fossils

Answer 40

remains or evidence of a once living thing, proves the extinction of species, the origin of new groups, and changes within groups over time

Question 41

Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 41

life in earth has had periods of rapid change (evolution) that then stopped suddenly with relative equilibrium, disproves theory of gradualism

Question 42

topography

Answer 42

physical features founded in the earth

Question 43

Cambrian Explosion (the Flood in Creationists' minds)

Answer 43

disproves gradualism, huge levels of fossils, no transitional forms between this and before hand

Question 44

transitional forms

Answer 44

an organism in the middle of evolving to another organism

Question 45

Archaeopteryx

Answer 45

"early" bird or gliding lizard- missing link between birds and reptiles, had beak and feathers and scales, teeth, claws, and flat sternum (birds have a keel- sternum sticking out to which flight muscles connect)

Question 46

fossil fuels

Answer 46

coal or oil made from the remnants of buries organic matter, then burned and releases CO2

Question 47

What are the most abundant fossils?

Answer 47

trilobites and ammonites that are now extinct

Question 48

spontaneous generation

Answer 48

living things can arise from nonliving things

Question 49

biogenesis

Answer 49

living things come from living things

Question 50

protocells

Answer 50

precursors to cells, droplets that had a membrane-like covering that were able to maintain a different internal chemistry from their surroundings

Question 51

What is another place life may have come from?

Answer 51

amino acids have been found on meteorites

Question 52

Big Bang Theory

Answer 52

creation came out of nothing (pressure=explosion)

Question 53

Old earth creationism

Answer 53

1. Age of rocks - radio metric dating 2. Size of expanding universe 3. Speed of light 4. Billions of years are necessary for all life in earth to evolve

Question 54

Young earth creationism

Answer 54

1. Biblical records - adding genealogies in the Bible | 2. Creation has apparent age - mature earth