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Biology > Meiosis and the Scientific Method > Flashcards

Meiosis and the Scientific Method Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain the cycle of scientific enterprise.

A

theory, hypothesis, experimental tests, new facts, “are the facts consistent with the theory?” NO: “can theory be altered to accommodate new facts?” (NO: new theory with facts. YES: altered theory with facts.) YES: theory with more facts, new hypothesis

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2
Q

the cycle of scientific enterprise

A

the model of how we make and test theories

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3
Q

theories

A

mental models for how the natural world looks

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

specific answer to a specific question, if…then statement, testable

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5
Q

fact/data

A

supported by observable evidence

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6
Q

scientific method

A

a logical method or procedure to follow when doing the experiment

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7
Q

controls, control group

A

not exposed to testing

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8
Q

experimental group

A

one you are experimenting on (changing something)

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9
Q

independent variable

A

the one thing you change between the 2 groups

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10
Q

dependent variable

A

the change/ the thing that will determine the result, what you are measuring

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11
Q

the purpose of mitosis

A

growth, repair, and replacement

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12
Q

heredity

A

the passing of traits from one generation to the next

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13
Q

genetics

A

the study of herdity

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14
Q

asexual repro.

A

a single parent passes on its genes to its offspring

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15
Q

sexual repro.

A

humans do this, 2 parents giving genes to their offspring creating a unique set of genes

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16
Q

what do chromosomes contain and what is their purpose?

A

contain: DNA and genes
purpose: protection and organization while dividing

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17
Q

genes

A

recipe for making proteins, segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein, gives us our individual looks

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18
Q

karyotype

A

a picture of all of your chromosomes in a cell, arranged in pairs from large to small

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19
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

same types of genes for the same traits, 2 sister chromatids

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20
Q

sex chromosomes

A

1 pair of chromosomes, determine gender: x and y = boy; x and x = girl

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21
Q

autosomes

A

the other 22 pairs of chromosomes

22
Q

Who determines the gender of the baby? The male or female?

A

male: 1/2 sperm = X and 1/2 sperm = Y, depends on which sperm fertilizes the egg

23
Q

haploid/diploid

A

n = haploid. 2n = diploid. [n = {23 chromosomes}]

24
Q

sex cells

A

haploid, come from germ cells (what makes the egg and sperm)

25
Q

gametes

A

the reproductive/sex cells

26
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg, diploid cell, from mom and dad

27
Q

meiosis

A

division of germ cells to make sex cells

28
Q

alternation of generations

A

a life cycle that alternates between haploid and diploid cells

29
Q

explain the circle of life

A

zygote, mitosis, adult, meiosis, fertilization, back to zygote

30
Q

Explain Meiosis

A
  1. Interphase: DNA coils
  2. Meiosis 1:
    • Prophase: chromosomes form and create homologous pairs which form tetrads, synapsis occurs: pairs stick together, swap DNA: homologous chromosomes take a bit of each others’ DNA at chiasmata to form recombinant chromosomes, why no 2 humans are the same, nucleic membrane dissolves
    • Metaphase: pairs move toward metaphase plate
    • Anaphase: pairs separate into sister chromatids
    • Telophase/Cytokinesis: cells pinch off, DNA does not uncoil
  3. Meiosis 2:
    • prophase: chromosomes already formed, spindle forms again
    • metaphase: chromosomes positioned at metaphase plate
    • anaphase: sister chromatids separate
    • telophase/cytokinesis: cells pinch off to form 4 haploid cells
31
Q

overview of meiosis

A

start with 46 chromosomes. meiosis 1: 23 pairs left. meiosis 2: 23 chromosomes left.

32
Q

chiasma

A

the point at which homologous chromosomes attach exchange DNA

33
Q

recombinant chromosomes

A

chromosomes with exchanged DNA

34
Q

another name for meiosis 1 and 2

A

meiosis 1 = reductional phase

meiosis 2 = equational phase

35
Q

three sources of genetic variation

A
  1. crossing over- recombinant chromosomes (prophase 1)
  2. independent assortment- how maternal and paternal chromosomes line up/are arranged
  3. random fertilization- any sperm and egg could fertilize each other
36
Q

who is Gregor Mendel?

A

1800’s, father of modern genetics, Austrian monk

37
Q

Where are the reproductive organs in plants?

A

the flower

38
Q

what plant did Mendel use in his experiments?

A

pea plants

39
Q

How could Mendel control the breeding of the pea plants?

A

If he didn’t want 2 plants to fertilize each other, he could cut off the male gametes (things that made pollen) on the flower. If he did want 2 certain plants to fertilize each other, he would take a brush to collect the pollen from one plant and use it to pollenate another one.

40
Q

true breeding

A

a white flower + a white flower = a white flower

41
Q

what are the 3 generations in plants?

A

P generation- parental generation
F (1) generation- the first filial generation
F (2) generation- the 2nd filial generation (f1 xf1)

42
Q

locus

A

where genes are located on a chromosome

43
Q

allele

A

alternate forms of a gene found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes (gene for color)

44
Q

Mendel’s 4 Important Findings

A
  1. There are “factors” in living things that are inherited by offspring.
  2. These “factors” occur in pairs. Today we know these “factors” are genes. The alternate versions of a gene are called alleles.
  3. Dominant factors are always expressed. Recessive ones have no effect.
  4. the law of segregation- the 2 factors for a trait separate during gamete formation (anaphase).
45
Q

How do you represent dominant and recessive traits?

A 
P- purple
T- tall
dominant traits = capital letters, recessive = lowercase, keep same letters
p- white
t- short
46
Q

homozygous

A

2 of same genes in zygote

47
Q

heterozygous

A

2 different genes in zygote (dominant wins)

48
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance

49
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup

50
Q

punnet square

A

developed by Reginald Punnett, a tool to determine the allele composition of offspring from a cross between 2 individuals

Biology (22 decks)

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