Plant Anatomy Flashcards
Land plants evolved from _____ _____.
green algae
nonvascular plants
small, simple plants that live in moist areas, no vascular tissue to move water around so water is absorbed by diffusion which means plants are close to ground (bryophytes)
rhizoids
root like structures that hold onto soil and all gametophytes together, not true roots because no vascular tissue, prevent erosion (water washing away soil)
vascular tissue
xylem- carries water up from roots to perform photosynthesis
phloem- carries sugar made in leaves and nutrients both up and down
plants without seeds
ferns, no flowers, make spores
naked seeds
gymnosperms- any plant with pinecones which contain seeds (pines, cyprus, hemlock - all conifers)
normal/true seeds
angiosperms- flowering (reproductive organs) plants
Describe alternation of generations
the diploid sporophyte generation producing haploid spores through meiosis, spores grow by mitosis, these give rise to the haploid gametophyte generation which produces gametes which grow by mitosis, fertilization occurs, creating a zygote and this gives rise to the diploid sporophyte generation again
Life cycle of Moss
gametophyte dominant, male and female gametophyte, male = antheridia producing sperm, female = archegonia producing eggs, sperm travels through water to fertilize the egg within the archegonium, diploid zygote, embryo, young sporophyte, mature sporophyte with stalk/seta and capsule/sporangium, sporangium develop spores through meiosis, capsule dries out, spores released through wind, develops into protonema (young gametophyte, haploid), mature male and female gametophyte….
life cycle of fern
mature sporophyte has clusters of sporangium called sorus on its underside, produces spores, capsule dries out and spores are released into wind, find water and germinate, young then mature gametophyte, antheridia and archegonia on underside of mature gametophyte, rhizoids, sperm travel through water to fertilize egg in archegonia and develop a diploid zygote which develops into a sporophyte and fiddlehead
economic uses of mosses
- peat (found in bogs, cut, burned, used as fuel)
- producers
- rhizoids prevent erosion
- live in symbiotic relationships with bacteria and fungus: help plants absorb enough nitrogen to survive (help synthesize DNA - nitrogenous bases and proteins (amino acids)
- fertilizer
_____ and _________ are key adaptations for life on land.
Seeds and pollen grains
seed
contain three parts: embryonic plant, stored food (starch), protective coating called seed coat
adaptations of how seeds grow
reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules and egg production, pollen and production of sperm
reduced gametophytes
microscopic, increased protection for the gametes
heterospory
homosporous- same spores (ferns and mosses)
heterosporous- different male and female spores:
-microspores- male gametes, macrospores- female gametes
ovules and egg production
ovule- contains egg, 2 parts: megaspore and integument (outer covering of ovule, becomes seed coat if fertilized)
pollen and production of sperm
pollen grain- tough container that protects and carries the sperm, carried by wind, and by bumble bees
pollination
carrying of pollen grain to female parts of plant
life cycle of pine
pollen and ovulate cone, wind used to blow pollen to ovulate cone to fertilize egg
flowers and fruit
- contain reproductive organs
- ripened ovary
life cycle of flowering plants
pollen has to hit stigma (sticky, middle part of female organs) in order for pollination to occur
self-pollenation
gametes fertilize each other on same flower
cross-pollenation
gametes from two different plants fertilize each other
2 groups of angiosperms
monocots and dicots
cotyledon
seed-leaf / embryo leaf inside seed that will become a mature leaf when it germinates
monocot
one cotyledon, parallel veins, vascular tissue scattered, fibrous root system, pollen grain with one opening, flowers in multiples of three
dicot
two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissue in circle, taproot, pollen grain with three openings, flowers in multiples of four or five
Photosynthesis formula
H2O + CO2 + sunlight (=chlorophyll=) C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
botany
study of plants
economical uses of plants
primary producers (autotrophs), pharmaceutical, textile (clothes), lumber
tissues, organs, and systems
- a group of one or more types of cells working together to perform a particular function
- a group of tissues working together to perform a particular function
- a group of organs working together to perform a particular function
root systems
needed to absorb water and nutrients, anchor, and storage (in spring and summer)
fibrous roots
grasses, help prevent erosion, lots of small roots together, monocot
taproot
dicot, one main root with smaller roots off of it
root hairs
increased surface area for absorption
mycorrhizae
symbiotic fungi that grow on roots that help plants absorb nutrients (nitrogen- amino acids)
types of root systems
buttress (support), aerial (parasitic), and storage (beets and carrots)
nodes and internodes
nodes- part where leaves branch out
internodes- spaces between nodes
stems
transport water up and sugars down for roots who don’t photosynthesize, supports the leaves to hold them into sunshine and the flowers to get pollenated
terminal/apical bud
top of shoot system
rhizomes
horizontal underground stems (sea plants)
bulbs
onion and garlic (short stems and swollen leaves - storage)
stolons
horizontal above ground stems (strawberries)
tubers
potatoes, underground storage stem, non photosynthetic
leaves
function: photosynthesis, petiole (mini stem) and blade (includes all compound leaflets), margins (jagged, wavy, smooth), venation (pattern of veins), all used to identify leaf
dermal tissue
outermost layer of cells on a plant that forms a protective covering from pathogens and insects (secrets odor/toxins to keep insects away), woody bark (dead cells), tight to prevent dehydration
cuticle
waxy covering on green plants (tight, prevents dehydration)
epidermis
covers all the non-woody (green) parts of the plant
ground tissue
includes all other types of tissue in plants (function: photosynthesis, support, storage)
pith
tissue internal to vascular tissue (palisade and spongy mesophyll)
cortex
tissue external to vascular tissue
parenchyma cells
thin walled, flexible cells with a large central vacuole, used for storage and photosynthesis
collenchyma cells
thicker cell walls but still flexible, support in roots and shoots
sclerenchyma cells
thickest cell walls, tiny bit of cytoplasm, has lignin - chemical that makes cells sturdy, primary and secondary cell walls, die at maturity
2 types of xylem
tracheids- thinner, long, tapered (pointed end) cells
pits- thin sections of xylem where water can pass through
vessel elements- long, wider, pipes (stems, roots, leaves)
perforated plates- where water can pass through
a kind of phloem
sieve tube elements- wide pipe cell that carries dissolved sugar, no nucleus or organelles so need companion cells - attach to outside of sieve tube elements and provide metabolic help (give ATP), have nucleus for it too
sieve plate
interrupt the sieve tube element to allow water through
primary growth
growth in length
secondary growth
growth in width
meristems
growth regions
apical meristem
primary growth regions at tips of roots and shoots
lateral meristem
secondary growth, as trees grow taller, they have to expand in width to support elongating tree
vascular cambium
add width to stem by producing new xylem and phloem cell layers
palisade mesophyll
chloroplasts, parenchyma cells, tightly packed to make sure as many cells as possible are at top of leaf for photosynthesis
spongy mesophyll
chloroplasts, parenchyma cells, irregularly shaped, air spaces for gas exchange: CO2 coming through stoma, O2 going out, some kept for aerobic respiration
