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Biology > Plant Anatomy > Flashcards

Plant Anatomy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Land plants evolved from _____ _____.

A

green algae

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2
Q

nonvascular plants

A

small, simple plants that live in moist areas, no vascular tissue to move water around so water is absorbed by diffusion which means plants are close to ground (bryophytes)

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3
Q

rhizoids

A

root like structures that hold onto soil and all gametophytes together, not true roots because no vascular tissue, prevent erosion (water washing away soil)

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4
Q

vascular tissue

A

xylem- carries water up from roots to perform photosynthesis

phloem- carries sugar made in leaves and nutrients both up and down

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5
Q

plants without seeds

A

ferns, no flowers, make spores

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6
Q

naked seeds

A

gymnosperms- any plant with pinecones which contain seeds (pines, cyprus, hemlock - all conifers)

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7
Q

normal/true seeds

A

angiosperms- flowering (reproductive organs) plants

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8
Q

Describe alternation of generations

A

the diploid sporophyte generation producing haploid spores through meiosis, spores grow by mitosis, these give rise to the haploid gametophyte generation which produces gametes which grow by mitosis, fertilization occurs, creating a zygote and this gives rise to the diploid sporophyte generation again

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9
Q

Life cycle of Moss

A

gametophyte dominant, male and female gametophyte, male = antheridia producing sperm, female = archegonia producing eggs, sperm travels through water to fertilize the egg within the archegonium, diploid zygote, embryo, young sporophyte, mature sporophyte with stalk/seta and capsule/sporangium, sporangium develop spores through meiosis, capsule dries out, spores released through wind, develops into protonema (young gametophyte, haploid), mature male and female gametophyte….

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10
Q

life cycle of fern

A

mature sporophyte has clusters of sporangium called sorus on its underside, produces spores, capsule dries out and spores are released into wind, find water and germinate, young then mature gametophyte, antheridia and archegonia on underside of mature gametophyte, rhizoids, sperm travel through water to fertilize egg in archegonia and develop a diploid zygote which develops into a sporophyte and fiddlehead

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11
Q

economic uses of mosses

A
  • peat (found in bogs, cut, burned, used as fuel)
  • producers
  • rhizoids prevent erosion
  • live in symbiotic relationships with bacteria and fungus: help plants absorb enough nitrogen to survive (help synthesize DNA - nitrogenous bases and proteins (amino acids)
  • fertilizer
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12
Q

_____ and _________ are key adaptations for life on land.

A

Seeds and pollen grains

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13
Q

seed

A

contain three parts: embryonic plant, stored food (starch), protective coating called seed coat

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14
Q

adaptations of how seeds grow

A

reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules and egg production, pollen and production of sperm

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15
Q

reduced gametophytes

A

microscopic, increased protection for the gametes

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16
Q

heterospory

A

homosporous- same spores (ferns and mosses)
heterosporous- different male and female spores:
-microspores- male gametes, macrospores- female gametes

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17
Q

ovules and egg production

A

ovule- contains egg, 2 parts: megaspore and integument (outer covering of ovule, becomes seed coat if fertilized)

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18
Q

pollen and production of sperm

A

pollen grain- tough container that protects and carries the sperm, carried by wind, and by bumble bees

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19
Q

pollination

A

carrying of pollen grain to female parts of plant

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20
Q

life cycle of pine

A

pollen and ovulate cone, wind used to blow pollen to ovulate cone to fertilize egg

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21
Q

flowers and fruit

A
  • contain reproductive organs

- ripened ovary

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22
Q

life cycle of flowering plants

A

pollen has to hit stigma (sticky, middle part of female organs) in order for pollination to occur

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23
Q

self-pollenation

A

gametes fertilize each other on same flower

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24
Q

cross-pollenation

A

gametes from two different plants fertilize each other

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25
Q

2 groups of angiosperms

A

monocots and dicots

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26
Q

cotyledon

A

seed-leaf / embryo leaf inside seed that will become a mature leaf when it germinates

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27
Q

monocot

A

one cotyledon, parallel veins, vascular tissue scattered, fibrous root system, pollen grain with one opening, flowers in multiples of three

28
Q

dicot

A

two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissue in circle, taproot, pollen grain with three openings, flowers in multiples of four or five

29
Q

Photosynthesis formula

A

H2O + CO2 + sunlight (=chlorophyll=) C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O

30
Q

botany

A

study of plants

31
Q

economical uses of plants

A

primary producers (autotrophs), pharmaceutical, textile (clothes), lumber

32
Q

tissues, organs, and systems

A
  1. a group of one or more types of cells working together to perform a particular function
  2. a group of tissues working together to perform a particular function
  3. a group of organs working together to perform a particular function
33
Q

root systems

A

needed to absorb water and nutrients, anchor, and storage (in spring and summer)

34
Q

fibrous roots

A

grasses, help prevent erosion, lots of small roots together, monocot

35
Q

taproot

A

dicot, one main root with smaller roots off of it

36
Q

root hairs

A

increased surface area for absorption

37
Q

mycorrhizae

A

symbiotic fungi that grow on roots that help plants absorb nutrients (nitrogen- amino acids)

38
Q

types of root systems

A

buttress (support), aerial (parasitic), and storage (beets and carrots)

39
Q

nodes and internodes

A

nodes- part where leaves branch out

internodes- spaces between nodes

40
Q

stems

A

transport water up and sugars down for roots who don’t photosynthesize, supports the leaves to hold them into sunshine and the flowers to get pollenated

41
Q

terminal/apical bud

A

top of shoot system

42
Q

rhizomes

A

horizontal underground stems (sea plants)

43
Q

bulbs

A

onion and garlic (short stems and swollen leaves - storage)

44
Q

stolons

A

horizontal above ground stems (strawberries)

45
Q

tubers

A

potatoes, underground storage stem, non photosynthetic

46
Q

leaves

A

function: photosynthesis, petiole (mini stem) and blade (includes all compound leaflets), margins (jagged, wavy, smooth), venation (pattern of veins), all used to identify leaf

47
Q

dermal tissue

A

outermost layer of cells on a plant that forms a protective covering from pathogens and insects (secrets odor/toxins to keep insects away), woody bark (dead cells), tight to prevent dehydration

48
Q

cuticle

A

waxy covering on green plants (tight, prevents dehydration)

49
Q

epidermis

A

covers all the non-woody (green) parts of the plant

50
Q

ground tissue

A

includes all other types of tissue in plants (function: photosynthesis, support, storage)

51
Q

pith

A

tissue internal to vascular tissue (palisade and spongy mesophyll)

52
Q

cortex

A

tissue external to vascular tissue

53
Q

parenchyma cells

A

thin walled, flexible cells with a large central vacuole, used for storage and photosynthesis

54
Q

collenchyma cells

A

thicker cell walls but still flexible, support in roots and shoots

55
Q

sclerenchyma cells

A

thickest cell walls, tiny bit of cytoplasm, has lignin - chemical that makes cells sturdy, primary and secondary cell walls, die at maturity

56
Q

2 types of xylem

A

tracheids- thinner, long, tapered (pointed end) cells
pits- thin sections of xylem where water can pass through
vessel elements- long, wider, pipes (stems, roots, leaves)
perforated plates- where water can pass through

57
Q

a kind of phloem

A

sieve tube elements- wide pipe cell that carries dissolved sugar, no nucleus or organelles so need companion cells - attach to outside of sieve tube elements and provide metabolic help (give ATP), have nucleus for it too

58
Q

sieve plate

A

interrupt the sieve tube element to allow water through

59
Q

primary growth

A

growth in length

60
Q

secondary growth

A

growth in width

61
Q

meristems

A

growth regions

62
Q

apical meristem

A

primary growth regions at tips of roots and shoots

63
Q

lateral meristem

A

secondary growth, as trees grow taller, they have to expand in width to support elongating tree

64
Q

vascular cambium

A

add width to stem by producing new xylem and phloem cell layers

65
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

chloroplasts, parenchyma cells, tightly packed to make sure as many cells as possible are at top of leaf for photosynthesis

66
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

chloroplasts, parenchyma cells, irregularly shaped, air spaces for gas exchange: CO2 coming through stoma, O2 going out, some kept for aerobic respiration

Biology (22 decks)

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