Animals

Question 1

animals

Answer 1

heterotrophic, eukaryotes, tissues from embryonic layers (muscle and nerve - think and move on our own)

Question 2

reproduction

Answer 2

most sexually, diploid stage dominates

• zygote
• eight-cell stage
• blastula (hollow ball of cells)
• gastrulation (ball indents)
• gastrula

Question 3

Gastrula and gastrulation

Answer 3

last stage of embryo before differentiation

• blastopore/protostome (indentation)
• archenteron (digestive tract)
• 3 germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 4

cleavage

Answer 4

series of mitotic divisions without cell growth between the divisions, begins immediately after fertilization

Question 5

larval stage

Answer 5

not yet adult, sexually immature, have to go through metamorphosis, different food sources and habitats

Question 6

metamorphosis

Answer 6

developmental transformation from juvenile to adult (tadpole to frog- no legs or lungs and live in water), (caterpillar to butterfly- eats leaves then nectar)

Question 7

ediacaran biota

Answer 7

550 million years ago, animals were extinct

Question 8

cambrian explosion

Answer 8

535-525 million years ago, many phyla represented, flood

Question 9

sponges

Answer 9

precursor to animals, collar cell- cilia and flagellum push water out of sponge and get food

Question 10

animals can be characterized by

Answer 10

body plans

Question 11

symmetry

Answer 11

mirror image on both sides of animal

Question 12

radial symmetry

Answer 12

no matter where you cut it, it will always be cut in half (starfish)

Question 13

bilateral symmetry

Answer 13

only one way to divide an animal into two halves

Question 14

dorsal

Answer 14

back or upper surface

Question 15

ventral

Answer 15

lower or front surface

Question 16

anterior

Answer 16

towards the front (head)

Question 17

posterior

Answer 17

towards the back end

Question 18

cephalization

Answer 18

forming of head with concentration of sensory organs

Question 19

median

Answer 19

middle

Question 20

lateral

Answer 20

side

Question 21

caudal

Answer 21

tail

Question 22

endoderm

Answer 22

innermost, has archenteron, develops into digestive tract, liver, lungs, and bladder

Question 23

mesoderm

Answer 23

all circulatory (blood, bones, muscles), kidney, repro organs

Question 24

ectoderm

Answer 24

outermost, skin, scales, shell, exoskeleton, sometimes nervous system

Question 25

diploblastic

Answer 25

endoderm and ectoderm only, jellyfish and coral

Question 26

triploblastic

Answer 26

three germ layers

Question 27

coelom

Answer 27

hollow body cavity, either fluid or air filled space between digestive tract and outer body wall

Question 28

coelomates

Answer 28

true body cavity, normal, mesoderm on both sides of coelom

Question 29

pseudocoelomates

Answer 29

fake, surrounded by mesoderm and endoderm, round worm

Question 30

acoelmates

Answer 30

no coelom, flat worm

Question 31

protostome development

Answer 31

mouth, molluscs and annelids

Question 32

spiral cleavage

Answer 32

refers to arrangement of cells in 8 cell-stage, don't line up

Question 33

determinate cleavage

Answer 33

already determined which types of cells they are going to be (cannot remove one and grow new embryo)

Question 34

in protostomes, coelom forms...

Answer 34

split mesoderm which means coelomate

Question 35

archenteron

Answer 35

developing digestive tract

Question 36

deuterostome development

Answer 36

second mouth, anus, echinoderms and chordates

Question 37

radial cleavage

Answer 37

cells are aligned (8-cell stage), radial pattern

Question 38

indeterminate cleavage

Answer 38

stem cells (remove one and it will still grow into a new embryo)

Question 39

in deuterostomes, coelom forms...

Answer 39

folds of the archenteron

Question 40

in deuterostomes, mouth is derived from

Answer 40

a second opening opposite the blastopore

Question 41

invertebrates

Answer 41

lack a backbone

Question 42

vertebrates

Answer 42

true backbone

Question 43

fungus

Answer 43

stationary, grow on forest floor, do not photosynthesize, cell wall (chiton), heterotrophic (absorption- have hyphae which grow on what they eat, release digestive enzymes and then use hyphae to absorb food)

Question 44

ecological roles of fungus

Answer 44

decomposers, symbiotic relationships (mycorrihizae help plants absorb nitrogen and sometimes water)

Question 45

commercial uses

Answer 45

food (yeast- rising bread and alcohol fermentation) | antibiotics (penicillin comes from mold)