Protists Flashcards
Who was the first person to discover protists?
Leeuwenhoek- Invented first microscope, saw protists
Why are protists considered eukaryotic cells?
membrane bound organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria) and membrane bound nucleus
Where are they found?
aquatic, soil, parasites
heterotroph, autotroph, mixotroph
- absorb nutrients (animal-like - cellular respiration)
- make own food (plant-like - photosynthesis)
- both hetero and auto
animal-like protists, plant-like protists
protozoanes, algae
phylogeny, cladogram/clade
evolutionary history of an organism, (diagram of) a group of organisms that have a common ancestor
endosymbiosis - primary and secondary
theory about how complex organelles evolved (mitochondria and chloroplasts)
- aerobic bacteria (endosymbiont) is engulfed by unicellular organism, creates double membrane, evolves into mitochondria (scientists think its DNA came from the bacteria)
- photosynthetic bacteria (endosymbiont) engulfed by unicellular organism, creates double membrane, evolves into chloroplast
How are protists classified?
compare DNA/genome, types of movement, autotrophic/heterotrophic/mixotrophic
What makes the euglena animal-like and plant-like?
- flagellum for motility, eyespot/stigma to sense light and move toward it, can absorb food if no light
- have chloroplasts/photosynthetic
mixotroph, pellicle (firm, flexible body made of bands of proteins for protection), ecto and endoplasm, contractile vacuole (high solute concentration so water wants to flow in to even out the solutes through diffusion, gets rid of excess water), euglenoid movement (contracting and expanding)
amoeba
heterotrophic through phagocytosis (surrounds food with 2 pseudopodia, forms a food vacuole and taken into cell, combines with lysosome which contains digestive enzymes and it breaks down the food, becomes waste vacuole and performs exocytosis - exits the cell through anal pore), binary fission - asexual, contractile vacuole to maintain homeostasis (balance of solutes), ecto and endoplasm, endoplasmic streaming - endoplasm develops current and contents flow in one direction developing pseudopodia “false feet” that help it move
trypanosoma
parasitic, causes African sleeping sickness, affects brain and causes coma by surrounding red blood cells
dinoflagellates
algae, shell made of cellulose plates, blooms (multiplies a lot) - changes color of sea, causing red tide, shuts down food production because clog up oysters and shrimp and can carry toxins harmful to people
plasmodium
parasite carried by mosquito that causes malaria by going into liver and attacking red blood cells
paramecium
heterotrophic, pellicle, oral groove, gullet, macro and micronucleus, contractile vacuole, asexual (binary fission), sexual (conjugation - 2 way exchange of micronuclei, genetic diversity), ciliates
diatoms
autotrophs, phytoplankton (photosynthetic free-floaters), “grass of sea” - very prevalent, eaten a lot, diatomacious ooze when shells are shed, shells made of silicon dioxide, store food as oil, helps them float to get to sunlight
golden algae
store food as oil, no chlorophyll, different pigments
brown algae
comercial use - eaten (kelp), habitat for baby turtles, huge sheets of algae
water molds - oomycetes
types of fungus, heterotrophic, decomposers - grow on dead organisms
radiolarians and forams
glass case with pseudopodia coming out, radiolarians shells’ made of silicon dioxide, forams shells’ made of calcium carbonate, both protozoans
red algae
red pigment, tropical, coral reef builders, ager comes from this
slime molds
fungus-like protists, water molds that grow on land, decomposers
ecological roles of algae
- primary producer- autotrophic, performs photosynthesis which means releases oxygen and converts carbon dioxide to glucose (food) with sunlight energy
- base of aquatic food chain
- symbiotic relationships - mutualism
ecological roles of protozoans
- decomposers- break down plant and animal material that bacteria then breaks down even more to a molecular level to recycle molecules in environment
- role in food chain - eat bacteria and algae and are eaten by aquatic invertebrates as in crab-like arthropods
- symbiotic relationships - parasitism
thallus, blade, stipe, holdfast, air bladder
- basic unit or structure of algae (multicellular, unicellular, colonial, filamentous)
- leaf-like
- stem-like
- root-like
- helps float
Why are algae classified differently than land plants?
- no true tissues or organs
2. aquatic
comercial uses of algae
- agar
- fertilizer
- vitamins
- pollution control
- biofuel- replacing gas for car
sessile
not moving and are attached
spirogyra
spiral chloroplasts, conjugation tubes and zygospores (combined gametes - not a 2 way exchange) formed when conjugating, thallus = filamentous
volvox
thallus=colonial, live together in a ball and share a mucus layer that sticks the cells together so they move in unison, not all alike
micrasterias
make food through photosynthesis and store this sugar as starch in pyrenoids, thallus = unicellular
Chlamydomonas
thallus = unicellular, 2 anterior flagellum that move in a breast-stroke motion for motility
common trait of stentor and vorticella
both had cilia along oral groove/mouth, motility and dragging food in