Protists

Question 1

Who was the first person to discover protists?

Answer 1

Leeuwenhoek- Invented first microscope, saw protists

Question 2

Why are protists considered eukaryotic cells?

Answer 2

membrane bound organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria) and membrane bound nucleus

Question 3

Where are they found?

Answer 3

aquatic, soil, parasites

Question 4

heterotroph, autotroph, mixotroph

Answer 4

1. absorb nutrients (animal-like - cellular respiration)
2. make own food (plant-like - photosynthesis)
3. both hetero and auto

Question 5

animal-like protists, plant-like protists

Answer 5

protozoanes, algae

Question 6

phylogeny, cladogram/clade

Answer 6

evolutionary history of an organism, (diagram of) a group of organisms that have a common ancestor

Question 7

endosymbiosis - primary and secondary

Answer 7

theory about how complex organelles evolved (mitochondria and chloroplasts)

1. aerobic bacteria (endosymbiont) is engulfed by unicellular organism, creates double membrane, evolves into mitochondria (scientists think its DNA came from the bacteria)
2. photosynthetic bacteria (endosymbiont) engulfed by unicellular organism, creates double membrane, evolves into chloroplast

Question 8

How are protists classified?

Answer 8

compare DNA/genome, types of movement, autotrophic/heterotrophic/mixotrophic

Question 9

What makes the euglena animal-like and plant-like?

Answer 9

1. flagellum for motility, eyespot/stigma to sense light and move toward it, can absorb food if no light
2. have chloroplasts/photosynthetic
   mixotroph, pellicle (firm, flexible body made of bands of proteins for protection), ecto and endoplasm, contractile vacuole (high solute concentration so water wants to flow in to even out the solutes through diffusion, gets rid of excess water), euglenoid movement (contracting and expanding)

Question 10

amoeba

Answer 10

heterotrophic through phagocytosis (surrounds food with 2 pseudopodia, forms a food vacuole and taken into cell, combines with lysosome which contains digestive enzymes and it breaks down the food, becomes waste vacuole and performs exocytosis - exits the cell through anal pore), binary fission - asexual, contractile vacuole to maintain homeostasis (balance of solutes), ecto and endoplasm, endoplasmic streaming - endoplasm develops current and contents flow in one direction developing pseudopodia “false feet” that help it move

Question 11

trypanosoma

Answer 11

parasitic, causes African sleeping sickness, affects brain and causes coma by surrounding red blood cells

Question 12

dinoflagellates

Answer 12

algae, shell made of cellulose plates, blooms (multiplies a lot) - changes color of sea, causing red tide, shuts down food production because clog up oysters and shrimp and can carry toxins harmful to people

Question 13

plasmodium

Answer 13

parasite carried by mosquito that causes malaria by going into liver and attacking red blood cells

Question 14

paramecium

Answer 14

heterotrophic, pellicle, oral groove, gullet, macro and micronucleus, contractile vacuole, asexual (binary fission), sexual (conjugation - 2 way exchange of micronuclei, genetic diversity), ciliates

Question 15

diatoms

Answer 15

autotrophs, phytoplankton (photosynthetic free-floaters), “grass of sea” - very prevalent, eaten a lot, diatomacious ooze when shells are shed, shells made of silicon dioxide, store food as oil, helps them float to get to sunlight

Question 16

golden algae

Answer 16

store food as oil, no chlorophyll, different pigments

Question 17

brown algae

Answer 17

comercial use - eaten (kelp), habitat for baby turtles, huge sheets of algae

Question 18

water molds - oomycetes

Answer 18

types of fungus, heterotrophic, decomposers - grow on dead organisms

Question 19

radiolarians and forams

Answer 19

glass case with pseudopodia coming out, radiolarians shells’ made of silicon dioxide, forams shells’ made of calcium carbonate, both protozoans

Question 20

red algae

Answer 20

red pigment, tropical, coral reef builders, ager comes from this

Question 21

slime molds

Answer 21

fungus-like protists, water molds that grow on land, decomposers

Question 22

ecological roles of algae

Answer 22

1. primary producer- autotrophic, performs photosynthesis which means releases oxygen and converts carbon dioxide to glucose (food) with sunlight energy
2. base of aquatic food chain
3. symbiotic relationships - mutualism

Question 23

ecological roles of protozoans

Answer 23

1. decomposers- break down plant and animal material that bacteria then breaks down even more to a molecular level to recycle molecules in environment
2. role in food chain - eat bacteria and algae and are eaten by aquatic invertebrates as in crab-like arthropods
3. symbiotic relationships - parasitism

Question 24

thallus, blade, stipe, holdfast, air bladder

Answer 24

1. basic unit or structure of algae (multicellular, unicellular, colonial, filamentous)
2. leaf-like
3. stem-like
4. root-like
5. helps float

Question 25

Why are algae classified differently than land plants?

Answer 25

1. no true tissues or organs

2. aquatic

Question 26

comercial uses of algae

Answer 26

1. agar
2. fertilizer
3. vitamins
4. pollution control
5. biofuel- replacing gas for car

Question 27

sessile

Answer 27

not moving and are attached

Question 28

spirogyra

Answer 28

spiral chloroplasts, conjugation tubes and zygospores (combined gametes - not a 2 way exchange) formed when conjugating, thallus = filamentous

Question 29

volvox

Answer 29

thallus=colonial, live together in a ball and share a mucus layer that sticks the cells together so they move in unison, not all alike

Question 30

micrasterias

Answer 30

make food through photosynthesis and store this sugar as starch in pyrenoids, thallus = unicellular

Question 31

Chlamydomonas

Answer 31

thallus = unicellular, 2 anterior flagellum that move in a breast-stroke motion for motility

Question 32

common trait of stentor and vorticella

Answer 32

both had cilia along oral groove/mouth, motility and dragging food in