Bacteria

Question 1

What two domains do bacteria appear in?

Answer 1

bacteria and archaea

Question 2

How are bacteria “masters of adaptation”?

Answer 2

asexual rapid reproduction through binary fission (MRSA) - see genetic diversity

Question 3

What are bacteria measured in?

Answer 3

micrometers

Question 4

What is the genetic material of bacteria?

Answer 4

single chromosome (DNA) found in the nucleoid, plasmids (separate circular strips of DNA, used in recombinant DNA technology as a vector)

Question 5

What makes bacteria prokaryotes?

Answer 5

no nucleus (nucleoid instead), no membrane bound organelles - no mitochondria or chloroplasts but do have ribosomes

Question 6

Why are bacteria important?

Answer 6

biotechnology (plasmids and recombinant DNA), finding antibiotics, understanding genetics, ecological decomposers, found in intestines as good bacteria (ecoli)

Question 7

What are the 3 forms of bacteria?

Answer 7

bacillus (rod-shaped), coccus (spherical, can be found in clusters or chains), spiral (corkscrew)

Question 8

What are the 3 outer layers of bacteria?

Answer 8

capsule, cell wall, cell membrane

Question 9

capsule

Answer 9

structure- made of polysaccharides and proteins, also called slime coat because it is sticky for the bacteria to stick to objects as well as other cells (has fimbrae)
function- prevents dehydration, protection

Question 10

cell wall

Answer 10

structure: made of peptidoglycan (complex carbohydrate that aids support)
function: rigid and thick, keeps shape and structure, protection

Question 11

cell membrane

Answer 11

function: selectively permeable (regulates what goes in and out of the cell), protection

Question 12

What are the 3 projections from the bacteria?

Answer 12

flagellum, pilus, fimbriae

Question 13

flagellum

Answer 13

function: locomotion, motility (an organism’s ability to move)
structure: motor is made of 42 different proteins that must be in just the right place to work

Question 14

irreducible complexity

Answer 14

proves intelligent design, every little part is necessary for correct use, ex. mouse trap

Question 15

pilus/sex pilus

Answer 15

tubes in which bacteria pass DNA to another bacterial cell

Question 16

fimbriae

Answer 16

front end of bacteria, for attachment, help stick to surfaces and each other

Question 17

nucleoid

Answer 17

where genetic material is found (DNA)

Question 18

ribosome

Answer 18

translates

Question 19

mesosome

Answer 19

infolding of the plasma membrane where aerobic cellular respiration occurs (like membranes in mitochondria), ETC’s and oxygenated phosphorylation, can also do photosynthesis (light reactions)

Question 20

granule

Answer 20

starch storage

Question 21

endospores

Answer 21

spores inside the bacteria that respond to harsh environmental conditions like dry soil, protective covering surrounds the DNA and the rest of the cell disintegrates

Question 22

Gram stain

Answer 22

dye used to differentiate between different types of bacteria

Question 23

gram positive

Answer 23

purple, coccus, lots of peptidoglycan

Question 24

gram negative

Answer 24

pink, bacillus, little peptidoglycan

Question 25

antibiotics and how the gram stain applies to them

Answer 25

function: destroy cell wall to let out the contents bringing bacterial death, the amount of peptidoglycan shown by the gram stain determines antibiotics needed

Question 26

Binary Fission

Answer 26

how one cell divides into two clones (not called mitosis), new cell goes through growth and replicates the one chromosome to 2, 61 minutes taken altogether (in order to divide, it must have the right nutrients, temperature, sunlight, and oxygen)

Question 27

the importance of genetic diversity

Answer 27

Natural selection can only work if there is genetic variation. If all bacteria were the same, one thing can destroy all of them at the same time! It’s for survival

Question 28

3 types of genetic diversity

Answer 28

rapid reproduction, mutation and genetic recombination

Question 29

3 types of genetic recombination

Answer 29

transformation, transduction, conjugation

Question 30

transformation

Answer 30

uptake of foreign DNA (lysed) from the surroundings (foreign DNA only gets in the bacteria by specific receptors. Many times, this foreign DNA gives resistant, beneficial genes)

Question 31

transduction

Answer 31

carrying of bacterial DNA from one bacteria to another by bacteria phage viruses. Process: Viral DNA is injected into the bacteria and breaks apart the bacteria DNA. Then, the viral DNA is expressed and forms new phages, and these phages burst apart the cell (normal lytic cycle). Sometimes, one of these new phages have the bacterial DNA (infected with the virus), and this then infects another cell. So now, this other cell (recipient cell) has the recombinant DNA

Question 32

Conjugation and 2 types

Answer 32

transfer of DNA between 2 temporarily joined (joined by the pilus) bacteria cells 1. plasmid transfer 2. chromosome transfer

Question 33

Plasmid transfer

Answer 33

1. There are 2 cells. The donor cell is F+, meaning that it has the fertility plasmid and the gene to make the pilus 2. The pilus is made by the donor cell to make the bridge/channel to connect to the recipient cell. 3. The donor cell replicates its plasmid. 4. The donor cell sends the plasmid through the pilus. 5. Now, the recipient cell has the plasmid and becomes F+ (so now it can be a donor cell). Many times, the plasmid gives beneficial genes.

Question 34

Chromosome transfer

Answer 34

The donor cell duplicates its chromosome and sends it to the recipient cell through the pilus. 1. Hfr (High frequency of recombination) cell has the F+ gene, but this F+ gene is part of a single chromosome (not a plasmid). The DNA replicates, and the pilus is formed 2. F factor enters the recipient cell along with a part of the bacterial chromosome (through the pilus) 3. The piece of chromosome gets duplicated, but the F+ factor is broken down, so the recipient cell remains F negative

Question 35

2 types of plasmids

Answer 35

F and R plasmid

Question 36

R plasmid

Answer 36

antibiotic resistance, sometimes in bacteria

Question 37

3 types of metabolism

Answer 37

obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes

Question 38

obligate aerobes

Answer 38

require oxygen for survival (cellular respiration)

Question 39

obligate anaerobes

Answer 39

poisoned by oxygen and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Question 40

facultative anaerobes

Answer 40

survive with or without oxygen

Question 41

What kind of reaction is cellular respiration?

Answer 41

catabolic - glucose broken down

Question 42

2 ways living things can get glucose

Answer 42

eating it, photosynthesis

Question 43

autotrophs

Answer 43

make food energy 1. phototrophs- sunlight energy (photosynthesis) 2. chemotrophs- chemicals (chemosynthesis)

Question 44

heterotrophs

Answer 44

absorb nutrients by diffusion

Question 45

compare and contrast archaea and bacteria

Answer 45

Similarities: 1. prokaryotes 2. no membrane bound organelles 3. no nuclear envelope Differences: 1. bacteria have peptidoglycan and archaea don't 2. bacteria are found in normal habitats but archaea live in extreme habitats (extremophiles) 3. molecular/structural differences (DNA, RNA, enzymes)

Question 46

3 types of extremophiles

Answer 46

halophiles- salty habitats thermophiles- hot habitats (geysers, volcanoes) methanogens- produce methane into the environment as waste product (anaerobes, swamps/marshes)

Question 47

ecology

Answer 47

the study of living things and their interaction between other living themes/environment

Question 48

decomposers

Answer 48

break down dead organisms/waste products and enable chemical recycling

Question 49

chemical recycling

Answer 49

recycle the chemicals in the environment needed by other living things

Question 50

symbiosis and 3 types

Answer 50

2 organisms live together in close contact in a relationship for survival 1. mutualism 2. parasitism 3. commensalism

Question 51

mutualism

Answer 51

both organisms benefit from the relationship (bacteria in our intestines: they receive food, shelter from predators, and a warm, moist environment and they break down our food for us)

Question 52

commensalism

Answer 52

one is benefitted and the other is neither harmed nor benefitted

Question 53

parasitism

Answer 53

one benefits and one is harmed

Question 54

pathogens

Answer 54

parasites that cause disease

Question 55

2 ways pathogens make you sick

Answer 55

exotoxins- secreted outside of a bacterial cell (sick immediately) endotoxins- released when bacteria dies and wall breaks down