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Bacteria Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What two domains do bacteria appear in?

A

bacteria and archaea

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2
Q

How are bacteria “masters of adaptation”?

A

asexual rapid reproduction through binary fission (MRSA) - see genetic diversity

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3
Q

What are bacteria measured in?

A

micrometers

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4
Q

What is the genetic material of bacteria?

A

single chromosome (DNA) found in the nucleoid, plasmids (separate circular strips of DNA, used in recombinant DNA technology as a vector)

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5
Q

What makes bacteria prokaryotes?

A

no nucleus (nucleoid instead), no membrane bound organelles - no mitochondria or chloroplasts but do have ribosomes

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6
Q

Why are bacteria important?

A

biotechnology (plasmids and recombinant DNA), finding antibiotics, understanding genetics, ecological decomposers, found in intestines as good bacteria (ecoli)

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7
Q

What are the 3 forms of bacteria?

A

bacillus (rod-shaped), coccus (spherical, can be found in clusters or chains), spiral (corkscrew)

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8
Q

What are the 3 outer layers of bacteria?

A

capsule, cell wall, cell membrane

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9
Q

capsule

A

structure- made of polysaccharides and proteins, also called slime coat because it is sticky for the bacteria to stick to objects as well as other cells (has fimbrae)
function- prevents dehydration, protection

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10
Q

cell wall

A

structure: made of peptidoglycan (complex carbohydrate that aids support)
function: rigid and thick, keeps shape and structure, protection

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11
Q

cell membrane

A

function: selectively permeable (regulates what goes in and out of the cell), protection

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12
Q

What are the 3 projections from the bacteria?

A

flagellum, pilus, fimbriae

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13
Q

flagellum

A

function: locomotion, motility (an organism’s ability to move)
structure: motor is made of 42 different proteins that must be in just the right place to work

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14
Q

irreducible complexity

A

proves intelligent design, every little part is necessary for correct use, ex. mouse trap

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15
Q

pilus/sex pilus

A

tubes in which bacteria pass DNA to another bacterial cell

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16
Q

fimbriae

A

front end of bacteria, for attachment, help stick to surfaces and each other

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17
Q

nucleoid

A

where genetic material is found (DNA)

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18
Q

ribosome

A

translates

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19
Q

mesosome

A

infolding of the plasma membrane where aerobic cellular respiration occurs (like membranes in mitochondria), ETC’s and oxygenated phosphorylation, can also do photosynthesis (light reactions)

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20
Q

granule

A

starch storage

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21
Q

endospores

A

spores inside the bacteria that respond to harsh environmental conditions like dry soil, protective covering surrounds the DNA and the rest of the cell disintegrates

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22
Q

Gram stain

A

dye used to differentiate between different types of bacteria

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23
Q

gram positive

A

purple, coccus, lots of peptidoglycan

24
Q

gram negative

A

pink, bacillus, little peptidoglycan

25
Q

antibiotics and how the gram stain applies to them

A

function: destroy cell wall to let out the contents bringing bacterial death, the amount of peptidoglycan shown by the gram stain determines antibiotics needed

26
Q

Binary Fission

A

how one cell divides into two clones (not called mitosis), new cell goes through growth and replicates the one chromosome to 2, 61 minutes taken altogether (in order to divide, it must have the right nutrients, temperature, sunlight, and oxygen)

27
Q

the importance of genetic diversity

A

Natural selection can only work if there is genetic variation. If all bacteria were the same, one thing can destroy all of them at the same time! It’s for survival

28
Q

3 types of genetic diversity

A

rapid reproduction, mutation and genetic recombination

29
Q

3 types of genetic recombination

A

transformation, transduction, conjugation

30
Q

transformation

A

uptake of foreign DNA (lysed) from the surroundings (foreign DNA only gets in the bacteria by specific receptors. Many times, this foreign DNA gives resistant, beneficial genes)

31
Q

transduction

A

carrying of bacterial DNA from one bacteria to another by bacteria phage viruses. Process: Viral DNA is injected into the bacteria and breaks apart the bacteria DNA. Then, the viral DNA is expressed and forms new phages, and these phages burst apart the cell (normal lytic cycle). Sometimes, one of these new phages have the bacterial DNA (infected with the virus), and this then infects another cell. So now, this other cell (recipient cell) has the recombinant DNA

32
Q

Conjugation and 2 types

A

transfer of DNA between 2 temporarily joined (joined by the pilus) bacteria cells

  1. plasmid transfer
  2. chromosome transfer
33
Q

Plasmid transfer

A
  1. There are 2 cells. The donor cell is F+, meaning that it has the fertility plasmid and the gene to make the pilus
  2. The pilus is made by the donor cell to make the bridge/channel to connect to the recipient cell.
  3. The donor cell replicates its plasmid.
  4. The donor cell sends the plasmid through the pilus.
  5. Now, the recipient cell has the plasmid and becomes F+ (so now it can be a donor cell). Many times, the plasmid gives beneficial genes.
34
Q

Chromosome transfer

A

The donor cell duplicates its chromosome and sends it to the recipient cell through the pilus.

  1. Hfr (High frequency of recombination) cell has the F+ gene, but this F+ gene is part of a single chromosome (not a plasmid). The DNA replicates, and the pilus is formed
  2. F factor enters the recipient cell along with a part of the bacterial chromosome (through the pilus)
  3. The piece of chromosome gets duplicated, but the F+ factor is broken down, so the recipient cell remains F negative
35
Q

2 types of plasmids

A

F and R plasmid

36
Q

R plasmid

A

antibiotic resistance, sometimes in bacteria

37
Q

3 types of metabolism

A

obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes

38
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen for survival (cellular respiration)

39
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

poisoned by oxygen and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration

40
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

survive with or without oxygen

41
Q

What kind of reaction is cellular respiration?

A

catabolic - glucose broken down

42
Q

2 ways living things can get glucose

A

eating it, photosynthesis

43
Q

autotrophs

A

make food energy

  1. phototrophs- sunlight energy (photosynthesis)
  2. chemotrophs- chemicals (chemosynthesis)
44
Q

heterotrophs

A

absorb nutrients by diffusion

45
Q

compare and contrast archaea and bacteria

A

Similarities:
1. prokaryotes
2. no membrane bound organelles
3. no nuclear envelope
Differences:
1. bacteria have peptidoglycan and archaea don’t
2. bacteria are found in normal habitats but archaea live in extreme habitats (extremophiles)
3. molecular/structural differences (DNA, RNA, enzymes)

46
Q

3 types of extremophiles

A

halophiles- salty habitats
thermophiles- hot habitats (geysers, volcanoes)
methanogens- produce methane into the environment as waste product (anaerobes, swamps/marshes)

47
Q

ecology

A

the study of living things and their interaction between other living themes/environment

48
Q

decomposers

A

break down dead organisms/waste products and enable chemical recycling

49
Q

chemical recycling

A

recycle the chemicals in the environment needed by other living things

50
Q

symbiosis and 3 types

A

2 organisms live together in close contact in a relationship for survival

  1. mutualism
  2. parasitism
  3. commensalism
51
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit from the relationship (bacteria in our intestines: they receive food, shelter from predators, and a warm, moist environment and they break down our food for us)

52
Q

commensalism

A

one is benefitted and the other is neither harmed nor benefitted

53
Q

parasitism

A

one benefits and one is harmed

54
Q

pathogens

A

parasites that cause disease

55
Q

2 ways pathogens make you sick

A

exotoxins- secreted outside of a bacterial cell (sick immediately)
endotoxins- released when bacteria dies and wall breaks down

Biology (22 decks)

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