Osmoregulation and Execretion Flashcards
What is osmoregulation?
It is the process that animals use to balance out solute and water.
What is excretion?
It is how our body gets rid of nitrogenous wastes and other wastes as well
What is isosmotic?
no net movement of water
What is hyperosmotic?
more concentration of solutes
What is hyposmotic?
less concentration of solutes
What is urea?
nitrogenous wastes in a human that has a particular smell to it; it is produced in the liver and it is a product of carbon dioxide and ammonia
What is gout?
a joint problem; when all the urea does not come out, the result is the urea turns into uric acid crystals and they desposit in the joint creating serious pain
How does the blood turn into urine?
the blood goes thru the renal artery and into the glomerulus and then salt, water, urea, glucose, and amino acids go through the Bowman’s capsule and the rest of the blood surround the nephrons and then the glucose and amino acids are completely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and the salt,water, urea go to the loop of Henle where the water gets reabsorbed in the descending part and the salt gets reabsorbed in the ascending part and the salt, water, and urea go to the distale tubule where they are reabsorbed again as they were selectively reabsorbed before and it goes into the collecting duct where the filtrate under hormone control secretes the filtrate and becomes urine and it goes through the ureter to the urinary bladder where it is stored until excreted and then comes out the urethra
What are nephrons?
microscopic blood-cleaning units (over 1,000,000 in our body)
What is the glomerulus?
tight ball of capillaries
What is filtration?
the movement of materials out of the glomerulus capillaries and into the nephron
What is filtrate?
the fluid that collects in the nephron
What are the three blood components kept in the blood because they are too big to pass through the pores of the glomerulus?
red blood cells, white blood cells, proteins
What five substances form the filtrate?
water, salt, urea, amino acids, glucose
What determines which blood components remain in the blood and which components end up in the filtrate in the nephron?
the size of the glomerulus; the gas exchange happening as well
Which of the substances in the filtrate does your body need?
amino acids and glucose
Explain how some diseases which result in the production of excess blood cells can damage the Bowman’s capsule. How would this interfere with the filtration process?
it could be damaged or block the things being filtered
What is Bowman’s capsule?
nephron that surrounds the glomerulus
What is reabsorbtion?
it transports protein molecules in the walls of the nephron and return essential substances such as glucose, amino acids, water, and salt to the capillaries that surround the nephron
What essential molecules are being kept to be completely reabsorbed?
glucose and amino acids
What specific structure does most of the reabsorbtion occur within the nephron?
capillaries
What two substances should be balanced by being selectively reabsorbed?
water and salt
What is the role of Henle’s Loop?
water and salt are being reabsorbed in the capillaries
Explain why the kidney would use active transport and not passive transport to transport substances from the nephron to the capillaries.
the active transport uses the transport proteins and ATP which is required to move the substances
If you drink a lot of water, you may produce large amounts of urine that has a light yellow color. If you do not drink enough water, you may produce a small amount of urine that has a dark yellow color. Why?
if you drink more water, then less of it is absorbed and therefore less dense and if you do not drink enough water, then more of it gets absorbed and therefore it is more dense
What is vasopressin (ADH)?
it is a antidiuretic hormone that is released when you need water and it is prouced in the brain in the hypothalamus
What is the role of vasopressin in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron in the process of water reabsorbtion?
since the distale tubule is under hormonal control, more water is reabsorbed
What is dieresis?
it is a formal term for urinating
Why is vasopressin sometimes called a aniduretic hormone?
it is a hormone that decreases the amount of water being reabsorbed
The posterior pituitary gland is not fully developed in childhood. Why could this result in bedwetting?
not as much ADH is released so not enough water is absorbed from the urine
After reabsorbtion occurs, what seven substances are present in the “clean” blood in the renal vein?
salt, water, proteins, white blood cells, red blood cells, glucose, amino acids
What happens to the “clean” blood in the renal vein?
it continues to the rest of you body then back to your heart
What substance is NOT reabsorbed from the filtrate and why is it important that this substance remains in the fluid in the nephron?
urea is not reabsorbed because it is toxic
What three substances are present in normal urine?
salt, water, urea
List in order the structures of the urinary system that the urine must pass through to exit from the body.
kidney-ureter-bladder-urethea
How is oxygen used in the kidney?
It enters in through the renal artery in the blood. As it goes through capillaries, CO2 and O2 are exchanged as cellular respiration happens. (This is also how the renal artery turns into the renal vein; the artery has 95% of oxygen in the blood and 5% of CO2. However, in the vein after cellular respiration is performed, the blood contains 50% O2 and 50% CO2.) Cellular respiration creates ATP which is used to carry nutrients being reabsorbed from the nephron to the capillaries by active transport using transport proteins.
How does water flow?
From a hyposmotic solution to a hyperosmotic solution.
