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BS1007 Cairns > Vertebrates > Flashcards

Vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Which of these clades are considered mammals?

A. Eutherians
B. Metatherians
C. Amniotherians
D. Prototherians

A

A, B, D

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2
Q

Metatherians are:

A. Monophyletic
B. Tetraphyletic
C. Polyphyletic
D. Paraphyletic

A

A. Monophyletic

Metatherians (marsuipals) are monophlyetic because a clade is a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor

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3
Q

Paraceratherium was the largest living:

A. Aves
B. Mammal
C. Reptile
D. Shark

A

B. Mammal

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4
Q

What is the role of Sebaceous glands?

A

lubrication of skin and hair

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5
Q

____ are solid, shed seasonally, and are made of bone.

A. Horns
B. Scales
C. Antlers
D. Osteoderms

A

C. Antlers

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6
Q

Which of these modifications are associated with mammals?

A. Fused clavicles, large keel on sternum
B. Spongey centre spines, scales, hollow horns
C. Antlers, osteoderms, spongey centred spines
D. cutaneous respiration, aposematism

A

B. Spongey centre spines, scales, hollow horns

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7
Q

Horns are made of keratin or bone?

A

Keratin

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8
Q

What are the two types of glands used for cooling?

A. Eccrine & Exocrine
B. Apocrine & Exocrine
C. Endocrine & Apocrine
D. Eccrine & Apocrine

A

D. Eccrine & Apocrine

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9
Q

Eccrine glands:

A. found on most of the body and open directly onto skin surface
B. open into hair follicle
C. secrete substances into a ductal system
D. type of mammory gland triggered by prolactin

A

A. found on most of the body and open directly onto skin surface

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10
Q

Apocrine glands open into ____ leading to skin surface

A

hair follicles

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11
Q

Prototherians are:

a. ancestral chordates
b. monotremes
c. marsupials
d. placental

A

B. monotremes

think reptile like traits

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12
Q

Metatherians are:

a. ancestral chordates
b. monotremes
c. marsupials
d. placental

A

C. marsupials

M & M

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13
Q

Differentiated cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal vertebrae are associated with which group?

A

Mammals

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14
Q

Highly differentiated and regionalization of the vertebrae is associated with:

A

Mammals

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15
Q

Both birds and mammals have complete separation of ____.

A

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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16
Q

The systemic circuit pumps blood from heart to _____ back to heart.

A

body

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17
Q

The pulmonary circuit pumps blood from heart to _____ back to heart.

A

lungs

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18
Q

Double pumping means ____ separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

A

complete

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19
Q

Mammals and crocodiles have a _____.

A. complex glandular system
B. 4 chambered heart with incomplete separation
C. Prolactin hormone
D. Muscular diaphrahm

A

D. Muscular diaphrahm

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20
Q

Unlike amphibians, mammals have a ____ pressure breathing

A. positive gradient
B. negative gradient
C. passive gradient
D. countercurrent gradient

A

B. negative gradient

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21
Q

A change of concentrations will always move from high to low. T/F

A

True

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22
Q

For mammals, breathing in is an ___ process while breathing out is a ___ process.

A

active, passive

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23
Q

Muscles controlling thoracic cavity relax and reduces the volume. Which causes air pressure to:

A. equalise
B. increase
C. decrease
D. deflate

A

B. increase

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24
Q

In mammals, breathing out causes:

A. Muscles controlling thoracic cavity relax and reduces the volume, causes air pressure to increase
B. lower air pressure in lungs below external air
C. Muscle expansion in the thoracic cavity causing lower air pressure
D. air to flow through nostrils and mouth, down trachea, bronchi and bronchioles into alveoli

A

A. Muscles controlling thoracic cavity relax and reduces the volume, causes air pressure to increase

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25
Q

The role of kidneys is to filter urea waste from ___

A

blood

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26
Q

The organ that attach to ureters and drains nitrogenous waste to bladder is called

A

kidney

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27
Q

tubules arranged in highly organized manner and closely associated with network of capillaries

A

Kidney

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28
Q

Fish excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of ___, reptiles in the form of ___, and mammals in the form of ____.

A. ammonia, uric acid, urea
B. Uric acid, dark urine, ammonia
C. Uric acid, ammonia, urea
D. ammonia, urine, uric acid

A

A. ammonia, uric acid, urea

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29
Q

Osmoregulation in mammal metanephric kidneys is controlled by + or - feedback hormones

A

negative

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30
Q

heterogametic chromosomes means:

A

♂ X and Y

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31
Q

homogametic chromosomes mean

A

♀ 2 X chromosomes

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32
Q

Monotremes are

a. viviparous
b. oviparous
c. ovoviviparous

A

b. oviparous

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33
Q

All mammals have 4 limbs except

A. Cetaceans
B. Eulipotophyta
C. Pinnipedia
D. Chiroptera

A

A. Cetaceans

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34
Q

Two occipital condyles where neck attaches to vertebrae means turning is limited, T/F?

A

True

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35
Q

Which classes have a pinna?

A. reptiles & amphibians
B. chondrichthyes
C. all chordata
D. mammals only

A

D. mammals only

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36
Q

Which mammalian order is the largest?

A. Eulipotophyla
B. Rodentia
C. Chiroptera
D. Primates

A

B. Rodentia

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37
Q

What is a stomochord?

A

Foregut pouch in Hemichordates, doesn’t provide structure.

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38
Q

Why are hemichordates no longer considered Chordates?

A

Have no notochord (stomochord instead)

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39
Q

Which chordate phyla has an endostyle?

A

Urochordates (Tunicates)

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40
Q

A ____ secretes mucous sheets used to trap food particles within the cilia lined pharynx.

A

Endostyle

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41
Q

Tunicates are different to Porifera because….

A

tunicate larvae possess all 4 chordate characteristics.

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42
Q

Adult ___ retain a notochord

A

Cephalochordates (Lancelets)

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43
Q

How do Cephalochordates feed?

A

Filter feeding

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44
Q

Which subphlya uses a oral hood covered in buccal cirri to filter feed?

A

Cephalochordates (lancelets)

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45
Q

What are myomeres?

A

visible muscle blocks in Cephalochordates

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46
Q

How are urochordates different to cephalochordates?

A
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47
Q

Muscles attachment to the endoskeleton is an important characteristic of all chordates. T/F?

A

True?

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48
Q

Which two subphyla are acraniates?

A

Urochordate (tunicates) and Cephalochordates (Lancelets)

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49
Q

The gill slits in Lancelets (cephalochordates) function for?

A

Filter feeding

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50
Q

Adult Urochordates retain which chordate features?

A

Gill slits

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51
Q

Myxini are classified as vertebrates because of the presence of?

A

A cranium

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52
Q

Hyperoartia have a ______ while Myxini do not.

A

cartilaginous skeleton

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53
Q

The only vertebrate class to have no endoskeleton are the ____

A

hagfish (myxini)

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54
Q

What is Paedomorphosis?

A

Free swimming larvae with all 4 chordate features

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55
Q

What does homologous mean?

A

Similar structures in different taxa derived from a common ancestor

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56
Q

Ascidian larvae belong to which subphyla?

A
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57
Q

The ____ is the core of the endoskeleton

A

vertebral column

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58
Q

The ___ provides support for, and protects the dorsal hollow nerve cord and is used as a site for muscle attachment

A

vertebral column

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59
Q

“<b>What are the 4 features that unite chordates?</b>”

A

<div> <div> In last week’s practical you learned the features that unite the chordates as a group:<br></br><ol> </ol><ul> <li> <div>Notochord </div> </li> <li> <div>Hollow dorsal nerve cord </div> </li> <li> <div>Pharyngeal slits (and bars) </div> </li> <li> <div>Post anal tail</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>

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60
Q

Ascidian larvae belong to which subphyla?

A

Subphylum Urochordates (tunincates)

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61
Q

How are these similar to Echinoderms?

A

Bilateral larvae

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62
Q

How do Myxini & Hyperoartia feed?

A

Myxini have toothed plates and a rasping tongue that attach to food host, while Hyperoartia don’t feed as adults, only in the the juvenile stage

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63
Q

______ replaces the notochord during embryonic development, except in _____, that retain the notochord into adulthood.

A

Vertebral column, Agnathans

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64
Q

These animals are scavengers that have a notochord, skull made of cartilage, and no vertebrae. What are they?

A

Hagfish

Class: Myxini
Superclass: Agnatha

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65
Q

“<b>Which class is the closest living relatives to tetrapods?</b>”

A

Acinista (lobe finned fish)

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66
Q

“<b>What is a homocerceal tail?</b>”

A

equal lobes in ray finned fishes

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67
Q

“<b>An enhcanced cerbellum controls ___ in class Actinopterygii</b>”

A

motor coordination

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68
Q

“<b>Superclass Sarcopterygii has which two classes?</b>”

A

Class Dipnoi: lungfish <br></br><br></br>Class Actinistia: lobe-finned fish

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69
Q

“<b>Class Actinistia (lobe-finned fish) belong to which subclass?</b>”

A

Sarcopterygii

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70
Q

“<b>Class Dipnoi belong to which superclass?</b>”

A

Sarocopterygii

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71
Q

“<b>Pterosis sp. are highly invasive and use aposomatic colouration. T/F</b>”

A

True

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72
Q

“<b>Juvenillie blue-streaked cleaner wrasse mimicbluefinned fangblennies in order to eat larger fish. T/F?</b>”

A

False - fangblennies are parasitic, cleaner wrasse are not

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73
Q

“<b>How do bluestriped fangblennies feed?</b>”

A

“Bluestriped fangblennies mimic juvenile bluestreaked cleaner wrasse that remove ectoparasites.<br></br><br></br>Fangblennies do not clean, use opiod deived venom to bite onto larger fish<br></br><br></br>they don’t feel the bite because their blood pressure drops<br></br>”

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74
Q

“<b>No scales are essential for which family? why?</b>”

A

frogfish (family Antennariidae)<br></br><br></br>no scales allow for weird skin textures to aid in mimickry

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75
Q

“<b>What is the most efficient type of locomotion?</b>”

A

Swimming, animal supported by water and doesnt have to overcome gravity

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76
Q

“<b>Osteichthyes are a _____ group? Mono/Para/Poly</b>?”

A

paraphyletic

77
Q

“<b>What is the largest and most diverse taxon of vertebrates?</b>”

A

Osteichthyes

78
Q

“<b>Osteichthyes andChondrichthyes share which traits?</b>”

A

2 chambered heart (single circulation)<br></br>mixing oxygenated and non oxygenated blood<br></br>

79
Q

“<b>What is the benefit of Ostheichthyes evolving different feeding and foraging specialisations?</b>”

A

Specialisation and modification of jaws and feeding apparatus, specalised feeding opportunites reduced competition

80
Q

“<b>Explain suction feeding in Tigerfish (Datniodies sp.)</b>”

A

“Fish expands mouth and pharynx rapidly to suck prey in before biting down and swallowing <br></br><br></br>Achieved by: <br></br>Rotate dorsal part of skull <br></br>Push out parts of mouth sideways <br></br>Drop lower jaw and hyoid”

81
Q

“<b>Describe Piranha (subfamily Serrasalminae) feeding specialisations?</b>”

A

Fine sharp teeth & large jaw muscles attached to tip = increase in bite force<br></br><br></br>

82
Q

“<b>Describe Parrot fish (family Scaridae)</b>”

A

Common herbivorous of coral reefs <br></br>Crushing jaws and continuously growing teeth in pharyngeal arch of throat (extend all the way down to back of throat)<br></br>help produe sand<br></br><br></br>

83
Q

“<b>Describe feeding modifications in Flounders (order Pleuronectiformes)</b>”

A

Head Torsion, whole head is swivelled to side of body<br></br>Ambush predators<br></br><br></br>

84
Q

“<b>What are the feeding specalisations in Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

Dorsal spines with small cavity of bioluminescent bacteria<br></br><br></br>Hingedfront row of teeth increase bite force<br></br>small second row of teeth break up small pieces of food

85
Q

“<b>Tripodfish (Bathypterois grallator)</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

Benthic<br></br>Uses elongated fin rays in tail and two pelvic fins to stand on substrate <br></br>tactile mechosensors in front fins to detect prey in front of body<br></br><br></br>Standing up on fins, mouth catches passing prey

86
Q

“<b>Frogfish (family Antennariidae)</b>”

A

Camouflage - Weird shape, colour change and skin texture (so no scales)<br></br>Ambush<br></br>Sometimes move by “walking” pectoral and pelvic fins over substrate

87
Q

“<b>L</b><b>eafy Sea Dragon Phycodurus eques and seahorses (family Syngnathidae)</b>”

A

Mimic surroundings <br></br><br></br>Bluestriped fangblennies (Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos) mimic juvenile bluestreaked cleaner wrasse that remove ectoparasites<br></br>Fangblennies do not clean, use opiod deived venom to bite onto larger fish, they don;t feel the bite because their blood pressure drops<br></br><br></br>Venomous: venom is opiod-derived, no pain from decreases blood pressure

88
Q

“<b>Describe 3 traits of Lionfish</b>”

A

Aposematic Colouration <br></br>Venomous <br></br>Highly invasive

89
Q

Fish Taxonomy

A

“mak a drawing <br></br>2 classes/clades: <br></br>Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) <br></br>Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)<br></br><br></br><span>Actinopterygii also a class, but Sarcopterygii is a superclass, with 2 classes:</span><br></br><br></br>Class Dipnoi: lungfish <br></br><br></br>Class Actinistia: lobe-finned fish”

90
Q

“<b>Ray-finned fishes (Class Actinopterygii)</b>”

A

largest group<br></br><br></br>verbrae = bone, fins = bones or cartlidge<br></br><br></br>homocercal tail: equal lobes<br></br><br></br>scales and skin covered in mucous to reduce drag and friction<br></br><br></br>single operculum<br></br><br></br>swim bladder bouyancy control<br></br><br></br>good eye sight large optic lobes<br></br><br></br>enhcanced cerbellum - control motor coordination<br></br>

91
Q

“<b>What are gill rakers?</b>”

A

bony processes projecting from branchial / gill arches

92
Q

Class Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes conti.

A

watch sldiewhow<br></br><br></br>Terminal, superior or inferior mouths <br></br><br></br>cells in saltwter shrink, need<br></br>Marine: <br></br><br></br>Drink ↑ amount of salt H2O <br></br><br></br>Use special Cl- cells to actively transport ions out <br></br><br></br>Na+ ions follow passively <br></br><br></br>Use kidneys to excrete Ca, Mg, SO4<br></br><br></br>Freshwater: <br></br>Lose salts by diffusion <br></br>Don’t drink water, and excrete lots of dilute urine<br></br>Salts replenished during feeding <br></br>Nutritional deficiencies: get some AAs by eating (same as humans)

93
Q

“<b>Actinopterygii are dioecious, and mostly reproduce ____ and ___</b>”

A

sexually and externally<br></br>

94
Q

“<b>Overview: Actinopterygii Locomotion</b>”

A

“Swim by flexing bodies and tail back and forth sinosoidual motion<br></br><br></br>Stretch or expand muscles on one side, while relaxing muscles on other (alternate contractions) - waves of contractions pass from head to tail (like humans)<br></br><br></br>2 ways of contraction<br></br><br></br>Pushes against water and moves forward <br></br><br></br>Caudal fin helps push through water <br></br><br></br>Pectoral fins give maneuverability<br></br>median fins give stability <br></br><br></br>All fins used to steer <br></br><br></br>example: Movement obvious in slow-swimming fish (e.g., eels)<br></br><br></br>Faster swimming fish (e.g., tuna / marlin), body held rigid to minmizse drag and contractions directed towards tail <br></br><br></br>Swimming: most efficient type of locomtion- animal supported by water and doesn’t need to overcome gravity”

95
Q

Dipnoi Lungfish

A
  • 6 species,<br></br>the 1 in australia has 1 lung. most 2 with atrophied gills<br></br>connected to larnyx and pharnyx w/o trachea, subdivded into small airsaces to increase surface area<br></br><br></br><br></br>live in shallow waters, lungs allow them to air at surface<br></br><br></br>thin pectoral thin, thready pelvic thins set back farther on bod<br></br><br></br>develop muscularture to push against force of gravity in shallow waters<br></br><br></br>diphycercal tapers to singel point, sisetr clase to lobe fin fishes<br></br><br></br><br></br>
96
Q

Class Acinistia

A

Ceolacanths, once throught to be extinct but now 2-3 species<br></br><br></br>nmae of women who found first fish?<br></br><br></br>do all fish have gillls? why is it specifid?<br></br>singlelove vertigial lung<br></br><br></br>

97
Q

“<b>Which species uses elongated tailfin and pelvic fins to stand on substrate to catch food?</b>”

A

Tripodfish (Bathypterois grallator)

98
Q

“<b>Match the species with 2 foraging specalisations:<br></br></b><ol><li><b>Filter feeding with bony processes project from gill arches</b></li><li><b>Hairbrush like teeth</b></li><li><b>Rapid exapansion of mouth and pharnyx (suction feeding)</b></li><li><b>Large jaw muscles attached to tip (increase in bite force)</b></li><li><b>Herbivourous, crushing jaws that make sand</b></li><li><b>Smaller second row of teeth break up small food pieces</b></li><li><b>Modified gill rankers</b></li><li><b>Fine sharp serated teeth</b></li><li><b>Continulously growing teeth extend into pharnygeal arch</b></li><li><b>Elongated jaw forms long snout<br></br></b></li><li><b>Head torsion</b></li><li><b>Hinged front row of teeth</b></li><li><b>Rotation of dorsal skull and droping lower jawhyoidpushes mouth out</b></li><li><b>Ambush predator using camoflage<br></br><br></br></b></li></ol>Family Engraulidae<br></br>Order Pleuronectiformes<br></br>Family Scaridae<br></br>Datniodies sp.<br></br>Subfamily Serrasalminae<br></br>Family Chaetodontidae<br></br>Order Lophiiformes<br></br>”

A

“<b>Tigerfish (</b><b>Datniodies sp.)</b><br></br>suction feeding, Rotation of dorsal skull, pushes mouth out<br></br><br></br><b>Piranha</b><b>(subfamily Serrasalminae)</b><br></br>fine sharp teeth & large jaw muscles<br></br><br></br><b>Butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae)</b><br></br>hairbrush like teeth & elongated jaw snout<br></br><br></br><b>Parrotfish (family Scaridae)</b><br></br>herbivourous, crushing jaws, continulously growing teeth extend into pharnygeal arch <br></br><br></br><b>Flounders (order Pleuronectiformes)</b><br></br>ambush and head torsion flounders<br></br><br></br><b>Anchovies (Engraulidae)<br></br></b>filter feeding with modified gill rankers<br></br><br></br><b>Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)</b><br></br>hinged front row of teeth with smaller second row, biomulenescent lure”

99
Q

“<b>How do Anchovies (family Engraulidae) feed?</b>”

A

Filter-feeder<br></br><br></br>H2O passes through mouth and out gills, food particles sieved by modified gill rakers, then intooesophagus

100
Q

“<b>Superior mouths, also called _____ feed on organisms in/near____</b>”

A

supraterminal, the surface

101
Q

“<img></img><img></img><br></br><b>This mouth type is called ___ and is used for ____</b>”

A

Terminal<br></br><br></br>feeding on zooplankton/fish in middle water coloum, can occasionallly eat at surface/bottom

102
Q

“<img></img><img></img><br></br>This mouth type is called ___ and is used for __”

A

Superior/supraterminal<br></br><br></br>feeding on organism near surface

103
Q

“<img></img><img></img><br></br><b>This mouth type is called ___ and is used for ____</b>”

A

Inferior/subterminal<br></br><br></br>scape algae/substances off bottom or find burried prey

104
Q

“<b>What is a hyoid and which animal has it?</b>”

A

u shaped bone in neck,<br></br>gets pushed out by tigerfish during feeding

105
Q

“<b>Osteichthyes andChondrichthyes differ because?</b>”

A

presence of operculum gill cover in Osteichthyes

106
Q

“<b>The operculum allows Ostiechthyes to ____ while swimming</b>”

A

“stay still (won’t effect respiration)”

107
Q

“<b>Bony plates called _____ attach to the first gill arch</b>”

A

Operculum

108
Q

“<b>The operculum attaches to the _____</b>”

A

first gill arch

109
Q

“<b>When a bony fish opens it’s mouth, the operculum _____, when the mouth closes, the operculum ______.</b>”

A

closes, opens

110
Q

“<b>The opening of mouth and closing of operculum causes a sucking action that pulls water over gills. T/F?</b>”

A

True

111
Q

“<b>The closing of the mouth and opening of the operculum allows water to be pushed out via mouth pressure. T/F</b>”

A

true

112
Q

“<b>Gill filaments have numerous ___ to increase surface area for better oxygen absorbtion.</b>”

A

lamellae

113
Q

“<b>The purpose of gills is to _____</b>”

A

pull oxygen out of water

114
Q

“<b>What is a swim bladder?</b>”

A

allows for bouyancy control like a ballooon

115
Q

“<b>Osteichthyes have ___ bouyancy whileChondrichthyes have ___ bouyancy</b>”

A

neutral, negative

116
Q

“<b>What two evolutions allow Osteichthyes to stay still in water?</b>”

A

swim bladder with nuetral bouyancy, and operculum

117
Q

“<b>Which family sometimes moves by walking on substrate with pectoral and pelvic fins?</b>”

A

frogfish (family Antennariidae)

118
Q

“<b>How dofrogfish (family Antennariidae) and tripod fish (Bathypterois grallator) differ in their ““standing”” methods?</b>”

A

Frog fish use their pectoral and pelvic fins to occasionally locomote<br></br><br></br>While Tripod fish stand up using cadual and pelvic fins, and catch passing fish in their mouths using sensors in front fins

119
Q

“<b>Modified doral spines with bacteria filled cavities are important for which order?</b>”

A

Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)

120
Q

“<b>What are the 3 function groups Excavators, Scrapers, and Sifters purpose? <br></br><br></br><br></br>check lecture what are they?</b>”

A

Excavators: large, strong jaws to excavate landscape <br></br><br></br>Scrapers: smaller jaws that scrape substrate <br></br><br></br>Sifters: sift the sand

121
Q

“<b>Fish are divided into 3 groups based on:</b>”

A

mouth morphologies

122
Q

“<b>Caudal fins are used for?</b>”

A

Thrust and lift & mate signaling

123
Q

“<b>Dorsal and anal median fins are used for?</b>”

A

stability

124
Q

“<b>Pectoral and pelvic girdles support fins. T/F</b>”

A

true

125
Q

“<b>What are gill filamnets?</b>”

A

“<b>red, highly oxygenated, fleshy part of the gills</b><span>; they take oxygen into the blood. Each filament has thousands of lamellae branches that are exposed to the water</span>”

126
Q

“<b>The evolution of lungs (accessory breathing organs) is significant in Osterichthyes because? 2 reasons</b>”

A

advatage in poorly oxygenated water,<br></br><br></br>helped moved onto land

127
Q

“<b>What accessory organ in Osteichthyes was a precussor for evolving to be terrestial?</b>”

A

lungs

128
Q

“<b>Being nuetrally bouyant means you have ___ density to water</b>”

A

same

129
Q

“<b>As a fish goes down in the water coloum, the swim bladder is compressed, making the fish ____ and _____.</b>”

A

heavier and sinks faster

130
Q

“<b>If a swim bladder in Osteichthyes is attached to the gut, how do they adjust the swim bladder size?</b>”

A

gulp air to go down<br></br><br></br>and burp to release air and go up

131
Q

“<b>How do Osteichthyes with no gut swim bladder control ascension and descension?</b>”

A

blood chemistry transfers air into swim bladder

132
Q

“<b>What is single circulation?</b>”

A

“<span>blood passes through a single circuit – where blood is pumped by the heart to the gills for oxygenation, after which the blood flows to the rest of the body and back to the heart</span>”

133
Q

“<b>What feeding modifications do Butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae) have?</b>”

A

hairbrush teeth & elongated jaw snout kinda like a toothbrush

134
Q

“<b>What are 2 feeding specialisations that increase bite force?</b>”

A

Hingedfront row of teeth in Angler fish<br></br><br></br>large jaw muscles attached to tip in Piranhas

135
Q

“<b>Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) are sexual and usuallly repoduce externally. What are 2 examples of their fertilization types?</b>”

A

Oviparous (e.g., salmon)<br></br><br></br>Viviparous (internal fertilization) (e.g., guppies)<br></br><br></br>

136
Q

“<b>Some Actinopterygii provide ___ care, brooding the mouth, pouches, or nests and provide ___ care after birth.</b>”

A

Paternal, little<br></br><br></br>

137
Q

“<b>Actinopterygii such as clown fish display ____</b>”

A

Sequential hermaphroditism

138
Q

“<b>Overview: Reproduction in Actinopterygii</b>”

A

Dioeceious <br></br>Sexual<br></br>Mostly externally<br></br>Some sequential hermaphrodites (clown fish)<br></br>Oviparous - salmon<br></br>Vivaprous (internal fertilization) - guppies<br></br>paternal brooders in mouth or pouch<br></br>clean nests anf fan eggs to provide oxygeniation<br></br>little care after birth<br></br>elaborate courtship displays<br></br>

139
Q

“<b>How doActinopterygii locomote?</b>”

A

“<span>Flex bodies and tails back and forth by expand their muscles on one body side and relaxing the muscles on other side <i>(</i></span><em>sinusoidal movement like humans)</em><span><i></i><br></br><br></br>Fish use their back fin, called the caudal fin, to help push them through the water.</span>”

140
Q

“<b>Why do Fins embedded in the body musculature allow for independent movement?</b>”

A

?

141
Q

“<b>Which class is the largest of bony fishes?</b>”

A

Class Actinopterygii

142
Q

“<b>Muscous covered skin reduces drag and friction in which class of Osteichthyes?</b>”

A

class Actinopterygii

143
Q

“<b>What are the 2 clades of Osteichthyes?</b>”

A

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) <br></br>Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes

144
Q

“What are Gnathostomes?

A

Jawed animals

145
Q

“<b>What are 2 advantages of jaws?</b>”

A

Enhance foraging (biting off large chunks) & better manipulation

146
Q

“<b>How doChondrichthyes squeeze gill arches together?</b>”

A
  • bottom arch swivels to make chomping motion<br></br>- top arch remains attached to skull for stability
147
Q

“<b>3 modes ofChondrichthyes reproduction?</b>”

A

oviparous, viviparous and ovoviviparous

148
Q

“<b>Ovoviviparous<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”

A

egg develop and hatch inside parent

149
Q

“<b>Chondrichthyes are</b> monoceious/dioeceious <b>and reproduce via </b>internal/external<b> fertilizatoin?</b>”

A

Dioecious, Internal

150
Q

“<b>What is the evolutionary purpose of a cartilaginous skeleton?</b>”

A

increase bouyancy

151
Q

“<b>Subclass Elasmobranchii includes?</b>”

A

Sharks & Rays

152
Q

“<b>DoSubclass Elasmobranchii have a notochord?</b>”

A

It is replaced by Vertebrae

153
Q

“<b>What are the two stomach sections in Elasmobranchii?</b>”

A

cardiac and pyloric

154
Q

“<b>What is the disadvantage of Elasmobranchii having a very short intestine?</b>”

A

limits nutrient absorbtion efficiency

155
Q

“<b>Subclass Elasmobranchii have a Spiral valve use for?</b>”

A

large internal surface area<br></br>retain digestible material in ileum increase nutrient absorbtion

156
Q

“<b>Elasmobranchii use a spiracle for</b>”

A

increase gas efficiency

157
Q

“<b>Sharks swim to ___ the lungs,<br></br>While Rays _________</b>”

A

ventilate;<br></br><br></br>spiracles actively pump water over gills

158
Q

“<b>Elasmobranchii have a 2 chambered heart. Divided into 1 ___ and 1 ____.</b>”

A

atrium<br></br>ventricle

159
Q

“<b>The atrium and ventricle chambers in theElasmobranchiiheart is used for?</b>”

A

single circulation

160
Q

“<b>Elasmobranchii have: (not well developed, excellent, limited)<br></br>___ hearing<br></br>___ vision<br></br>___ smell</b>”

A

not well developed, limited, excellent

161
Q

“<b>What do the Ampullae of Lorenzinido?</b>”

A

sense electrical field of prey

162
Q

“<b>Superorder Selachimorphabelongs to which Subclass?</b>”

A

Elasmobranchii

163
Q

“<b>Superorder Selachimorpha include?</b>”

A

sharks

164
Q

What does heterocercal mean?

A
165
Q

“<b>Selachimorpha locomtion?</b>”

A

Paired fins for lift <br></br><br></br>Pectoral fins can’t swivel<br></br><br></br>fast speed but low maneuverability<br></br><br></br>Tail provides thrust and lift as shark moves through water<br></br><br></br>Head and fins flattened for lift during forward motion <br></br><br></br>Heavier than water: sink if they don’t continue swimming forward<br></br><br></br>Very fast sharks: modified tail fins for ↑ speed

166
Q

“<b>Elasmobranchii have ___ bouyancy</b>”

A

negatively buoyant: sink if they stop swimming, heavoer than water<br></br><br></br>Expend more energy than if they were neutrally buoyant<br></br>

167
Q

“<b>Placoid scales</b>”

A

Like small teeth and very tough <br></br><br></br>Flat rectangular base plate embedded in skin<br></br><br></br>Inner core of pulp composed of connective tissues, blood vessels and nerves <br></br><br></br>Pulp cavity treated by layer of odontoblast cells that secrete dentine <br></br><br></br>Covered with hard enamel outer layer<br></br><br></br>Secreted by cells in dermis <br></br><br></br>Pierce epidermis

168
Q

Whale Sharks use 3 feeding methods:

A

Passive – swim slowly with open mouth, straining plankton <br></br><br></br>Vertical – float vertically, using suction to draw prey in <br></br><br></br>Active – suction filter-feed while swimming, drawing water into mouths at higher velocities: “ram-filter feeding”

169
Q

“<b>What are claspers?</b>”

A

♂ has claspers: extensions of pelvic fins to transfer sperm to ♀

170
Q

“<b>Do Selachimorpha have parental care?</b>”

A

No, take care of themselves from birth<br></br>

171
Q

What are the 3 different types of shark egg development with examples?

A

“Viviparous: babies fed by a placenta that transfers nutrients from mother to young: give birth to live young. e.g., mako<br></br><br></br>Oviparous: deposit eggs that hatch later: ““mermaid’s purse“ - tough, leathery membrane; yolk feeds embryo. e.g., zebra shark <br></br><br></br>Ovoviviparous: eggs hatch internally but no placenta. e.g., cookiecutter shark”

172
Q

Rays belong to the superorder __ and the order ___

A

Batioidea , Rajiformes

173
Q

Rays

A
  • DV flattened<br></br>- Benthic<br></br>Elarged winged pectoral fins<br></br>Move via wave like motion, lifiting and thrusting<br></br>respire: draw water into spiracles, force out gills,<br></br>5-6 gill slits on ventral surface<br></br>Tail, but the caudal fin reduced / absent<br></br>Small, blunt teeth in a plate used for grinding  Dioecious: internal fertilization (♂ has claspers)
174
Q

Subclass Holocephali: rat/rabbit fishes (ghost sharks) and elephant fishes

A

Very primitive: few surviving members in order Chimaeriformes <br></br><br></br>Elongated, soft bodies with a bulky head <br></br><br></br>One gill slit <br></br><br></br>Teeth fused to form plates <br></br><br></br>Lack placoid scales<br></br><br></br>Large pectoral fins and a long slender tail <br></br><br></br>No stomach <br></br><br></br>Benthic, often in very deep water <br></br><br></br>Move using sweeping movements of pectoral fins<br></br><br></br>Dorsal fin sometimes has a venomous erectile spine <br></br><br></br>Dioecious: internal fertilization, ♂ has claspers, ♀ oviparous

175
Q

How did jaws progress?

A

modification of gill arches, arches move forward, arches squeeze together, bottom arch swivels, top arch fixed

176
Q

“<b>What are 2 unique highly developed sensory organs in Chondrichthyes?</b>”

A

lateral lines & ampullary organs of Lorenzini

177
Q

“<b>Holocephali have no ___ scales and no ____ for digestion.</b>”

A

placoid scales, stomach

178
Q

“<b>Holocephali have a stomach. T/F?</b>”

A

False

179
Q

“<b>Holocephali have no placoid scales. T/F?</b>”

A

True

180
Q

What group of Chordates has a fusiform shape?

A

Superclass Selachimorpha (subclass Elasmobranchii)

181
Q

Elasmobranchii have a large ______ and no ______ bladder.

A

oily liver, swim

182
Q

What are placoid scales?

A

like tiny teeth secreted from dermis cells

183
Q

Are reptiles monophyletic?

A

No

184
Q

The benefits of an amniotic egg are:

A. Faster development of larger offspring in dry environments
B. Embryo that carries its own water
C. Waste released into H2O
D. Environment helps protect against dessication

A

A + B

185
Q

Amniotic eggs in a eutherian mammal:

A. Are oviparous only
B. Eggs usually laid in water: variations in the dry
C. The amnion, chorion and allantois perform similar functions and are retained inside mother
D. Brood in back pockets

A
186
Q

A high metabolic rate is a result of endo or ecto thermy?

A

Endothermy

187
Q

Rapid digestion, oxidation of food, cellular metabolism, muscular contractions are related to which type of heat generation? Endo/Ecto

A

Endothermy

188
Q

T or F - Birds have parabronchi instead of alveoli?

A

True

BS1007 Cairns (22 decks)

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