Vertebrates Flashcards
Which of these clades are considered mammals?
A. Eutherians
B. Metatherians
C. Amniotherians
D. Prototherians
A, B, D
Metatherians are:
A. Monophyletic
B. Tetraphyletic
C. Polyphyletic
D. Paraphyletic
A. Monophyletic
Metatherians (marsuipals) are monophlyetic because a clade is a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor
Paraceratherium was the largest living:
A. Aves
B. Mammal
C. Reptile
D. Shark
B. Mammal
What is the role of Sebaceous glands?
lubrication of skin and hair
____ are solid, shed seasonally, and are made of bone.
A. Horns
B. Scales
C. Antlers
D. Osteoderms
C. Antlers
Which of these modifications are associated with mammals?
A. Fused clavicles, large keel on sternum
B. Spongey centre spines, scales, hollow horns
C. Antlers, osteoderms, spongey centred spines
D. cutaneous respiration, aposematism
B. Spongey centre spines, scales, hollow horns
Horns are made of keratin or bone?
Keratin
What are the two types of glands used for cooling?
A. Eccrine & Exocrine
B. Apocrine & Exocrine
C. Endocrine & Apocrine
D. Eccrine & Apocrine
D. Eccrine & Apocrine
Eccrine glands:
A. found on most of the body and open directly onto skin surface
B. open into hair follicle
C. secrete substances into a ductal system
D. type of mammory gland triggered by prolactin
A. found on most of the body and open directly onto skin surface
Apocrine glands open into ____ leading to skin surface
hair follicles
Prototherians are:
a. ancestral chordates
b. monotremes
c. marsupials
d. placental
B. monotremes
think reptile like traits
Metatherians are:
a. ancestral chordates
b. monotremes
c. marsupials
d. placental
C. marsupials
M & M
Differentiated cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal vertebrae are associated with which group?
Mammals
Highly differentiated and regionalization of the vertebrae is associated with:
Mammals
Both birds and mammals have complete separation of ____.
Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
The systemic circuit pumps blood from heart to _____ back to heart.
body
The pulmonary circuit pumps blood from heart to _____ back to heart.
lungs
Double pumping means ____ separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
complete
Mammals and crocodiles have a _____.
A. complex glandular system
B. 4 chambered heart with incomplete separation
C. Prolactin hormone
D. Muscular diaphrahm
D. Muscular diaphrahm
Unlike amphibians, mammals have a ____ pressure breathing
A. positive gradient
B. negative gradient
C. passive gradient
D. countercurrent gradient
B. negative gradient
A change of concentrations will always move from high to low. T/F
True
For mammals, breathing in is an ___ process while breathing out is a ___ process.
active, passive
Muscles controlling thoracic cavity relax and reduces the volume. Which causes air pressure to:
A. equalise
B. increase
C. decrease
D. deflate
B. increase
In mammals, breathing out causes:
A. Muscles controlling thoracic cavity relax and reduces the volume, causes air pressure to increase
B. lower air pressure in lungs below external air
C. Muscle expansion in the thoracic cavity causing lower air pressure
D. air to flow through nostrils and mouth, down trachea, bronchi and bronchioles into alveoli
A. Muscles controlling thoracic cavity relax and reduces the volume, causes air pressure to increase
The role of kidneys is to filter urea waste from ___
blood
The organ that attach to ureters and drains nitrogenous waste to bladder is called
kidney
tubules arranged in highly organized manner and closely associated with network of capillaries
Kidney
Fish excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of ___, reptiles in the form of ___, and mammals in the form of ____.
A. ammonia, uric acid, urea
B. Uric acid, dark urine, ammonia
C. Uric acid, ammonia, urea
D. ammonia, urine, uric acid
A. ammonia, uric acid, urea
Osmoregulation in mammal metanephric kidneys is controlled by + or - feedback hormones
negative
heterogametic chromosomes means:
♂ X and Y
homogametic chromosomes mean
♀ 2 X chromosomes
Monotremes are
a. viviparous
b. oviparous
c. ovoviviparous
b. oviparous
All mammals have 4 limbs except
A. Cetaceans
B. Eulipotophyta
C. Pinnipedia
D. Chiroptera
A. Cetaceans
Two occipital condyles where neck attaches to vertebrae means turning is limited, T/F?
True
Which classes have a pinna?
A. reptiles & amphibians
B. chondrichthyes
C. all chordata
D. mammals only
D. mammals only
Which mammalian order is the largest?
A. Eulipotophyla
B. Rodentia
C. Chiroptera
D. Primates
B. Rodentia
What is a stomochord?
Foregut pouch in Hemichordates, doesn’t provide structure.
Why are hemichordates no longer considered Chordates?
Have no notochord (stomochord instead)
Which chordate phyla has an endostyle?
Urochordates (Tunicates)
A ____ secretes mucous sheets used to trap food particles within the cilia lined pharynx.
Endostyle
Tunicates are different to Porifera because….
tunicate larvae possess all 4 chordate characteristics.
Adult ___ retain a notochord
Cephalochordates (Lancelets)
How do Cephalochordates feed?
Filter feeding
Which subphlya uses a oral hood covered in buccal cirri to filter feed?
Cephalochordates (lancelets)
What are myomeres?
visible muscle blocks in Cephalochordates
How are urochordates different to cephalochordates?
Muscles attachment to the endoskeleton is an important characteristic of all chordates. T/F?
True?
Which two subphyla are acraniates?
Urochordate (tunicates) and Cephalochordates (Lancelets)
The gill slits in Lancelets (cephalochordates) function for?
Filter feeding
Adult Urochordates retain which chordate features?
Gill slits
Myxini are classified as vertebrates because of the presence of?
A cranium
Hyperoartia have a ______ while Myxini do not.
cartilaginous skeleton
The only vertebrate class to have no endoskeleton are the ____
hagfish (myxini)
What is Paedomorphosis?
Free swimming larvae with all 4 chordate features
What does homologous mean?
Similar structures in different taxa derived from a common ancestor
Ascidian larvae belong to which subphyla?
The ____ is the core of the endoskeleton
vertebral column
The ___ provides support for, and protects the dorsal hollow nerve cord and is used as a site for muscle attachment
vertebral column
“<b>What are the 4 features that unite chordates?</b>”
<div> <div> In last week’s practical you learned the features that unite the chordates as a group:<br></br><ol> </ol><ul> <li> <div>Notochord </div> </li> <li> <div>Hollow dorsal nerve cord </div> </li> <li> <div>Pharyngeal slits (and bars) </div> </li> <li> <div>Post anal tail</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>
Ascidian larvae belong to which subphyla?
Subphylum Urochordates (tunincates)
How are these similar to Echinoderms?
Bilateral larvae
How do Myxini & Hyperoartia feed?
Myxini have toothed plates and a rasping tongue that attach to food host, while Hyperoartia don’t feed as adults, only in the the juvenile stage
______ replaces the notochord during embryonic development, except in _____, that retain the notochord into adulthood.
Vertebral column, Agnathans
These animals are scavengers that have a notochord, skull made of cartilage, and no vertebrae. What are they?
Hagfish
Class: Myxini
Superclass: Agnatha
“<b>Which class is the closest living relatives to tetrapods?</b>”
Acinista (lobe finned fish)
“<b>What is a homocerceal tail?</b>”
equal lobes in ray finned fishes
“<b>An enhcanced cerbellum controls ___ in class Actinopterygii</b>”
motor coordination
“<b>Superclass Sarcopterygii has which two classes?</b>”
Class Dipnoi: lungfish <br></br><br></br>Class Actinistia: lobe-finned fish
“<b>Class Actinistia (lobe-finned fish) belong to which subclass?</b>”
Sarcopterygii
“<b>Class Dipnoi belong to which superclass?</b>”
Sarocopterygii
“<b>Pterosis sp. are highly invasive and use aposomatic colouration. T/F</b>”
True
“<b>Juvenillie blue-streaked cleaner wrasse mimicbluefinned fangblennies in order to eat larger fish. T/F?</b>”
False - fangblennies are parasitic, cleaner wrasse are not
“<b>How do bluestriped fangblennies feed?</b>”
“Bluestriped fangblennies mimic juvenile bluestreaked cleaner wrasse that remove ectoparasites.<br></br><br></br>Fangblennies do not clean, use opiod deived venom to bite onto larger fish<br></br><br></br>they don’t feel the bite because their blood pressure drops<br></br>”
“<b>No scales are essential for which family? why?</b>”
frogfish (family Antennariidae)<br></br><br></br>no scales allow for weird skin textures to aid in mimickry
“<b>What is the most efficient type of locomotion?</b>”
Swimming, animal supported by water and doesnt have to overcome gravity
“<b>Osteichthyes are a _____ group? Mono/Para/Poly</b>?”
paraphyletic
“<b>What is the largest and most diverse taxon of vertebrates?</b>”
Osteichthyes
“<b>Osteichthyes andChondrichthyes share which traits?</b>”
2 chambered heart (single circulation)<br></br>mixing oxygenated and non oxygenated blood<br></br>
“<b>What is the benefit of Ostheichthyes evolving different feeding and foraging specialisations?</b>”
Specialisation and modification of jaws and feeding apparatus, specalised feeding opportunites reduced competition
“<b>Explain suction feeding in Tigerfish (Datniodies sp.)</b>”
“Fish expands mouth and pharynx rapidly to suck prey in before biting down and swallowing <br></br><br></br>Achieved by: <br></br>Rotate dorsal part of skull <br></br>Push out parts of mouth sideways <br></br>Drop lower jaw and hyoid”
“<b>Describe Piranha (subfamily Serrasalminae) feeding specialisations?</b>”
Fine sharp teeth & large jaw muscles attached to tip = increase in bite force<br></br><br></br>
“<b>Describe Parrot fish (family Scaridae)</b>”
Common herbivorous of coral reefs <br></br>Crushing jaws and continuously growing teeth in pharyngeal arch of throat (extend all the way down to back of throat)<br></br>help produe sand<br></br><br></br>
“<b>Describe feeding modifications in Flounders (order Pleuronectiformes)</b>”
Head Torsion, whole head is swivelled to side of body<br></br>Ambush predators<br></br><br></br>
“<b>What are the feeding specalisations in Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)</b><br></br><img></img>”
Dorsal spines with small cavity of bioluminescent bacteria<br></br><br></br>Hingedfront row of teeth increase bite force<br></br>small second row of teeth break up small pieces of food
“<b>Tripodfish (Bathypterois grallator)</b><br></br><img></img>”
Benthic<br></br>Uses elongated fin rays in tail and two pelvic fins to stand on substrate <br></br>tactile mechosensors in front fins to detect prey in front of body<br></br><br></br>Standing up on fins, mouth catches passing prey
“<b>Frogfish (family Antennariidae)</b>”
Camouflage - Weird shape, colour change and skin texture (so no scales)<br></br>Ambush<br></br>Sometimes move by “walking” pectoral and pelvic fins over substrate
“<b>L</b><b>eafy Sea Dragon Phycodurus eques and seahorses (family Syngnathidae)</b>”
Mimic surroundings <br></br><br></br>Bluestriped fangblennies (Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos) mimic juvenile bluestreaked cleaner wrasse that remove ectoparasites<br></br>Fangblennies do not clean, use opiod deived venom to bite onto larger fish, they don;t feel the bite because their blood pressure drops<br></br><br></br>Venomous: venom is opiod-derived, no pain from decreases blood pressure
“<b>Describe 3 traits of Lionfish</b>”
Aposematic Colouration <br></br>Venomous <br></br>Highly invasive
Fish Taxonomy
“mak a drawing <br></br>2 classes/clades: <br></br>Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) <br></br>Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)<br></br><br></br><span>Actinopterygii also a class, but Sarcopterygii is a superclass, with 2 classes:</span><br></br><br></br>Class Dipnoi: lungfish <br></br><br></br>Class Actinistia: lobe-finned fish”
“<b>Ray-finned fishes (Class Actinopterygii)</b>”
largest group<br></br><br></br>verbrae = bone, fins = bones or cartlidge<br></br><br></br>homocercal tail: equal lobes<br></br><br></br>scales and skin covered in mucous to reduce drag and friction<br></br><br></br>single operculum<br></br><br></br>swim bladder bouyancy control<br></br><br></br>good eye sight large optic lobes<br></br><br></br>enhcanced cerbellum - control motor coordination<br></br>
“<b>What are gill rakers?</b>”
bony processes projecting from branchial / gill arches
Class Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes conti.
watch sldiewhow<br></br><br></br>Terminal, superior or inferior mouths <br></br><br></br>cells in saltwter shrink, need<br></br>Marine: <br></br><br></br>Drink ↑ amount of salt H2O <br></br><br></br>Use special Cl- cells to actively transport ions out <br></br><br></br>Na+ ions follow passively <br></br><br></br>Use kidneys to excrete Ca, Mg, SO4<br></br><br></br>Freshwater: <br></br>Lose salts by diffusion <br></br>Don’t drink water, and excrete lots of dilute urine<br></br>Salts replenished during feeding <br></br>Nutritional deficiencies: get some AAs by eating (same as humans)
“<b>Actinopterygii are dioecious, and mostly reproduce ____ and ___</b>”
sexually and externally<br></br>
“<b>Overview: Actinopterygii Locomotion</b>”
“Swim by flexing bodies and tail back and forth sinosoidual motion<br></br><br></br>Stretch or expand muscles on one side, while relaxing muscles on other (alternate contractions) - waves of contractions pass from head to tail (like humans)<br></br><br></br>2 ways of contraction<br></br><br></br>Pushes against water and moves forward <br></br><br></br>Caudal fin helps push through water <br></br><br></br>Pectoral fins give maneuverability<br></br>median fins give stability <br></br><br></br>All fins used to steer <br></br><br></br>example: Movement obvious in slow-swimming fish (e.g., eels)<br></br><br></br>Faster swimming fish (e.g., tuna / marlin), body held rigid to minmizse drag and contractions directed towards tail <br></br><br></br>Swimming: most efficient type of locomtion- animal supported by water and doesn’t need to overcome gravity”
Dipnoi Lungfish
- 6 species,<br></br>the 1 in australia has 1 lung. most 2 with atrophied gills<br></br>connected to larnyx and pharnyx w/o trachea, subdivded into small airsaces to increase surface area<br></br><br></br><br></br>live in shallow waters, lungs allow them to air at surface<br></br><br></br>thin pectoral thin, thready pelvic thins set back farther on bod<br></br><br></br>develop muscularture to push against force of gravity in shallow waters<br></br><br></br>diphycercal tapers to singel point, sisetr clase to lobe fin fishes<br></br><br></br><br></br>
Class Acinistia
Ceolacanths, once throught to be extinct but now 2-3 species<br></br><br></br>nmae of women who found first fish?<br></br><br></br>do all fish have gillls? why is it specifid?<br></br>singlelove vertigial lung<br></br><br></br>
“<b>Which species uses elongated tailfin and pelvic fins to stand on substrate to catch food?</b>”
Tripodfish (Bathypterois grallator)
“<b>Match the species with 2 foraging specalisations:<br></br></b><ol><li><b>Filter feeding with bony processes project from gill arches</b></li><li><b>Hairbrush like teeth</b></li><li><b>Rapid exapansion of mouth and pharnyx (suction feeding)</b></li><li><b>Large jaw muscles attached to tip (increase in bite force)</b></li><li><b>Herbivourous, crushing jaws that make sand</b></li><li><b>Smaller second row of teeth break up small food pieces</b></li><li><b>Modified gill rankers</b></li><li><b>Fine sharp serated teeth</b></li><li><b>Continulously growing teeth extend into pharnygeal arch</b></li><li><b>Elongated jaw forms long snout<br></br></b></li><li><b>Head torsion</b></li><li><b>Hinged front row of teeth</b></li><li><b>Rotation of dorsal skull and droping lower jawhyoidpushes mouth out</b></li><li><b>Ambush predator using camoflage<br></br><br></br></b></li></ol>Family Engraulidae<br></br>Order Pleuronectiformes<br></br>Family Scaridae<br></br>Datniodies sp.<br></br>Subfamily Serrasalminae<br></br>Family Chaetodontidae<br></br>Order Lophiiformes<br></br>”
“<b>Tigerfish (</b><b>Datniodies sp.)</b><br></br>suction feeding, Rotation of dorsal skull, pushes mouth out<br></br><br></br><b>Piranha</b><b>(subfamily Serrasalminae)</b><br></br>fine sharp teeth & large jaw muscles<br></br><br></br><b>Butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae)</b><br></br>hairbrush like teeth & elongated jaw snout<br></br><br></br><b>Parrotfish (family Scaridae)</b><br></br>herbivourous, crushing jaws, continulously growing teeth extend into pharnygeal arch <br></br><br></br><b>Flounders (order Pleuronectiformes)</b><br></br>ambush and head torsion flounders<br></br><br></br><b>Anchovies (Engraulidae)<br></br></b>filter feeding with modified gill rankers<br></br><br></br><b>Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)</b><br></br>hinged front row of teeth with smaller second row, biomulenescent lure”
“<b>How do Anchovies (family Engraulidae) feed?</b>”
Filter-feeder<br></br><br></br>H2O passes through mouth and out gills, food particles sieved by modified gill rakers, then intooesophagus
“<b>Superior mouths, also called _____ feed on organisms in/near____</b>”
supraterminal, the surface
“<img></img><img></img><br></br><b>This mouth type is called ___ and is used for ____</b>”
Terminal<br></br><br></br>feeding on zooplankton/fish in middle water coloum, can occasionallly eat at surface/bottom
“<img></img><img></img><br></br>This mouth type is called ___ and is used for __”
Superior/supraterminal<br></br><br></br>feeding on organism near surface
“<img></img><img></img><br></br><b>This mouth type is called ___ and is used for ____</b>”
Inferior/subterminal<br></br><br></br>scape algae/substances off bottom or find burried prey
“<b>What is a hyoid and which animal has it?</b>”
u shaped bone in neck,<br></br>gets pushed out by tigerfish during feeding
“<b>Osteichthyes andChondrichthyes differ because?</b>”
presence of operculum gill cover in Osteichthyes
“<b>The operculum allows Ostiechthyes to ____ while swimming</b>”
“stay still (won’t effect respiration)”
“<b>Bony plates called _____ attach to the first gill arch</b>”
Operculum
“<b>The operculum attaches to the _____</b>”
first gill arch
“<b>When a bony fish opens it’s mouth, the operculum _____, when the mouth closes, the operculum ______.</b>”
closes, opens
“<b>The opening of mouth and closing of operculum causes a sucking action that pulls water over gills. T/F?</b>”
True
“<b>The closing of the mouth and opening of the operculum allows water to be pushed out via mouth pressure. T/F</b>”
true
“<b>Gill filaments have numerous ___ to increase surface area for better oxygen absorbtion.</b>”
lamellae
“<b>The purpose of gills is to _____</b>”
pull oxygen out of water
“<b>What is a swim bladder?</b>”
allows for bouyancy control like a ballooon
“<b>Osteichthyes have ___ bouyancy whileChondrichthyes have ___ bouyancy</b>”
neutral, negative
“<b>What two evolutions allow Osteichthyes to stay still in water?</b>”
swim bladder with nuetral bouyancy, and operculum
“<b>Which family sometimes moves by walking on substrate with pectoral and pelvic fins?</b>”
frogfish (family Antennariidae)
“<b>How dofrogfish (family Antennariidae) and tripod fish (Bathypterois grallator) differ in their ““standing”” methods?</b>”
Frog fish use their pectoral and pelvic fins to occasionally locomote<br></br><br></br>While Tripod fish stand up using cadual and pelvic fins, and catch passing fish in their mouths using sensors in front fins
“<b>Modified doral spines with bacteria filled cavities are important for which order?</b>”
Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)
“<b>What are the 3 function groups Excavators, Scrapers, and Sifters purpose? <br></br><br></br><br></br>check lecture what are they?</b>”
Excavators: large, strong jaws to excavate landscape <br></br><br></br>Scrapers: smaller jaws that scrape substrate <br></br><br></br>Sifters: sift the sand
“<b>Fish are divided into 3 groups based on:</b>”
mouth morphologies
“<b>Caudal fins are used for?</b>”
Thrust and lift & mate signaling
“<b>Dorsal and anal median fins are used for?</b>”
stability
“<b>Pectoral and pelvic girdles support fins. T/F</b>”
true
“<b>What are gill filamnets?</b>”
“<b>red, highly oxygenated, fleshy part of the gills</b><span>; they take oxygen into the blood. Each filament has thousands of lamellae branches that are exposed to the water</span>”
“<b>The evolution of lungs (accessory breathing organs) is significant in Osterichthyes because? 2 reasons</b>”
advatage in poorly oxygenated water,<br></br><br></br>helped moved onto land
“<b>What accessory organ in Osteichthyes was a precussor for evolving to be terrestial?</b>”
lungs
“<b>Being nuetrally bouyant means you have ___ density to water</b>”
same
“<b>As a fish goes down in the water coloum, the swim bladder is compressed, making the fish ____ and _____.</b>”
heavier and sinks faster
“<b>If a swim bladder in Osteichthyes is attached to the gut, how do they adjust the swim bladder size?</b>”
gulp air to go down<br></br><br></br>and burp to release air and go up
“<b>How do Osteichthyes with no gut swim bladder control ascension and descension?</b>”
blood chemistry transfers air into swim bladder
“<b>What is single circulation?</b>”
“<span>blood passes through a single circuit – where blood is pumped by the heart to the gills for oxygenation, after which the blood flows to the rest of the body and back to the heart</span>”
“<b>What feeding modifications do Butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae) have?</b>”
hairbrush teeth & elongated jaw snout kinda like a toothbrush
“<b>What are 2 feeding specialisations that increase bite force?</b>”
Hingedfront row of teeth in Angler fish<br></br><br></br>large jaw muscles attached to tip in Piranhas
“<b>Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) are sexual and usuallly repoduce externally. What are 2 examples of their fertilization types?</b>”
Oviparous (e.g., salmon)<br></br><br></br>Viviparous (internal fertilization) (e.g., guppies)<br></br><br></br>
“<b>Some Actinopterygii provide ___ care, brooding the mouth, pouches, or nests and provide ___ care after birth.</b>”
Paternal, little<br></br><br></br>
“<b>Actinopterygii such as clown fish display ____</b>”
Sequential hermaphroditism
“<b>Overview: Reproduction in Actinopterygii</b>”
Dioeceious <br></br>Sexual<br></br>Mostly externally<br></br>Some sequential hermaphrodites (clown fish)<br></br>Oviparous - salmon<br></br>Vivaprous (internal fertilization) - guppies<br></br>paternal brooders in mouth or pouch<br></br>clean nests anf fan eggs to provide oxygeniation<br></br>little care after birth<br></br>elaborate courtship displays<br></br>
“<b>How doActinopterygii locomote?</b>”
“<span>Flex bodies and tails back and forth by expand their muscles on one body side and relaxing the muscles on other side <i>(</i></span><em>sinusoidal movement like humans)</em><span><i></i><br></br><br></br>Fish use their back fin, called the caudal fin, to help push them through the water.</span>”
“<b>Why do Fins embedded in the body musculature allow for independent movement?</b>”
?
“<b>Which class is the largest of bony fishes?</b>”
Class Actinopterygii
“<b>Muscous covered skin reduces drag and friction in which class of Osteichthyes?</b>”
class Actinopterygii
“<b>What are the 2 clades of Osteichthyes?</b>”
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) <br></br>Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes
“What are Gnathostomes?
Jawed animals
“<b>What are 2 advantages of jaws?</b>”
Enhance foraging (biting off large chunks) & better manipulation
“<b>How doChondrichthyes squeeze gill arches together?</b>”
- bottom arch swivels to make chomping motion<br></br>- top arch remains attached to skull for stability
“<b>3 modes ofChondrichthyes reproduction?</b>”
oviparous, viviparous and ovoviviparous
“<b>Ovoviviparous<br></br></b><img></img><b><br></br></b>”
egg develop and hatch inside parent
“<b>Chondrichthyes are</b> monoceious/dioeceious <b>and reproduce via </b>internal/external<b> fertilizatoin?</b>”
Dioecious, Internal
“<b>What is the evolutionary purpose of a cartilaginous skeleton?</b>”
increase bouyancy
“<b>Subclass Elasmobranchii includes?</b>”
Sharks & Rays
“<b>DoSubclass Elasmobranchii have a notochord?</b>”
It is replaced by Vertebrae
“<b>What are the two stomach sections in Elasmobranchii?</b>”
cardiac and pyloric
“<b>What is the disadvantage of Elasmobranchii having a very short intestine?</b>”
limits nutrient absorbtion efficiency
“<b>Subclass Elasmobranchii have a Spiral valve use for?</b>”
large internal surface area<br></br>retain digestible material in ileum increase nutrient absorbtion
“<b>Elasmobranchii use a spiracle for</b>”
increase gas efficiency
“<b>Sharks swim to ___ the lungs,<br></br>While Rays _________</b>”
ventilate;<br></br><br></br>spiracles actively pump water over gills
“<b>Elasmobranchii have a 2 chambered heart. Divided into 1 ___ and 1 ____.</b>”
atrium<br></br>ventricle
“<b>The atrium and ventricle chambers in theElasmobranchiiheart is used for?</b>”
single circulation
“<b>Elasmobranchii have: (not well developed, excellent, limited)<br></br>___ hearing<br></br>___ vision<br></br>___ smell</b>”
not well developed, limited, excellent
“<b>What do the Ampullae of Lorenzinido?</b>”
sense electrical field of prey
“<b>Superorder Selachimorphabelongs to which Subclass?</b>”
Elasmobranchii
“<b>Superorder Selachimorpha include?</b>”
sharks
What does heterocercal mean?
“<b>Selachimorpha locomtion?</b>”
Paired fins for lift <br></br><br></br>Pectoral fins can’t swivel<br></br><br></br>fast speed but low maneuverability<br></br><br></br>Tail provides thrust and lift as shark moves through water<br></br><br></br>Head and fins flattened for lift during forward motion <br></br><br></br>Heavier than water: sink if they don’t continue swimming forward<br></br><br></br>Very fast sharks: modified tail fins for ↑ speed
“<b>Elasmobranchii have ___ bouyancy</b>”
negatively buoyant: sink if they stop swimming, heavoer than water<br></br><br></br>Expend more energy than if they were neutrally buoyant<br></br>
“<b>Placoid scales</b>”
Like small teeth and very tough <br></br><br></br>Flat rectangular base plate embedded in skin<br></br><br></br>Inner core of pulp composed of connective tissues, blood vessels and nerves <br></br><br></br>Pulp cavity treated by layer of odontoblast cells that secrete dentine <br></br><br></br>Covered with hard enamel outer layer<br></br><br></br>Secreted by cells in dermis <br></br><br></br>Pierce epidermis
Whale Sharks use 3 feeding methods:
Passive – swim slowly with open mouth, straining plankton <br></br><br></br>Vertical – float vertically, using suction to draw prey in <br></br><br></br>Active – suction filter-feed while swimming, drawing water into mouths at higher velocities: “ram-filter feeding”
“<b>What are claspers?</b>”
♂ has claspers: extensions of pelvic fins to transfer sperm to ♀
“<b>Do Selachimorpha have parental care?</b>”
No, take care of themselves from birth<br></br>
What are the 3 different types of shark egg development with examples?
“Viviparous: babies fed by a placenta that transfers nutrients from mother to young: give birth to live young. e.g., mako<br></br><br></br>Oviparous: deposit eggs that hatch later: ““mermaid’s purse“ - tough, leathery membrane; yolk feeds embryo. e.g., zebra shark <br></br><br></br>Ovoviviparous: eggs hatch internally but no placenta. e.g., cookiecutter shark”
Rays belong to the superorder __ and the order ___
Batioidea , Rajiformes
Rays
- DV flattened<br></br>- Benthic<br></br>Elarged winged pectoral fins<br></br>Move via wave like motion, lifiting and thrusting<br></br>respire: draw water into spiracles, force out gills,<br></br>5-6 gill slits on ventral surface<br></br>Tail, but the caudal fin reduced / absent<br></br>Small, blunt teeth in a plate used for grinding Dioecious: internal fertilization (♂ has claspers)
Subclass Holocephali: rat/rabbit fishes (ghost sharks) and elephant fishes
Very primitive: few surviving members in order Chimaeriformes <br></br><br></br>Elongated, soft bodies with a bulky head <br></br><br></br>One gill slit <br></br><br></br>Teeth fused to form plates <br></br><br></br>Lack placoid scales<br></br><br></br>Large pectoral fins and a long slender tail <br></br><br></br>No stomach <br></br><br></br>Benthic, often in very deep water <br></br><br></br>Move using sweeping movements of pectoral fins<br></br><br></br>Dorsal fin sometimes has a venomous erectile spine <br></br><br></br>Dioecious: internal fertilization, ♂ has claspers, ♀ oviparous
How did jaws progress?
modification of gill arches, arches move forward, arches squeeze together, bottom arch swivels, top arch fixed
“<b>What are 2 unique highly developed sensory organs in Chondrichthyes?</b>”
lateral lines & ampullary organs of Lorenzini
“<b>Holocephali have no ___ scales and no ____ for digestion.</b>”
placoid scales, stomach
“<b>Holocephali have a stomach. T/F?</b>”
False
“<b>Holocephali have no placoid scales. T/F?</b>”
True
What group of Chordates has a fusiform shape?
Superclass Selachimorpha (subclass Elasmobranchii)
Elasmobranchii have a large ______ and no ______ bladder.
oily liver, swim
What are placoid scales?
like tiny teeth secreted from dermis cells
Are reptiles monophyletic?
No
The benefits of an amniotic egg are:
A. Faster development of larger offspring in dry environments
B. Embryo that carries its own water
C. Waste released into H2O
D. Environment helps protect against dessication
A + B
Amniotic eggs in a eutherian mammal:
A. Are oviparous only
B. Eggs usually laid in water: variations in the dry
C. The amnion, chorion and allantois perform similar functions and are retained inside mother
D. Brood in back pockets
A high metabolic rate is a result of endo or ecto thermy?
Endothermy
Rapid digestion, oxidation of food, cellular metabolism, muscular contractions are related to which type of heat generation? Endo/Ecto
Endothermy
T or F - Birds have parabronchi instead of alveoli?
True
