General Animal Diversity Flashcards
“<b>What is Cephalisation?</b>”
disntict head structure
“<b>How do you differentiate animal groups? Describe the 4 factors</b>”
“<ol><li style=""><u>Body plans symmetry:</u>bilateral , asymmetry, radial<br></br><br></br></li><li><div style=""><u>Tissue Development:</u>embroytic/germ layers<br></br>Ectoderm (epidermis & CNS)<br></br></div><div style="">Mesoderm <span>(muscles & organs)</span></div><div style="">Endoderm<span> (digestive system & organs)<br></br><br></br></span></div></li><li><div style=""><u>Body Cavity:</u></div><div style="">Coleomate<span> (vertebrates, cushions organ)</span></div><div style="">Pseudocoleomate <span>(hydrostatic skeleton)</span></div><div style="">Aceolomate<span> (no body cavity, embedded in meso)<br></br><br></br></span></div></li><li><div style=""><u>Development mode:</u></div><div style="">Protosome<span> - </span><b>blastophore</b><span> = mouth</span></div><div style="">Deuterostome<span> - </span><b>blastophore</b><span> = anus</span></div><div style=""><br></br></div><div style=""><br></br></div></li></ol>”
“<b>What are hox genes?</b>”
“They control development of a bilateral animal’s body plan, specifically the Anteiror (front/ventral) - Posterior (back/dorsal) axis”
“<b>Hox genes vshomeoboxes?</b>”
Hox genes only occur in bilateral animals and control formation of the dorsal/ventral axis in embryo, while homeoboxes occur in all eukaryotes and control gene expression
“<b>What layers do Triploblastic animals contain?</b>”
“<b>3 germ/embryonic layers:</b><br></br><br></br>Ectoderm - epidermis and CNS<br></br>Mesoderm - muscles, some organs outside the disgestive tract<br></br>Endoderm - lining of digestive system, other organs<br></br>”
“<b>What layers do Diploblastic animals contain? Example?</b>”
“<b>2 germ/embryonic layers:</b><br></br><br></br>Ectoderm- epidermis and CNS<br></br>Endoderm- lining of digestive system, other organs<br></br><br></br>ex:Cnidaria only<br></br>”
“<b>Do triploblasts or diploblasts have a coeolom?</b>”
Triploblasts because of the mesoderm
“<b>What type of body cavity functions as a hydrostatic skeleton?</b>”
Pseudocolom<br></br><br></br>found in Pseudocoelomates & acetocoleomates
“<b>What is a hydrostatic skeleton, and gives examples of animals.<br></br></b><img></img>”
A flexible skeleton supported by fluid pressure<br></br><br></br>Ex.) Cnidaria, Nematodes, Platyhelminths, Arthropoda, Annelids
“<b>What is a pseudocoleom? What body cavities is it present in?</b>”
“A pseudocoloem is a<b>fluid-filled cavity that lies between the outer wall and the digestive tract</b>. Can act as a <b>hydrostatic skeleton</b> in Aceolomates and Psuedocoelomates.<span><br></br><br></br><br></br></span>”
“<b>Protosome vs Dueterosome</b>”
“Blastophore is a small opening in embryo<br></br><br></br>Protosome-<b>blastophore</b>= mouth<br></br>ex.) molluscs, annelids<br></br><br></br>Deuterostome-<b>blastophore</b>= anus<br></br>ex.)”
“<b>What is bioprospecting and give an example</b>”
Research into natural resources for valuable products (venoms for pharameuticals)
“<b>What is biomonitoring?</b>”
Way to measure toxicity in an environment (like frogs)<br></br>ex. Porifera
“<b>Uniamarous vs biamarous?</b>”
“<span>A uniramous limb comprises a single series of segments attached end-to-end. A biramous limb, however, branches into two, and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end-to-end.</span>”
“<b>What is gastrolation?</b>”
“The process that turns zygote into embrotic germ layers via mitosis <br></br><br></br><br></br>embryotic layers result from zygote undergoing gastrolation<br></br><br></br>Zygote - mitosis - gastrolation = germ layer”
“<b>What are the 5 characteristics that makes an ““animal””?</b>”
“<ol><li style="">Multicellular<span> - protiens</span></li><li style="">Heterotrophic<span> - digestive enzyme</span></li><li style="">Eukaryotic</li><li style="">Tissues develop from embryonic layers <span>- bcuz sexual repoduction</span></li><li style=""><span>Developmental genes - genes tell other genes what to do</span></li></ol>”
“<b>What do hox genes in arthropods do?</b>”
They direct segements to grow wings, legs, antennea, etc.
“<b><div>The three germ layers of triploblastic animals are, starting with the deepest layer:</div></b>”
Endoderm<br></br>Mesoderm<br></br>Ectoderm
“<b>DescribeSeuxal Repoduction in Sponges<br></br></b><img></img>”
<br></br><ul><li>Chaonocytes transfer sperm to amoebocytes</li><li>who transfer sperm into eggs<br></br></li><li>Then fertilised and develop in mesophyl</li><li>larvae are released via the spongocoel</li><li>larvae swim and grow on substrate</li></ul><b></b>
“<b>Are all animals multicellular?</b>”
Yes
“<b>A zygote undergoes ____ via gastrolation to make embryotic germ layers</b>”
Mitosis
Which 3 Phlya are Aceolomates ?
“Acoelomates….<br></br><br></br>Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminths (not nematodes)”
“<b>Aceolomates are always protosomes, true or false?</b>”
True
“<b>Organs embedded in the mesoderm are called</b>”
Aceocolomates
- Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminths (not nematodes)
- Always Protosome
- Mesoderm develops into internal organs, but no coelom
- Only 1 body cavity (disgestive)
- Unsegmented
- Internal organs no in fluid
- Ex.) Platyhelminthes: Tape worms, flukes, planarians
- Invert or Vertebrate
- Protosome or deuterostomes
- Mesoderm develops into organs AND coelom tissues
- Multiple body cavities - coeolom, digestive tract, etc.
- Segemented
- Internal organs embedded in fluid
- Ex. Mollusca, Arthropoda, Annelida, etc.
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