Osteichthyes Flashcards
“<b>Which class is the closest living relatives to tetrapods?</b>”
Acinista (lobe finned fish)
“<b>What is a homocerceal tail?</b>”
equal lobes in ray finned fishes
“<b>An enhcanced cerbellum controls ___ in class Actinopterygii</b>”
motor coordination
“<b>Superclass Sarcopterygii has which two classes?</b>”
Class Dipnoi: lungfish <br></br><br></br>Class Actinistia: lobe-finned fish
“<b>Class Actinistia (lobe-finned fish) belong to which subclass?</b>”
Sarcopterygii
“<b>Class Dipnoi belong to which superclass?</b>”
Sarocopterygii
“<b>Pterosis sp. are highly invasive and use aposomatic colouration. T/F</b>”
True
“<b>Juvenillie blue-streaked cleaner wrasse mimicbluefinned fangblennies in order to eat larger fish. T/F?</b>”
False - fangblennies are parasitic, cleaner wrasse are not
“<b>How do bluestriped fangblennies feed?</b>”
“Bluestriped fangblennies mimic juvenile bluestreaked cleaner wrasse that remove ectoparasites.<br></br><br></br>Fangblennies do not clean, use opiod deived venom to bite onto larger fish<br></br><br></br>they don’t feel the bite because their blood pressure drops<br></br>”
“<b>No scales are essential for which family? why?</b>”
frogfish (family Antennariidae)<br></br><br></br>no scales allow for weird skin textures to aid in mimickry
“<b>What is the most efficient type of locomotion?</b>”
Swimming, animal supported by water and doesnt have to overcome gravity
“<b>Osteichthyes are a _____ group? Mono/Para/Poly</b>?”
paraphyletic
“<b>What is the largest and most diverse taxon of vertebrates?</b>”
Osteichthyes
“<b>Osteichthyes andChondrichthyes share which traits?</b>”
2 chambered heart (single circulation)<br></br>mixing oxygenated and non oxygenated blood<br></br>
“<b>What is the benefit of Ostheichthyes evolving different feeding and foraging specialisations?</b>”
Specialisation and modification of jaws and feeding apparatus, specalised feeding opportunites reduced competition
“<b>Explain suction feeding in Tigerfish (Datniodies sp.)</b>”
“Fish expands mouth and pharynx rapidly to suck prey in before biting down and swallowing <br></br><br></br>Achieved by: <br></br>Rotate dorsal part of skull <br></br>Push out parts of mouth sideways <br></br>Drop lower jaw and hyoid”
“<b>Describe Piranha (subfamily Serrasalminae) feeding specialisations?</b>”
Fine sharp teeth & large jaw muscles attached to tip = increase in bite force<br></br><br></br>
“<b>Describe Parrot fish (family Scaridae)</b>”
Common herbivorous of coral reefs <br></br>Crushing jaws and continuously growing teeth in pharyngeal arch of throat (extend all the way down to back of throat)<br></br>help produe sand<br></br><br></br>
“<b>Describe feeding modifications in Flounders (order Pleuronectiformes)</b>”
Head Torsion, whole head is swivelled to side of body<br></br>Ambush predators<br></br><br></br>
“<b>What are the feeding specalisations in Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)</b><br></br><img></img>”
Dorsal spines with small cavity of bioluminescent bacteria<br></br><br></br>Hingedfront row of teeth increase bite force<br></br>small second row of teeth break up small pieces of food
“<b>Tripodfish (Bathypterois grallator)</b><br></br><img></img>”
Benthic<br></br>Uses elongated fin rays in tail and two pelvic fins to stand on substrate <br></br>tactile mechosensors in front fins to detect prey in front of body<br></br><br></br>Standing up on fins, mouth catches passing prey
“<b>Frogfish (family Antennariidae)</b>”
Camouflage - Weird shape, colour change and skin texture (so no scales)<br></br>Ambush<br></br>Sometimes move by “walking” pectoral and pelvic fins over substrate
“<b>L</b><b>eafy Sea Dragon Phycodurus eques and seahorses (family Syngnathidae)</b>”
Mimic surroundings <br></br><br></br>Bluestriped fangblennies (Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos) mimic juvenile bluestreaked cleaner wrasse that remove ectoparasites<br></br>Fangblennies do not clean, use opiod deived venom to bite onto larger fish, they don;t feel the bite because their blood pressure drops<br></br><br></br>Venomous: venom is opiod-derived, no pain from decreases blood pressure
“<b>Describe 3 traits of Lionfish</b>”
Aposematic Colouration <br></br>Venomous <br></br>Highly invasive
Fish Taxonomy
“mak a drawing <br></br>2 classes/clades: <br></br>Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) <br></br>Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)<br></br><br></br><span>Actinopterygii also a class, but Sarcopterygii is a superclass, with 2 classes:</span><br></br><br></br>Class Dipnoi: lungfish <br></br><br></br>Class Actinistia: lobe-finned fish”
“<b>Ray-finned fishes (Class Actinopterygii)</b>”
largest group<br></br><br></br>verbrae = bone, fins = bones or cartlidge<br></br><br></br>homocercal tail: equal lobes<br></br><br></br>scales and skin covered in mucous to reduce drag and friction<br></br><br></br>single operculum<br></br><br></br>swim bladder bouyancy control<br></br><br></br>good eye sight large optic lobes<br></br><br></br>enhcanced cerbellum - control motor coordination<br></br>
“<b>What are gill rakers?</b>”
bony processes projecting from branchial / gill arches
Class Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes conti.
watch sldiewhow<br></br><br></br>Terminal, superior or inferior mouths <br></br><br></br>cells in saltwter shrink, need<br></br>Marine: <br></br><br></br>Drink ↑ amount of salt H2O <br></br><br></br>Use special Cl- cells to actively transport ions out <br></br><br></br>Na+ ions follow passively <br></br><br></br>Use kidneys to excrete Ca, Mg, SO4<br></br><br></br>Freshwater: <br></br>Lose salts by diffusion <br></br>Don’t drink water, and excrete lots of dilute urine<br></br>Salts replenished during feeding <br></br>Nutritional deficiencies: get some AAs by eating (same as humans)
“<b>Actinopterygii are dioecious, and mostly reproduce ____ and ___</b>”
sexually and externally<br></br>
“<b>Overview: Actinopterygii Locomotion</b>”
“Swim by flexing bodies and tail back and forth sinosoidual motion<br></br><br></br>Stretch or expand muscles on one side, while relaxing muscles on other (alternate contractions) - waves of contractions pass from head to tail (like humans)<br></br><br></br>2 ways of contraction<br></br><br></br>Pushes against water and moves forward <br></br><br></br>Caudal fin helps push through water <br></br><br></br>Pectoral fins give maneuverability<br></br>median fins give stability <br></br><br></br>All fins used to steer <br></br><br></br>example: Movement obvious in slow-swimming fish (e.g., eels)<br></br><br></br>Faster swimming fish (e.g., tuna / marlin), body held rigid to minmizse drag and contractions directed towards tail <br></br><br></br>Swimming: most efficient type of locomtion- animal supported by water and doesn’t need to overcome gravity”
Dipnoi Lungfish
- 6 species,<br></br>the 1 in australia has 1 lung. most 2 with atrophied gills<br></br>connected to larnyx and pharnyx w/o trachea, subdivded into small airsaces to increase surface area<br></br><br></br><br></br>live in shallow waters, lungs allow them to air at surface<br></br><br></br>thin pectoral thin, thready pelvic thins set back farther on bod<br></br><br></br>develop muscularture to push against force of gravity in shallow waters<br></br><br></br>diphycercal tapers to singel point, sisetr clase to lobe fin fishes<br></br><br></br><br></br>
Class Acinistia
Ceolacanths, once throught to be extinct but now 2-3 species<br></br><br></br>nmae of women who found first fish?<br></br><br></br>do all fish have gillls? why is it specifid?<br></br>singlelove vertigial lung<br></br><br></br>
“<b>Which species uses elongated tailfin and pelvic fins to stand on substrate to catch food?</b>”
Tripodfish (Bathypterois grallator)
“<b>Match the species with 2 foraging specalisations:<br></br></b><ol><li><b>Filter feeding with bony processes project from gill arches</b></li><li><b>Hairbrush like teeth</b></li><li><b>Rapid exapansion of mouth and pharnyx (suction feeding)</b></li><li><b>Large jaw muscles attached to tip (increase in bite force)</b></li><li><b>Herbivourous, crushing jaws that make sand</b></li><li><b>Smaller second row of teeth break up small food pieces</b></li><li><b>Modified gill rankers</b></li><li><b>Fine sharp serated teeth</b></li><li><b>Continulously growing teeth extend into pharnygeal arch</b></li><li><b>Elongated jaw forms long snout<br></br></b></li><li><b>Head torsion</b></li><li><b>Hinged front row of teeth</b></li><li><b>Rotation of dorsal skull and droping lower jawhyoidpushes mouth out</b></li><li><b>Ambush predator using camoflage<br></br><br></br></b></li></ol>Family Engraulidae<br></br>Order Pleuronectiformes<br></br>Family Scaridae<br></br>Datniodies sp.<br></br>Subfamily Serrasalminae<br></br>Family Chaetodontidae<br></br>Order Lophiiformes<br></br>”
“<b>Tigerfish (</b><b>Datniodies sp.)</b><br></br>suction feeding, Rotation of dorsal skull, pushes mouth out<br></br><br></br><b>Piranha</b><b>(subfamily Serrasalminae)</b><br></br>fine sharp teeth & large jaw muscles<br></br><br></br><b>Butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae)</b><br></br>hairbrush like teeth & elongated jaw snout<br></br><br></br><b>Parrotfish (family Scaridae)</b><br></br>herbivourous, crushing jaws, continulously growing teeth extend into pharnygeal arch <br></br><br></br><b>Flounders (order Pleuronectiformes)</b><br></br>ambush and head torsion flounders<br></br><br></br><b>Anchovies (Engraulidae)<br></br></b>filter feeding with modified gill rankers<br></br><br></br><b>Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)</b><br></br>hinged front row of teeth with smaller second row, biomulenescent lure”
“<b>How do Anchovies (family Engraulidae) feed?</b>”
Filter-feeder<br></br><br></br>H2O passes through mouth and out gills, food particles sieved by modified gill rakers, then intooesophagus
“<b>Superior mouths, also called _____ feed on organisms in/near____</b>”
supraterminal, the surface
“<img></img><img></img><br></br><b>This mouth type is called ___ and is used for ____</b>”
Terminal<br></br><br></br>feeding on zooplankton/fish in middle water coloum, can occasionallly eat at surface/bottom
“<img></img><img></img><br></br>This mouth type is called ___ and is used for __”
Superior/supraterminal<br></br><br></br>feeding on organism near surface
“<img></img><img></img><br></br><b>This mouth type is called ___ and is used for ____</b>”
Inferior/subterminal<br></br><br></br>scape algae/substances off bottom or find burried prey
“<b>What is a hyoid and which animal has it?</b>”
u shaped bone in neck,<br></br>gets pushed out by tigerfish during feeding
“<b>Osteichthyes andChondrichthyes differ because?</b>”
presence of operculum gill cover in Osteichthyes
“<b>The operculum allows Ostiechthyes to ____ while swimming</b>”
“stay still (won’t effect respiration)”
“<b>Bony plates called _____ attach to the first gill arch</b>”
Operculum
“<b>The operculum attaches to the _____</b>”
first gill arch
“<b>When a bony fish opens it’s mouth, the operculum _____, when the mouth closes, the operculum ______.</b>”
closes, opens
“<b>The opening of mouth and closing of operculum causes a sucking action that pulls water over gills. T/F?</b>”
True
“<b>The closing of the mouth and opening of the operculum allows water to be pushed out via mouth pressure. T/F</b>”
true
“<b>Gill filaments have numerous ___ to increase surface area for better oxygen absorbtion.</b>”
lamellae
“<b>The purpose of gills is to _____</b>”
pull oxygen out of water
“<b>What is a swim bladder?</b>”
allows for bouyancy control like a ballooon
“<b>Osteichthyes have ___ bouyancy whileChondrichthyes have ___ bouyancy</b>”
neutral, negative
“<b>What two evolutions allow Osteichthyes to stay still in water?</b>”
swim bladder with nuetral bouyancy, and operculum
“<b>Which family sometimes moves by walking on substrate with pectoral and pelvic fins?</b>”
frogfish (family Antennariidae)
“<b>How dofrogfish (family Antennariidae) and tripod fish (Bathypterois grallator) differ in their ““standing”” methods?</b>”
Frog fish use their pectoral and pelvic fins to occasionally locomote<br></br><br></br>While Tripod fish stand up using cadual and pelvic fins, and catch passing fish in their mouths using sensors in front fins
“<b>Modified doral spines with bacteria filled cavities are important for which order?</b>”
Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)
“<b>What are the 3 function groups Excavators, Scrapers, and Sifters purpose? <br></br><br></br><br></br>check lecture what are they?</b>”
Excavators: large, strong jaws to excavate landscape <br></br><br></br>Scrapers: smaller jaws that scrape substrate <br></br><br></br>Sifters: sift the sand
“<b>Fish are divided into 3 groups based on:</b>”
mouth morphologies
“<b>Caudal fins are used for?</b>”
Thrust and lift & mate signaling
“<b>Dorsal and anal median fins are used for?</b>”
stability
“<b>Pectoral and pelvic girdles support fins. T/F</b>”
true
“<b>What are gill filamnets?</b>”
“<b>red, highly oxygenated, fleshy part of the gills</b><span>; they take oxygen into the blood. Each filament has thousands of lamellae branches that are exposed to the water</span>”
“<b>The evolution of lungs (accessory breathing organs) is significant in Osterichthyes because? 2 reasons</b>”
advatage in poorly oxygenated water,<br></br><br></br>helped moved onto land
“<b>What accessory organ in Osteichthyes was a precussor for evolving to be terrestial?</b>”
lungs
“<b>Being nuetrally bouyant means you have ___ density to water</b>”
same
“<b>As a fish goes down in the water coloum, the swim bladder is compressed, making the fish ____ and _____.</b>”
heavier and sinks faster
“<b>If a swim bladder in Osteichthyes is attached to the gut, how do they adjust the swim bladder size?</b>”
gulp air to go down<br></br><br></br>and burp to release air and go up
“<b>How do Osteichthyes with no gut swim bladder control ascension and descension?</b>”
blood chemistry transfers air into swim bladder
“<b>What is single circulation?</b>”
“<span>blood passes through a single circuit – where blood is pumped by the heart to the gills for oxygenation, after which the blood flows to the rest of the body and back to the heart</span>”
“<b>What feeding modifications do Butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae) have?</b>”
hairbrush teeth & elongated jaw snout kinda like a toothbrush
“<b>What are 2 feeding specialisations that increase bite force?</b>”
Hingedfront row of teeth in Angler fish<br></br><br></br>large jaw muscles attached to tip in Piranhas
“<b>Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) are sexual and usuallly repoduce externally. What are 2 examples of their fertilization types?</b>”
Oviparous (e.g., salmon)<br></br><br></br>Viviparous (internal fertilization) (e.g., guppies)<br></br><br></br>
“<b>Some Actinopterygii provide ___ care, brooding the mouth, pouches, or nests and provide ___ care after birth.</b>”
Paternal, little<br></br><br></br>
“<b>Actinopterygii such as clown fish display ____</b>”
Sequential hermaphroditism
“<b>Overview: Reproduction in Actinopterygii</b>”
Dioeceious <br></br>Sexual<br></br>Mostly externally<br></br>Some sequential hermaphrodites (clown fish)<br></br>Oviparous - salmon<br></br>Vivaprous (internal fertilization) - guppies<br></br>paternal brooders in mouth or pouch<br></br>clean nests anf fan eggs to provide oxygeniation<br></br>little care after birth<br></br>elaborate courtship displays<br></br>
“<b>How doActinopterygii locomote?</b>”
“<span>Flex bodies and tails back and forth by expand their muscles on one body side and relaxing the muscles on other side <i>(</i></span><em>sinusoidal movement like humans)</em><span><i></i><br></br><br></br>Fish use their back fin, called the caudal fin, to help push them through the water.</span>”
“<b>Why do Fins embedded in the body musculature allow for independent movement?</b>”
?
“<b>Which class is the largest of bony fishes?</b>”
Class Actinopterygii
“<b>Muscous covered skin reduces drag and friction in which class of Osteichthyes?</b>”
class Actinopterygii
“<b>What are the 2 clades of Osteichthyes?</b>”
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) <br></br>Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes
