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Module 8 > Vertebral Column 2 > Flashcards

Vertebral Column 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the regions of the vertebral column

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
  5. caudal or coccygeal
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2
Q

what is the vertebral formula of the dog

A

C7 T13 L7 S3 CC variable

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3
Q

what boundary does the thoracic region form

A

the dorsal boundary of the thoracic cavity

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4
Q

what boundary does the lumbar region form

A

dorsal boundary of the abdominal cavity

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5
Q

what boundary does the sacral region form

A

dorsal boundary of the pelvic cavity

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6
Q

what are species exceptions to 7 cervical vertebrae

A

2 toed sloth = 6 cervical vertebrae

manatee = 6 cervical vertebrae

3 toed sloth = 9 cervical vertebrae

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7
Q

what is the functions of the cervical region

A
  1. support of the head
  2. movement of the head
  3. protection of ventral neck structures
  4. muscle attachment
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8
Q

what are the features of cervical vertebrae

A
  1. dorsal spinous and transverse processes short
  2. transverse processes have ventral projection –> attachment of ventral neck muscles (hypaxial muscles)
  3. transverse foramen –> passage of vertebral A & V
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9
Q

why do cervical vertebra have short dorsal spinous and trasnverse processes

A

to allow large range of movement

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10
Q

what features of cervical vertebrae allow for large amount of mobility

A

no large projections

articular facets are relatively flat which allows for greater movement at the synovial joints between the vertebrae

all except 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae

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11
Q

what is the first cervical vertebra called

A

atlas –> bears weight of the head

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12
Q

how does C1 differ from other cervical vertebra

A

vertebral arch but doesn’t have a vertical body

no dorsal spinous process

2 large transverse processes called wings (palpable)

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13
Q

how does C1 develop

A

the cranial section of the sclerotome remains assocaited with the caudal section rather than separating –> C1 develops from only caudal section of sclerotome (no vertebral body, but arch)

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14
Q

what is the second cervical vertebra called

A

axis

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15
Q

how is C2 different

A
  1. C2 has 2 vertebral bodies –> produces boney projection at cranial aspect called dens
  2. small transverse processes
  3. prominant dorsal spinous process (palpable and visible on radiograph)
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16
Q

how does the dens of C2 develop

A

develops from 2 cranial sections and 1 caudal sections of sclerotome

dens represents vertebral body of C1 that is associated with C2 instead

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17
Q

what vertebrae is this

A

C1

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18
Q

what vertebrae is this

A

cervical

19
Q

what vertebrae is this

A

C2

20
Q

what does the number of thoracic vertebrae correspond with

A

number of pairs of ribs

dog = 13

horse = 18

21
Q

what are the functions of the thoracic vertebrae (4)

A
  1. articulates with ribs (little lateral movement –> only flexion and extension)
  2. forms dorsal boundary of thoracic cavity
  3. protection of thoracic cavity
  4. muscle attachement (vertebral columnn, body wall and extrinsic forelimb muscles)
22
Q

what vertebrae is this

A

thoracic

23
Q

what are the typical features of thoracic vertebrae

A
  1. short vertebral body
  2. long dorsal spinous processes (large and caudally arranged –> attachment of the epaxial muscles)
  3. small/short transverse processes to accomodate space for ribs
  4. costal fovea –> presence of ribs
24
Q

what are the costal fovae of the thoracic vertebrae

A

flattened areas located on each side of vertebral bodiy at the cranial and caudal notches

provide smooth surface that articulates with the head of corresponding rib

25
Q

how many costal fovea are there per thoracic vertebrae

A

4 present

1 right cranial

1 left cranial

1 right caudal

1 left caudal

26
Q

name the structures

A
  1. vertebral body
  2. dorsal spinous process
  3. transverse process
  4. costal fovea
27
Q

how do ribs 1-10 articulate

A

cranial costal fovea of the thoracic vertebra of the same number and the caudal costal fovea of the thoracic vertebra cranial to it

(head of rib 5 articulates with cranial costal fovea of the 5th thoracic vertebra and the caudal costal fovea of the 4th thoracic vertebra)

28
Q

what are the structures

A

* head of rib

arrow: tuberculum

29
Q

what does the tuberculum of the rib articulate with

A

small transverse process of the thoracic vertebra of the same #

30
Q

what do ribs 11-13 articulate with

A

head and tuberculum articulate only with corresponding vertebra

31
Q

how do rib 1 articulate

A

articulates with T1 and C7

32
Q

why do ribs 11-13 articulate differently

A

to allow more movement between adjacent vertebra towards the caudal part of the thoracic region and the thoracolumbar junction

33
Q

what are the anticlinal vertebra and where is it located in horses and dogs

A

the dorsal spinous processes become shorter in length until –> vertical dorsal spinous process –> anticlinal vertebra

located at T11 in dog and T16 in horse

34
Q

what is the function of the anticlinal vertebra

A
  1. prevents overcrowding of dorsal spinous processes during extension
  2. marks transition from low movement thoracic to higher movement lumbar region
35
Q

what are the typical features of lumbar vertebra

A
  1. long vertebral body
  2. long transverse processes (abdominal wall muscle attachment, support of abdominal contents)
  3. short and uniform in length dorsal spinous processes (slight cranial orientation)
36
Q

what vertebrae are these

A

lumbar

  1. vertebral body
  2. transverse processes
  3. dorsal spinous processes
37
Q

what are the functions of the lumbar vertebrae

A
  1. protection of abdominal contents
  2. attachment of abdominal wall muscles (associated with vert column, abdominal wall muscles –> support weight of abdominal contents)
  3. support of abdominal contents
  4. movement of trunk
38
Q

what are the features of the sacral vertebrae

A
  1. fused to form sacrum
  2. no intervertebral disc space present
  3. no movement between components (single unit)
39
Q

what are the functions of the sacral vertebrae

A
  1. protection of intra-pelvic structures
  2. locomotion
40
Q

what are the joints of the sacral region

A
  1. S1 lumbo-sacral joint –> flexion/extension
  2. cranial portion of sacrum corresponds with location of the 1st sacral vertebra or S1 –> articulates with wing of ilium to form sacro-iliac joint –> transfer of forces
41
Q

what are the structures shown

A

* S1

arrow: lumbo-sacral joint
circle: sacro-iliac joint

42
Q

what are the functions of the coccygeal region vertebrae

A
  1. no spinal cord at this level to protect
  2. large range of movement –> expression, balance, removing flies
43
Q

what vertebrae is this

A

coccygeal

Module 8 (43 decks)

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