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Module 8 > Regulation of Motor Control & Anatomy of Limbic System > Flashcards

Regulation of Motor Control & Anatomy of Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the mature structures of the mammalian forebrain

A

telencephalon: cerebral cortices, limbic system and basal ganglia
diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, mammillary bodies

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2
Q

what are the divisions of the limbic system (7)

A
  1. right cingulate cortex
  2. left cingulate cortex
  3. hippocampus
  4. amygdala
  5. mammillary body
  6. septum
  7. fornix
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3
Q

what is the limbic system involved in

A

control of emotion, learning and memory

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4
Q

what is the structure of the hippocampus

A

3 layer cortical structure

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5
Q

what is the function of the hippocampus

A
  1. spatial memory
  2. transfer of some types of information for long term memories
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6
Q

what are the cells of the hippocampus

A
  1. “grid” cells that provide a universal neuronal coordinate system for spatial navigation
  2. “place” cells are activated only when animal is in a specific place
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7
Q

what is the hippocampus role in explicit memories

A
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8
Q

what do hippocampal lesions impact

A

explicit memory

anterograde amnesia –> unable to recall anything

implicit memories and working memory intact

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9
Q

what is the structure of the amygdala

A

collection of nuclei

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10
Q

what is the function of the amygdala

A

affective behaviours and other species typical behaviour

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11
Q

what are the neurons in the amygdala

A

multimodal and respond to more than one sensory modality

multiple bidirectional with hypothalamus, hippocampus, cortices and brain-stem and regulates neural activity associated with emotions

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12
Q

what do lesions of the amygdala cause

A
  1. tameness and loss of fear
  2. indiscriminate dietary behaviour (eat previously rejected foods)
  3. greatly increased autoerotic, homosexual and heterosexual activity
  4. tendency to attend to and react to every visual stimulus
  5. tendency to examine all objects by mouth
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13
Q

what role does the amygdala play in fear response

A

learned responses such as to avoid specific animals, places and objects that are associated with danger

fear conditioning (pavlovian methods)

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14
Q

what is the fornix structure

A

bundle of fibres along medial aspect of hemisphere

inter-connections with hippocampi on both sides of the two cerebral hemispheres

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15
Q

what is the the function of the fornix

A

primarily connects the hippocampus to the mammillary body of the hypothalamus

other fibres connect directly to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus

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16
Q

what is the role of the fornix in emotional processing

A

malfunctions of fornix signalling have been associated with multiple sclerosis

demyelination of fibre bundles of the fornix has been identified as a functional consequence and symptoms of cognitive dysfunction such as dementia, short term memory impairements and long term learning impairments

alzheimers disease, schizophrenia

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

what is the structure of the mammillary body

A

intricately connected with the hippocampal formation, fornix, amygdala and midbrain

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19
Q

what is the primary function of the mammillary body

A

associated with recollective memory

emotion and goal directed behaviour

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20
Q

what causes significant damage to the mammillary bodies and what does it cause

A

trauma

stroke

tumours

alcoholism

results in anterograde amnesia and reduced motivation

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21
Q

what is the function of the septum

A

emotional behaviours, sexual behaviour, aggressive behaviour, modulation of autonomic functions, attention and memory functions

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22
Q

what does septum recieve input from

A

hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus and midbrain

23
Q

where does the septum project to

A

hippocampus and dentate gyrus (via the fornix), the thalamus and several hypothalamic nuclei

24
Q

what do septal lesions induce

A

rage and overt aggression

25
what is the structure of the cingulate cortex
reciprocal connections with the limbic (medial dorsal and anterior) thalamic nuclei and with other limbic areas including the subiculum and entorthinal cortex (hippocampal formation)
26
where do cingulate cortical neurons send axons to
to motor and premotor areas including the striatum, motor and premotor cortex
27
what is the cingulate cortex involved in
planned motor movements
28
what do lesions to the cingulate cortex cause
indifference to pain and other sensations that have strong emotional connotations produce social indifference and apathy eliminate emotional intonation in speech personality changes lesions in posterior cingulate cortex result in diminished ability to perform spatial navigation
29
what are bilateral anterior cingulate lesions cause
have been done as psychosurgery to alleviate intractable pain and to incapacitate anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behaviour and intractable depression
30
what is the structure of the basal ganglia
four nuclei
31
what is the function of the basal ganglia
voluntary movement
32
what are the outputs and inputs of the basal ganglia
don't have direct input or output with spinal cord input from the cortex and output to the midbrain another output pathways via the thalamus projects to the frontal, premotor and motor cortices
33
what is the neural basis of parkinson's disease
loss of dopamine leads to increased output of the basal ganglia overactivity of the indirect pathway results in hypokinetic disorders (impaired initiation of movement and reduced voluntary movement)
34
what are the surgical interventions of parkinson's disease
1. lesions of the subthalamic nucleus reduces symptoms by eliminating the excessive output from the internal segment of the globus pallidus 2. lesions of the internal segment of globus pallidus prevents abnormal output and partially restores voluntary movement
35
where does control of motor activity come from
feedback through sensory input and through prediction from previous activity
36
what is the hierarchy of motor control
higher animals have additional control from higher centres in brain (encephalization) spinal cord "expects" input from higher centres --\> spinal shock occurs when cut
37
how does the hierarchy system of motor control work
1. sensory input coming in/being processed at higher centres 2. higher centres regulate lower centres --\> tonic inhibitory effect 3. lesions at higher centres --\> loss of integrated function, abnormal responses
38
what is the first step in the hierarchy of motor control
1. sensory input goes to limbic system (motivation) 2. basal ganglia (initiation of movement) 3. cerebellum (coordination of movement) 4. motor cortex (refines action) 5. movement (spinal cord)
39
what are the descending pathways in the control of motor responses
1. pyramidal tract 2. extrapyramidal tract
40
what is the pyramidal tract
motor neurons that originate in the frontal cortex and terminate in the spinal cord (corticospinal) or brain stem (corticobulbar)
41
what is the extrapyramidal tract
located in the pons and medulla of the midbrain and involved in involuntary movements
42
what is pyramidal tract syndrome
characterized by spasticity and paralysis
43
what is the extrapyramidal tract syndrome
characterized by involuntary movements, muscular rigidity and immobility without paralysis
44
what are the upper motor neurons in the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts
extrapyramidal: reticulo-spinal, vestibulo-spinal, rubro-spinal, tecto-spinal pyramidal: cortico-spinal
45
what are the tracts shown
46
what is the corticospinal tract
starts in cortex required for fine, skilled movement fibres terminate on inter-neurones in the spinal cord
47
what is the reticulospinal tract
"old" tract basic instincts (startle reaction), postural, initiates locomotion
48
what is the rubrospinal tract
acts mainly on flexors, postural (where nuclei reside)
49
what is the tectospinal tract
input from vision and hearing acts on cervical vertebrae orientates head
50
what is the species variation in the tracts
humans: lots of pyramidal horses: lots of extrapyramidal dogs: lots of extra and less pyramidal than horses
51
what are effects of lesions in the descending tracts
lead to hyperactivity in extensor muscles this is because descending tracts are inhibitory
52
what are the effects of lesions shown here
1. decorticate: spastic 2. decerebrate: rigid 3. spinal: flaccid
53
fill in the blanks on this pathway
54
fill in the blanks of this pathway

Module 8 (43 decks)

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