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Module 8 > Vertebral Column 1 > Flashcards

Vertebral Column 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main function of the vertbral column (5)

A
  1. internal support for body
  2. protection of spinal cord
  3. support and protection of local structures
  4. muscle attachment (extrinsic muscles of limbs)
  5. locomotion - transfer of propulsive motion from hindlimbs
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2
Q

what are irrefular bones

A

located in the axial skeleton

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3
Q

what are the outer and centre layer of irregular bones

A

outer: compact bone
centre: cancellous bone

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4
Q

what are the structures shown

A
  1. compact bone
  2. cancellous bone
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5
Q

what are the features of the vertebral body

A

massive region of bone

roughly cylindrical

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6
Q

what is the convex cranial surface and concave caudal surface called

A

convex cranial surface = cranial endplate

concave caudal surface = caudal endplate

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7
Q

what is the invertebral disc space

A

space between adjacent vertebral bodies when aligned to form vertebral column

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8
Q

what is the invertebral disc space occupied by

A

soft tissue structure called invertebral disc

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9
Q

where is the vertebral arch located

A

arch of bone located dorsal to the vertebral body

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10
Q

what is the vertebral arch composed of

A

left and right vertical wall = pedicles

right and left laminae that come together to form the roof

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11
Q

how does the vertebral foramen form

A

combination of the vertebral arch dorsally and the vertebral body ventrally –> forms vertebral foramen

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12
Q

what is the function of the vertebral foramen

A

route for the spinal cord to run through the bone

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13
Q

how does the vertebral canal form

A

when the vertebral align the vertebral foraminae aligns to form a hollow channel running the length of the vertebral column = vertebral canal

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14
Q

what does the vertebral canal contain

A

contains the spinal cord allowing it to run the length of the body while being protected by the boney tube formed between the vertebral bodies and the vertebral arches

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15
Q

what structures are shown

A

vertebral foramen

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16
Q

what structure is shwon

A

vertebral canal

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17
Q

what are on the lateral aspect of the vertebra

A

there is a notch present at the cranial and caudal aspects of each pedicle –> cranial and caudal notches

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18
Q

how many notches are there

A

the vertebrae are the same on both left and right side –> total of 4 notches per vertebrae

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19
Q

what forms the invertebral foramen

A

when the vertebrae align to form the vertebral column –> notches line up with each other to form a series of gaps or spaces = intervertebral foramen

20
Q

what is the function of intervertebral foramen

A

allows passage of spinal nerves and blood vessels from the spinal cord out of the vertebral canal to supply the body

21
Q

what is this structure

A

intervertebral foramen

22
Q

what are articular facets

A

each vertebra has articular facets that allow it to articulate with the vertebrae cranial and caudal to it

23
Q

where are the articular facets located

A

at junction between the pedicle and the lamina at the cranial and caudal aspects of the vertebra

present on left and right sides of vertebra

24
Q

how many articular facets are there per vertebra

A

located on left and right sides of vertebra so there are 4/vertebra

25
Q

where do the articular facets articulate

A

with facets on adjacent vertebrae to form synovial joints (cranial and caudal)

the orientation depends on how much movement between vertebrae is permitted in each region

26
Q

what are these structures

A

articular facets

27
Q

what are the spinous processes

A

bony projections –> increase surface area for muscle attachment

length and inclination vary with region

28
Q

what is the dorsal spinous process

A

single boney projection located on the dorsal aspect of the vertebral arch at the point where the laminae meet in midline

29
Q

what is the transverse processes

A

2 boney projections located on the lateral aspect of the vertebral arising where the pedicle meets the vertebral body

30
Q

what structures are shown

A
  1. dorsal spinous process
  2. transverse processes
31
Q

what are the typical features of vertebra (6)

A
  1. vertebral body
  2. intervertebral disc spaces
  3. vertebral arch –> pedicles/laminae, vertebral foramen (vertebral canal)
  4. cranial and caudal notches –> intervertebral foramen
  5. articular facets
  6. spinous processes –> dorsal and transverse
32
Q

how does the axial skeleton develop

A

paraxial mesoderm –> somites –> dermatone –> skin

somites –> myotome –> muscle

somites –> sclerotome –> axial skeleton

33
Q

how does each side of vertebra develop

A
34
Q

what does the paraxial mesoderm form from

A

more than 40 pairs of somites

these each split into 3 parts

35
Q

what does the sclerotome form

A

develop a diffuse cranial section and dense caudal section –> on the left side of the neural tube combines with the diffuse cranial section of the adjacent sclerotome to form the left half of the same vertebra

same process occurs on the right side of the neural tube

36
Q

how does the sclerotome split

A

into cranial and caudal sections

the caudal section combines with the cranial section of the adjacent slcerotome to form a hemivertebra

37
Q

what occurs to the hemivertebra

A

the left and right hemivertebra come together and fuse to form complete vertebra

38
Q

what encloses the neural tube and what forms in the process

A

the neural arch which is formed from the caudal sections of the sclerotome –> encloses neural tube and fuses dorsally –> forming vertebral foramen and canal

39
Q

what occurs to the notochord q

A

when the vertebral body arises from the cranial section of the sclerotome it obliterates the notochord

but does still remain in the spaces between the adjacent vertebral bodies

40
Q

in the space that the notochord occupied, what now occupies it

A

occupied by the intervertebral disc and these remnants of the notochord are incorperated into the invertebral disc as the nucleus pulposus (chusioning and shock absorption between adjacent vertebrae)

41
Q

how many centres of ossification do the body of vertebrae develop from

A

3 centres

  1. body
  2. cranial endplate
  3. caudal endplate
42
Q
A
43
Q

what can be seen on radiographs in young animals

A

physes or growth plates between these centres of ossification are visible on radiographs

44
Q

what is an example of abnormal development of vertebrae

A

block vertebrae –> 2 fused together with no disc space

45
Q

what structures are shown

A
  1. body
  2. cranial endplate
  3. caudal endplate
46
Q

what is transitional vertebrae

A

located at the boundary between different regions of the vertebral column and get confused in which region they belong to

in this ex. the last lumbar vertebra that is missing a transverse process

other ex. include the 1st lumbar vertebrae with a rib or the last thoracic vertebra without one

47
Q

what is hemivertebra

A

wedge/butterfly vertebrae

the vertebral body fails to form properly

instead of being normal cylindrical shape –> its triangular instead

can cause devation of the column

Module 8 (43 decks)

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