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Module 8 > Overview of Spinal Cord Segments & Nerve Roots > Flashcards

Overview of Spinal Cord Segments & Nerve Roots Flashcards

1
Q

what are afferent nerves

A

neurons + pathways they form that convey sensory info to spinal cord and ultimately the brain

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2
Q

what are efferent nerves

A

the neurons and pathways they form that convey the motor stimulus to the muscles

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3
Q

what are fasciculi

A

nerve bundles forming functional tracts that have common origins and destinations

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4
Q

what is funiculus

A

each of the three regions which the spinal cord white matter is divided by the points of penetration of the dorsal and ventral nerve roots axons on each side of a segment (dorsal, lateral and ventral)

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5
Q

what is a tract

A

collection of nerve fibres (nerve bundle) within the funiculi with the same function that originate together and terminate together and don’t synapse en route

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6
Q

what are the spinal cord divisions

A

from C1-5

C6-T2

T3-L3

L4-S3

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7
Q

where are the two thickenings of the spinal cord

A

C6-T2 and L4-S3

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8
Q

what is the conus medullaris

A

caudal elongation of the spinal cord

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9
Q

what is the filum terminale

A

thin cord of ependymal and glial cells

tethers end of spinal cord to coccygeal (caudal) vertebrae

suspends the cord in the vertebral canal

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10
Q

what is the spinal cord formed by

A
  1. neurons + their axons
  2. neuroglia: supporting cells of the CNS (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells)
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11
Q

what is the area where there is CSF in the spinal cord

A

central canal

lined by ependymal cells

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12
Q

what is the spinal cord wrapped in

A

meninges

3 layers of CT

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13
Q

what are the 3 layers of CT on the spinal cord

A
  1. dura matter
  2. arachnoid matter
  3. pia matter
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14
Q

what are the structures shown

A
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15
Q

how many segements are there in the dog and cat spinal cord

A

36 segments

8 cervical, 13 thoracic, 7 lumbar, 3 sacral, 5 caudal

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16
Q

what does each spinal cord segment contain (3)

A

1 dorsal root & 1 ventral root

  1. away from cord –> dorsal and ventral root unite spinal nerve
  2. closer to cord –> each root divides into rootlets
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17
Q

what structures are shown here

A
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18
Q

what do dorsal roots do

A

afferent axons enter cord with sensory info

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19
Q

what do ventral root nerves do

A

efferent axons exit spinal cord with motor info

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20
Q

where are the cell bodies of spinal ganglion

A

spinal ganglion aka dorsal root ganglion –> cell bodies outside spinal cord

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21
Q

what returns sensory info the the dorsal root

A

somatic or visceral structures

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22
Q

what does the efferent axons send info to

A

muscle, gland or organ

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23
Q

how are cell bodies grouped in the ventral root

A

cell bodies grouped forming ventral horn of spinal cord

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24
Q

what are lower motor neurons

A

efferent neurons

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25
Q

how is the grey matter organized in the cord

A

general somatic afferent =

general proprioception =

= spinal ganglion

general visceral afferent =

general visceral efferent =

= ventral horn

general somatic efferent =

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26
Q

what are the structures shwon

A

dorsal root

spinal ganglion

27
Q

what segment of the spinal cord is this

A

C3 because smaller ventral horn

28
Q

what segment of spinal cord is this

A

C6-T2 –> cervial intumescence

29
Q

what segment of the spinal cord is this

A

T3-L3

smaller ventral horn

30
Q

what segment of the spinal cord is this

A

L4-S3

lumbosacral intumescence

31
Q

what are the white matter organization in the spinal cord

A

I: dorsal funiculus: ascending sensory tracts (proprioceptive, tactile, nociceptive)

II: lateral funiculus (proprioceptive, tactile, nociceptive, thermal) + descending motor tracts (facilitating extensor mm activity)

III: ventral funiculus: descending motor tracts + some ascending sensory (nociceptive –> pain)

32
Q

what is dura mater

A

dense connective tissue

33
Q

what is the function of dura mater

A

adhere to periosteum on inner surface of cranial wall & floor of C1 and C2 vertebrae

34
Q

what separates dura mater from periosteum within vertebral canal

A

epidural space –> fat and bloow vessels

caudally combines with filum terminale to attach to first caudal vertebra (filum of dura mater)

35
Q

what are the structures shown

A
36
Q

what are the structures shown

A
37
Q

what are the structures shown

A
38
Q

what is the arachnoid

A

delicate collagenous connective tissue

39
Q

what is the function of the arachnoid

A

encloses CSF in subarachnoid space

close contact with dura mater due to CSF pressure

numerous fine filaments which blend with pia mater

40
Q

what is the pia mater

A

thin layer of CT (thicker than arachnoid)

41
Q

what are the inner and outer surfaces of pia mater

A

outer surface blends with filaments of arachnoid

inner surface fused to brain and spinal cord

42
Q

what is midway between successive spinal nerve roots

A

midway between successive spinal nerve roots –> pia mater & arachnoid attach to dura mater = denticulate ligament

43
Q

what are the functions of meninges

A
  1. physical support
  2. encloses CSF circulation
  3. CSF production (42% in leptomeningeal capillaries)
44
Q

what are the clinical significance of the meninges

A

CSF collection

myelography

45
Q

what are the diseases of meninges

A
  1. meningitis
  2. neoplasia (meningioma)
46
Q

why is the development of spinal cord segments and vertebral column closely related

A

spinal nerves exit vertebral canal via intervertebral foramen

except: C1 nerve - lateral vertebral formina of atlas

spinal cord segments does not equal # of vertebrae

47
Q

how is the spinal cord segment divided

A

pair of dorsal and ventral roots

pair of spinal ganglia

pair of spinal nerves

boundaries between segments –> midway between attachments of most caudal and most cranial rootlets of adjacent dorsal roots

48
Q

where is the brachial plexus located

A

C6-T2

49
Q

where is the suprascapular nerve and what does it innervate

A

(C5), 6, 7

innervates supraspinatus muscle

infraspinatus muscle

50
Q

where is the subscapular nerve and what does it innervate

A

C6, 7

innervates subscapularis muscle

51
Q

where is the musculocutaneous nerve and what does it innervate

A

C6, 7, 8

biceps brachii

brachialis

coracobrachialis

52
Q

where is the axillary nerve and what does it innervate

A

C6, 7, 8

deltoideus

teres major

teres minor

(subscapularis)

53
Q

where is the radial nerve and what does it innervate

A

C7, 8 T1 (2)

triceps brachii

extensor carpi radialis

ulnaris lateralis

common digital extensor

lateral digital extensor

54
Q

where is the median nerve and what does it innervate

A

C8, T1, (2)

flexor carpi radialis

superficial digital flexor

(deep digital flexor)

55
Q

where is the ulnar nerve and what does it innervate

A

C8, T1 (2)

flexor carpi ulnaris

deep digital flexor

56
Q

how is the brachial plexus function tested

A
  1. flexor (withdrawl) reflex
    sensory: varies with area stimulated
    motor: musculocutaneous, axillary, median, ulnar, radial
  2. biceps reflex

sensory & motor: musculocutaneous

  1. triceps reflex

sensory & motor: radial

57
Q

where is the lumbosacral plexus located

A

L4-S3

58
Q

where is the femoral nerve located and what does it innervate

A

femoral L4,5,6

Iliopsoas

quadriceps

sartorius

59
Q

where is the obturator nerve located and what does it innervate

A

L4, 5, 6

external obtruator

pectineus

graciis

adductor

60
Q

where is the cranial gluteal nerve located and what does it innervate

A

L6, 7, S1

middle gluteal

deep gluteal

tensor fascia lata

61
Q

where is the caudal gluteal nerve located and what does it innervate

A

L7, S1, 2

superficial gluteal

(middle gluteal)

62
Q

where is the sciatic nerve located and what does it innervate

A

L6, 7, S1, (2)

biceps femoris

semimembranous

semitendinosus

common peroneal –> peroneus longus, lateral digital extensor, long digital extensor, cranial tibial

tibial –> gastrocnemius, popliteus, superficial digital flexor, deep digital flexor

63
Q

where is the pudendal nerve located and what does it innervate

A

S1, 2, 3

caudal rectal –> external anal sphincter

64
Q

what are the functional testing associated with lumbosacral plexus

A
  1. flexor (withdrawal) reflex

sensory & motor: sciatic nerve

  1. patellar reflex

sensory & motor: femoral

  1. perineal reflex:

sensory & motor: pudendal

Module 8 (43 decks)

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