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Module 8 > Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

how is the nervous system divided

A
  1. central nervous system (CNS): defined as part of the nervous system enclosed in meninges –> comprises the brain and spinal cord
  2. peripheral nervous system (PNS): connects the CNS with the organs and limbs –> subdivided into the somatic and autonomic systems
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2
Q

how is the CNS divided

A
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3
Q

what are the variations in the cerebral cortex between species

A

higher mammals the cerebrum have many hills (gyri) and valleys (sulci)

deeper fissures/sulcus provide boundaries of the lobes –> lower mammals have smooth surfaces

folding greatly enhance the surface area and increases the potential for neural networks

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4
Q

what is the telencephalon

A

each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into lobes

  1. frontal lobe
  2. temporal lobe
  3. parietal lobe
  4. occipital lobe
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5
Q

what structure is shown here

A

telencephalon

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6
Q

what structure is shown here

A

2 cerebral hemispheres

telencephalon

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7
Q

what is the cerebral hemisphere made up of

A

surface grey matter –> called cerebral cortex

underlying white matter and deep masses of grey matter –> called basal nuclei

each hemisphere contains a cavity –> lateral ventricle

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8
Q

what structures are shown

A
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9
Q

what structures are shown

A

corpus callosum (left)

internal capsule (right)

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10
Q

what structure is shown here

A

corpus callosum

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11
Q

what is the function of corpus callosum

A

transfer of information

connects forebrain with brain stem

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12
Q

what is in the cerebral white matter

A

1. corpus callosum: a mass of fibres that connect right and left cerebral hemispheres

2. internal capsule: fibres running to and from the brainstem

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13
Q

what structure is this

A

corpus callosum

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14
Q

what structures are shown here

A

internal capsule

corona radiata

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15
Q

what structure is shown here

A

diencephalon

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16
Q

what structures are shown here

A

diencephalon

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17
Q

what does the diencephalon give rise to

A

the optic nerve

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18
Q

what does the diencephalon contain

A

third ventricle –> pocket of fluid

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19
Q

what is on the roof of third ventricle

A

pineal gland is on the dorsal roof of the third ventricle

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20
Q

what can the diencephalon be divided into

A

four regions

  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. subthalamus
  4. epithalamus
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21
Q

what is on the ventral part of the third ventricle

A

pituitary gland

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22
Q

what structures are shown

A
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23
Q

what structures are shown

A

mesencephalon

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24
Q

what structures are shown

A

mesencephalon

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25
Q

what nerves do the mesencephalon give rise

A

oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV) cranial nerves

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26
Q

what does the mesencephalon contain

A

mesencephalic aqueduct

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27
Q

what does the tectum (roof) of the mesencephalon consist of

A

rostral colliculus

caudal colliculus

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28
Q

what do the fibres located along the ventral surface of the midbrain constitute

A

crus cerebri

–> axons connecting rostral + caudal

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29
Q

what are the structures shown

A

tectum

mesencephalic aqueduct

crus cerebri

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30
Q

what structures are shown

A

metencephalon

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31
Q

what structures are shown

A

metencephalon

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32
Q

what is in the metencephalon

A

pons

33
Q

what do the pons contain

A

the rostral end of the fourth ventricle

34
Q

what nerve do the pons give rise to

A

gives rise to trigeminal nerve (V)

35
Q

what does the ventral surface of the pons contain

A

transverse pontine fibres (giving rise to the term –> pons = bridge

36
Q

what does the dorsal part of the pons contain

A

pontine tegmentum

37
Q

what structure is shown

A

transverse pontine fibers

38
Q

what structure is shown

A

pontine tegmentum

39
Q

what structures are shown here

A
40
Q

what structures are shown here

A

cerebellum

41
Q

what structures are shown here

A
42
Q

what structures are shown

A

myelencephalon

43
Q

what structures are shown

A

myelencephalon

44
Q

what is the myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

45
Q

what does the myelencephalon contain

A

most of the fourth ventricle

46
Q

what nerves does the myelencephalon give rise to

A

seven cranial nerves (VI-XII)

47
Q

what is present in the myelencephalon

A

presence of bilateral pyramids along the ventral surface

48
Q

what structures are shown here

A

fourth ventricle

pyramids

49
Q

how is the PNS divided

A

can arise from the brain or spinal cord

50
Q

what are the peripheral nerves arising from the brain termed

A

cranial nerves

51
Q

what are the cranial nerves

A

12 pairs

numbered from rostral to caudal

52
Q

what do the cranial nerves control

A

function of the head, including the 5 special senses

53
Q

name the cranial nerves

A
54
Q

what is the origin of cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve)

A

telencephalon

55
Q

what is the origin of cranial nerve II (optic nerve)

A

diencephalon

56
Q

what is the origin of cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve)

A

mesencephalon

57
Q

what is the origin of cranial nerve IV (trochlear nerve)

A

mesencephalon

58
Q

what is the origin of cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve)

A

metencephalon

59
Q

what is the origin of cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve)

A

myelencephalon

60
Q

what is the origin of cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)

A

myelencephalon

61
Q

what is the origin of cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

A

myelencephalon

62
Q

what is the origin of cranial nerve IX (glosspharyngeal nerve)

A

myelencephalon

63
Q

what is the origin of cranial nerve X (vagus nerve)

A

myelencephalon

64
Q

what is the origin of cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve)

A

myelencephalon

65
Q

what is the origin of cranial nerve XII (hypoglossus nerve)

A

myelencephalon

66
Q

what is the general arrangement of the meninges

A
67
Q

what is the arrangement of the spinal cord

A

spinal column dura is free tube –> dura merges with periosteum at foramen

separation from periosteum is at foramen magnum (though continues along floor C1/C2)

68
Q

what are the big differences of attachments to periosteum in skull

A

in skull dura contributes inner periosteum of calvarium fusing meninges to the calvarium

epidural space in skull is a potential space vs anatmoical space in the vertebral column (same as subdural space in both)

dural folds divide CNS in skull

69
Q

what structures are shown here

A

green: falx cerebri
blue: tentorium cerebelli
yellow: rostral fossa
silver: tissue of the caudal fossa

position of major meningeal folds in skull

70
Q

what are the dural partitions in the calvarium

A

dura splits into two layers –> embryonic derivation from two layers

outer layer remains on bone

inner layer folds between major divisions of brain

falx cerebri: longitudinal fissure between hemispheres

tentorium cerebelli: transverse fissures between cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum

diaphragma sellae: around the stalk of the pituitary

71
Q

what is this structure

A

cisternae magna

72
Q

how can CSF be collected

A

cervical from the cisterna magna

enter in mid-line between occipital bone and C2

stop advancing need as enter CSF space

73
Q

what are the meninges useful for

A

useful division of the brain on clinical, anatomical and imaging basis

74
Q

what structures are shown here

A
75
Q

what structures are shown here

A
76
Q

what structures are shown

A
77
Q

what structures are shown

A
78
Q

what structures are shown here

A
79
Q
A

Module 8 (43 decks)

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