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Module 8 > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of parasympathetic system

A

day to day control of viscera

ex. breathing at rest, digestion, elimination of wastes

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2
Q

what are the functions of the sympathetic nervous system

A

active when the animal is stressed (fight or flight)

ex. increases in heart rate, respiration, blood flow to active muscles

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3
Q

what are the main control centres of the CNS

A

hypothalamus and midbrain

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4
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus and the midbrain

A

direct control of sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions

cerebral cortex can influence but not command the control centres (emotional status causes blushing)

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5
Q

where do the fibres of the CNS run

A

descending fibres to the brain stem and spinal cord

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6
Q

where is the outflow of parasympathetic innervation of the PNS

A

brain stem & sacral cord level

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7
Q

where is the sympathetic outflow of the PNS

A

thoracolumbar cord level

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8
Q

what is the two-neuron system in the PNS

A
  1. pre-synaptic fibre
  2. post-synaptic fibre
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9
Q

what are the neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic fibres

A

Ach

at pre and post

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10
Q

what are the neurotransmitters at the pre and post synaptic fibres in the sympathetic nervous system

A

pre = ach

post = ach or NE

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11
Q

where are the neural cell bodies located for sensory cell bodies, motor striated muscle, motorneuron cell bodies

A

dorsal horn for sensory cell bodies

ventral horn for motor striated muscle

intermediated/lateral horn for motorneuron cell bodies of ANS in thoracolumbar and sacral cord

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12
Q

how do parasympathetic fibres innervate viscera

A

cranial nerves from brain to head via CN III, VIII, IX

to cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera via CN X and vagosympathetic trunk

segmental spinal nerves from sacral spinal cord S1, S2, S3 to pelvic viscera

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13
Q

what are the features of pre and post synaptic fibres and where do they synapse

A

pre-synaptic fibres: long

synapse: close to organ

post-synaptic fibres: short

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14
Q

how do sympathetic fibres innervate all viscera

A

thoracolumbar outflow from CNS –> C8/T1 to L4/5

thoracic cavity –> sympathetic chain of nerves and paravertebral ganglia

abdominal and pelvic cavitites –> fusion of fibres to form prevertebral ganglia –> celiac, cranial, and caudal mesenteric

head –> supplied by spinal nerves from C8-T7 via vagosympathetic trunk

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15
Q

what are the features of the pre and post synaptic fibres and where they synapse in the sympathetic system

A

pre-synaptic: short

synapse: remote from organ

post-synaptic: long

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16
Q

what is the white Rami communicans

A

carries presynaptic sympathetic fibres to the sympathetic trunk in spinal segments T1-L2

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17
Q

what is the grey rami communicantes

A

carries post-synaptic sympathetic fibres from the sympathetic trunk to all spinal nerves

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18
Q

where do the pre-ganglionic fibres from T1-5 (to T7) run in the sympathetic supply to the head and neck and where do they synapse

A

run cranially in vagosympathetic trunk

synapse: cranial cervical ganglion (located deep to tympmanic bulla)

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19
Q

where do the post-synaptic fibres of the sympathetic supply to head and neck run

A

some follow arteries of the head region (carotid artery)

some follow CN IX-XII, vagal nerve branches to larynx and pharynx

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20
Q

what are the functions of the post-synaptic fibres from the sympathetic

A

innervation of smooth muscle (vascular, ocular, orbital, erector pilae, glands (sweat, salivary, nasal))

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21
Q

what supplies the thorax in the sympathetic nervous system

A

sympathetic trun

vagus and sympathetic trunk company at chest entrance near middle cervical ganglion at first rib

fibres slpit to pass around the subclavian artery forming the ansa subclavia

large cervicothoracic ganglion followed by a regular chain of ganglia throughout thorax

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22
Q

what is the sympathetic supply to abdomen and pelvis

A

lumbar trunk steadily becomes more erratic –> branches of the sympathetic trunk

supply pre and post synaptic fibres to the abdominal and pelvic regions

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23
Q

whare the specific parasympathetic supplies to the body

A
  1. craniosacral system
  2. cranial origin: CN III, VII, IX, X
  3. sacral origin: S1-3 spinal cord segments
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24
Q

what is the nucleus of origin of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)

A

edinger-westphal (paras. nucleus of CN III) (midbrain)

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25
Q

what is the ganglion of the oculomotor nerve

A

ciliary (close to eye)

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26
Q

what is the target organs of the oculomotor nerve

A

ciliary muscles (regulate lens curvature)

muscles of iris (pupil constriction)

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27
Q

what is the nucleus of origin of facial nerve (CN VII)

A

rostral salivatory (paras. nucleus of CN VII) (brainstem)

28
Q

what are the ganglions of the facial nerve

A
  1. pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine)
  2. sublingual and mandibular
29
Q

what are the target organs of the pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine)

A

lacrimal, nasal & palatine glands (secretion, vasodilation)

30
Q

what are the target organ of the sublingual and mandibular

A

sublingual and mandibular glands (secretion, vasodilation)

31
Q

what is the nucleus of origin of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

A

caudal salivary (paras. nucleus of CN IX) (brainstem)

32
Q

what is the ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve

A

otic

33
Q

what is the target organ of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

parotid and orbital salivary glands (secretion, vasodilation)

34
Q

what are the nucleus of origin of the vagus nerve

A

dorsal efferent nucleus of CN X (paras. nucleus of CN X) (brainstem)

35
Q

what is the ganglion of the vagus nerve

A

terminal (intramural)

36
Q

what are the target organs of the vagus nerve

A

parasympathetic supply to neck, thorax, abdomen (majority of body viscera –> cervical, thoracic, abdominal)

37
Q

what is the response of the vagus nerve

A

heart rate

peristalsis

sweating

larynx opening

many

38
Q

where does the CN X travel down the neck

A

CN X travels down the neck in the vagosympathetic trunk

39
Q

where are the cell bodies in the parasympathetic supply to the pelvic viscera

A

lateral horn of S1-3 spinal cord segments

40
Q

what are the presynaptic and post synaptic fibres of the parasympathetic supply to the pelvic viscera

A

axons travel in pelvic nerves (located lateral wall of rectum)

synapse at terminal ganglion (near the bladder, rectum and sexual organs)

distribution to pelvic viscera, lower intestinal cavity and repro organs

41
Q

what is the function of the sympathetic innervation of the eye

A

supplies smooth muscle of the orbit and the iris dilators

protrusion of eyeball

third eyelid retraction

dilation of pupils

widening of the palpebral fissure

42
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system innervate the eye

A

first order neuron goes down to spinal segments T1-T3

second order neuron (in vagosympathetic trunk)

third order neuron innervates the eye

43
Q

what are the signs of Horner’s syndrome

A
  1. pupillary constriction (miosis)
  2. prolapse of third eyelid
  3. narrowing of the palpebral fissure
  4. enophthalmos
44
Q

what are the causes of Horner’s syndrome

A

herniation (neck) or middle

ear infection (otitis) –> close to tympanic bulla

brachial plexus

lesion in spinal cord

45
Q

what is the parasympathetic innervation of the eye

A

CN III is part of the pupillary light reflex

  1. retina –> optic nerve
  2. optic tract
  3. pretectal nucleus
  4. CN III parasympathetic nucleus
  5. ciliary ganglion
  6. eyeball (smooth muscle constrictor)
46
Q

what does the oculomotor nerve innervate

A

primarily the smooth muscle constrictor of the pupil

47
Q

what is the function of the oculomotor nerve

A

pupil constriction (miosis)

48
Q

what are the signs of oculomotor nerve dysfunction

A

pupil dilation (mydriasis) unresponsive to light

49
Q

a dog has anisocoria (right pupil smaller than left)

how will you determine which is the abnormal eye

A

put in the dark

should get dilation

50
Q

left eye constricts when shine a light in eye

right eye already constricted

A

sympathetic

can’t dilate pupil in right eye

51
Q

how does brain herniation lead to miosis

A

often miosis intially –> as midbrain swells –> compression of CN –> non-functioning parasympathetic nucleus of III –> mydriasis

progression from miotic to mydriatic pupils indiactes increasingly severe brain pathology

52
Q

what is the sympathetic innervation of the urinary tract and its function

A

hypogastric nerve (L1-4 in dogs, L2-5 cats)

relaxes the detrusor muscle in the bladder

contraction of the smooth muscle of the bladder neck/internal urethral sphincter

53
Q

what is the parasympathetic innervation to the bladder and its function

A

predominant in voiding phase

pelvic nerve (S1-3)

contraction of detrusor muscle of bladder wall

supplies urogenital organs, rectum, descending colon

54
Q

what is the somatic innvervation of the bladder

A

pudendal nerve (S1-3)

contraction of the striated sphincter muscles for urinary retention

innervates anal sphincter (perineal reflex)

55
Q

what is grass sickness

A

impaired activity of the gut due to ANS damage

cause still unknown

56
Q

what are the 3 main presentations of grass sickness

A
  1. acute: severe and sudden onset with 100% mortality within 48hrs
  2. sub-acute: milder clinical signs but most usually die within 7 days
  3. chronic: slower onset presenting with rapid weight loss, some will survive
57
Q

what are the clinical signs of AGS and SAGS grass sickness

A

depression

ileus

tachycardia

salivation

gastric reflux

fasciculations

ptosis

sweating

dysphagia

colic

impaction

58
Q

what are the clinical signs of CGS

A

rapid and severe weight loss

rhinitis sicca

ptosis

tachycardia

fasciculation

patchy sweating

inappetance

dysphagia

59
Q

what are thought to be the causes of grass sickness

A

clostridium botulinum type C

most cases between April and July

grazing increases risk factors, pasture disturbance, feed change, grazing previously affected pasture

60
Q

what is feline dysautonomia

A

widespread dysfunction of the ANS

all breeds and ages susceptible but commonly seen in younger cats

61
Q

what are the clinical signs of feline dysautonomia

A

depression

anorexia

bilateral pupil dilation non-responsive to light

third eyelid protrusion and ptosis

decreased tear and saliva production

megaesophagus

bradycardia

fecal and urinary incontinence

62
Q

what does definitive diagnosis of feline dysautonomia

A

histopathology

radiographs, schirmer tear test and pharmacological testing

63
Q

how is feline dysautonomia treated

A

purely supportive

64
Q

where do the recurrent laryngeal nerves arise from and what do they supply

A

vagus at the middle cervical ganglion and run back up the neck

supply the trachea and cervical esophagus

65
Q
A

Module 8 (43 decks)

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