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Module 8 > Sensory Inputs & Motor Outputs of Brain: Distal Spinal Cord Function > Flashcards

Sensory Inputs & Motor Outputs of Brain: Distal Spinal Cord Function Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 basic functions of the neurons

A

1. sensory input: neurons that collect info about external environment and internal conditions of body

2. integration: recieve sensory input, analyze it and make decisions about appropriate response to make

3. motor output: neurons carry out instructions that result from integration by impulses sent to various effector organs that include muscles and glands

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2
Q

what is sensation

A

physical feeling or perception for something that happens to or comes into contact with body

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3
Q

what is the funciton of a spinal nerve

A

carries signal between spinal cord and body

has both sensory + motor fibres

cell body is in dorsal ganglion

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4
Q

what is the function of a cranial nerve

A

carries signal between forebrain or brainstem and mainly head and neck

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5
Q

what are the receptor types

A

sensory endings of peripheral branches of sensory fibres

  1. touch
  2. temperature
  3. movement
  4. chemicals
  5. pressure
  6. light
  7. sound
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6
Q

what are the classifications of receptors

A
  1. anatomical
  2. location
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7
Q

what are the locations of receptors

A

1. exteroreceptors: near surface of body –> sensitive to change in external environment

2. proprioceptors: sensitive to movement of muscles, tendons, and joints

3. interoceptors: located within viscera –> sensitive to change in internal environment

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8
Q

what is a somatic afferent

A

dendritic zone is on or near the surface of the bod

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9
Q

what is visceral afferent

A

dendritic zone in the wall of various viscera of the body

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10
Q

how can the somatic afferent fibres be subdivided

A
  1. general somatic afferent (GSA)
  2. speical somatic afferent (SSA)
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11
Q

what are general somatic afferent (GSA)

A

touch, temperature, proprioception and noxious stimuli

cranial nerve V for the head

spinal nerves for the rest of the body

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12
Q

what is a special somatic afferent (SSA)

A

vision: cranial nerve II
sound: cranial nerve VIII

input from outside

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13
Q

what can visceral afferent fibres can be subdivided into

A
  1. general visceral afferent (GVA)
  2. special visceral afferent (SVA)
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14
Q

what are general visceral afferent (GVA)

A

organ content, distention, chemicals

cranial nerves VII, IX, and X to visceral structures in the head

cranial nerve X, and spinal nerves to the viscera and blood vessels of the rest of the body

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15
Q

what are special visceral afferent (SVA) and the nerves

A

taste: cranial nerves VII, IX, and X
olfaction: cranial nerve I

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16
Q

summarize the classification of the sensory portion of the PNS

A
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17
Q

what are the functional classifications of the cranial nerves

A
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18
Q

what are the brainstem nuclei

A

all info comes in from cranial nerves with different fibres

sensory nuclei are in the dorsal lateral surface

19
Q

what are the sensory spinal tracts

A
20
Q

what is the fasciculus gracilis

A

proprioceptive information from pelvic limbs

21
Q

what is fasciculus cuneatus

A

proprioceptive information from thoracic limbs

22
Q

what is dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts

A

information to cerebellum for coordination

23
Q

what is spinothalamic tracts

A

information to thalamus about pain, itch, touch and temperature

24
Q

what is the motor function

A

movement involving muscular component

25
Q

what is a lower motor neuron (LMN)

A

neurons located in either the ventral horn of the spinal cord or cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem with motor function

come out of CNS to bring info to muscle

motor info goes out of ventral part

26
Q

what is upper motor neuron (UMN)

A

motor neurons originate in the motor region of the cerebral cortex or the brain stem and carry motor information down to the lower motor neurons

doesn’t leave CNS –> only activates LMN that will leave CNS and activate muscles

doesn’t leave spinal cord

spinal reflexes clincally

27
Q

what can the motor portion of the PNS can be classified based on the location of the dendritic zone in the body

A
  1. general somatic efferent (GSE)
  2. general visceral efferent (GVE)
28
Q

what is general somatic efferent (GSE)

A

dendritic zone in striated muscle throughout the body

cranial nerves: all of them except from I, II and VIII

ventral nerve roots and spinal nerves for the rest of the body

29
Q

what are general visceral efferent (GVE)

A

dendritic zone in involuntary smooth muscle of visera

cranial nerves: III, VII, IX, X and XI

spinal nerves for rest of body

30
Q

what is the functional classification of cranial nerves

A
31
Q

what are the functional classification of cranial nerves

A
32
Q

what are the motor outputs of the brain

A
33
Q

what are the motor outputs of the brain

A
34
Q

what is the corticospinal tracts (pyramidal system)

A

motor spinal tracts

motor information directl from cerebral cortex

poorly developed in domestic animals

35
Q

what is the rubrospinal tracts (extrapyramidal)

A

motor information from red nucleus in the brain stem

motor spinal tracts

36
Q

what is the reticulospinal tracts (extrapyramidal system)

A

motor information from reticular formation in the brainstem

37
Q

what is the vestibulospinal tracts (extrapyramidal system)

A

motor information from vestibular nuclei in the brainstem

38
Q

what are the tectospinal tracts (extrapyramidal)

A

motor information from the tectal region in the brainstem

39
Q

what are ways to assess proprioception

A
  1. proprioceptive placing (knuckling response)
  2. hopping reaction
  3. hemiwalking
  4. wheelbarrowing
  5. extensor postural thrusting
  6. hip sway
  7. visual and tactile placing
40
Q

how can motor function be assessed

A
  1. gait
  2. muscle tone and muscle bulk
  3. patellar reflex
  4. withdrawal (flexor) reflex
41
Q

what are the clinical differences between UMN and LMN signs

A
42
Q

how do we assess severity of motor and sensory function

A

different susceptibility to damage of the different tracts

motor function: normal –> back pain –> weakness –> total paralysis

sensory function: normal –> loss of proprioception –> loss of superficial pain perception –> loss of deep pain perception

43
Q

what are the grades of spinal injuries

A
  1. normal
  2. pain (no neurological deficits)
  3. ambulatory paresis
  4. non-ambulatory paresis
  5. plegia
  6. plegia with absent deep pain sensation

Module 8 (43 decks)

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