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Module 8 > Neuroendocrinology > Flashcards

Neuroendocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms that the hypothalamus uses to regulate endocrine systesm

A
  1. ANS centers exert nervous control on adrenal medulla
  2. vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin production (released from pituitary gland)
  3. regulatory hormone production (RH and IH) controls pituitary gland directly and all other endocrine glands indirectly
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2
Q

what are the neurohormones produced in the hypothalamus (9)

A
  1. oxytocin: milk let down, luteolysis, sexual function
  2. antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin: water balance, magnocellular neurons of supraoptic nucleus
  3. gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH/LHRH): reproductive functions, rostral hypothalamus within preoptic area
  4. corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH): stress, parvocellular neurones of the paraventricular nucleus
  5. thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): metabolism, parvocellular neurones of the paraventricular nucleus
  6. prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF)/dopamine: lactation, parental behaviour, arcuate nucleus
  7. prolactin releasing factor (PRF)?
  8. growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH): growth, metabolism, lactation, arcuate nucleus
  9. somatostatin (SS)
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3
Q

where does the hypophysis sit

A

sits within hypophysial fossa of cranial floor

in sella tunica of the sphenoid bone

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4
Q

what is the gross strucutre of the hypophysis

A

dura invests the gland and roofs the depression apart from the diaphragma sella

venous channels (cavernous sinus) either side link the ophthalmic plexus rostrally and externally jugular and ventral venous plexus caudally

transverse (intercavernous) sinuses rostral and caudal completes venous ring

lateral to cavernous sinus are cranial nerves that supply eye

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5
Q

what are the two main parts of the hypophysis

A
  1. posterior pituitary gland/pars nervosa/neurohypophysis
  2. anterior pituitary/pars distalis/adenohypophesis
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6
Q

how does the posterior pituitary form

A

down growth of nervous tissue from hypothalamus (neuroecoderm)

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7
Q

how does the anterior pituitary form

A

upgrowth of epithelium of the roof of the oral cavity Rathkes pouch (oral ectoderm)

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8
Q

what are these two structures

A

hypophysial cleft (lumen of rathke’s pouch)

pars intermedia intermediate lobe, tissue caudal to cleft applied to neurohypophysis, secrete melanocyte stimulating hormone

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9
Q

what is the hypophyseal portal system

A

two capillary networks in serial arrangment

portal veins: blood vessels that link two capillary networks

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10
Q

what are the cells that make up the anterior piituitary

A

specialized glandular epithelium

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11
Q

what is the function of the anterior pituitary

A

procues trophic and direct action hormones

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12
Q

what ist he anterior pituitary regulated by

A

hypothalamus

releasing or inhibiting hormones

via a unique system of portal veins

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13
Q

what are the secretory cells of the anterior pituitary

A
  1. chromophils
  2. acidophils
  3. basophils
  4. chromophobes: resting or degranulated chromophils
  5. basement membrane
  6. fenestrated sinusoid (extensive capillary network)
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14
Q

what cells are these

A

gonadotrophs LH/FSH

5% population

basophils

large cells, secretory granules of varying size

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15
Q

what cells are these

A

somatotrophs GH - most numerous

~50% acidophils

packed with secretory granules of moderate size

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16
Q

what cells are these

A

corticotrophs ACTH

20% basophil

EM sparse secretory granules, located at extreme periphery

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17
Q

what cells are these

A

mammotrophs (lactotrophs) –> prolactin

acidophils

20% but changes with physiological state

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18
Q

what cells are these

A

thyrotrophs - TSH

5% basophil

small granules, located peripherly

19
Q

what is the function of posterior pituitary

A

release oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) into circulation

20
Q

where are the hormones produced in the posterior pituitary

A

ADH - supraoptic nucleus

Oxy - paraventricular nucleus

21
Q

where are the posterior pituitary transported to and stored in and why are the released

A

neuronal terminals

released in response to nervous impulses from other brain areas

22
Q

what are the features of the axons in the posterior pituitary

A

non myelinated

23
Q

what are the cells in the posterior pituitary supported by

A

pituicytes (similar to neuroglia)

24
Q

what are herring bodies

A

scattered, large and bluish-violet (in PAAB/PAS/orange G stain) masses –> dilations of nerve fibres filled by small vesicles containing the neurosecretory products of the hypothalamic cells

25
what strucutres is this
herring bodies
26
what is are the features of pars intermedia histology
basophilic cells irregular clumps cells contain secretory granules --\> synthesized and split into ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotrophins
27
what is the pineal gland/epiphysis
small, dark pigmented outgrowth from posterior roof of the third ventricle, before rostral colliculi connected via short stalk named due to resemblance to pine cone
28
what are the cells in the pineal gland
1. pinealocytes (most abundent) --\> modified neurones 2. neuroglia/astrocytes --\> small dark nuclei 3. endothelial cell nuclei 4. astrocytes
29
what are the cells shown
atrocytes pinealocytes
30
what is pineal sand
in aging pineal --\> basophilic, extracellular bodies, concentric layers of calcium and magnesium phosphate
31
what are the features of pinealocytes and astrocytes
long processes tissues appear stringy nuclei
32
where are endothelial cell nuclei found
found in association with vessels and capillaries traversing the tissue
33
what does the pineal secrete
melatonin
34
what are the key features of neuroendocrine systems
1. negative feedback 2. maturation of hypothalamo-pituitary axis leads to puberty 3. hypothalamus integrates disparate information --\> afferents from other nuclei (kisspeptin), the output is altered secretion of releasing/inhibiting hormone (GnRH)
35
what are neuroendocrine reflexes
1. milk let down --\> oxytocin 2. milk production receive information from other neural systems
36
what is the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis
classic negative feedback disrupted by low iodine
37
what is primary and secondary hypothyroidism
1. primary: lymphocytic thyroiditis and idiopathic atrophy 2. secondary: space-occupying tumour (pituitary adenoma)
38
what is hyperthyroidism
functional thyroid adenoma (cats), thyroid carcinoma (dogs)
39
what is the role of the HPA
metabolic rate (nuclear action) brain development and bone maintanance cardiac and digestive funciton, muscle control
40
what are the cells of the thyroid
1. thyroid follicles --\> spherical, single layer cuboidal epithelium bounded by basement membrane
41
what are thyroid follicles filled with
colloid, a proteinaceous depot of thyroid hormone precursor (thyroglobulin) produced by principle cells
42
what do the size of the follicle cells in the thyroid reflect
activity squamous cells - inactive cuboidal to columnar - active
43
what is the fibroud outer capsule in follicles
loose areolar connective tissue from which fine septa extend dividing into lobules septa convey blood supply, lymphatics and nerves
44

Module 8 (43 decks)

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