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Module 8 > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

what are the properties of sound

A

pure tone is described by two measures -

  1. amplitude or intensity measured as sound pressure measured in decibels (dB) –> perceived as loudness
  2. frequency or number of cycles per second of vibration, measured in hertz (Hz) and perceived as pitch
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2
Q

what are the physical properties of sound

A

amplitude and frequency and harmonics

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3
Q

what are the perceptual properties of sound

A

loudness and pitch

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4
Q

what muscles permit movement of pinna

A

auricularis muscles (anterior, posterior, superior)

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5
Q

what are the two muscles in the middle ear

A

tensor tympani and stapedius muscles

act to improve perception and sound protection –> both damaging sounds and those that are self produced

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6
Q

what are the fluid filled canals in the cochlea

A
  1. vestibuli
  2. media
  3. tympani
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7
Q

what causes vibrations against the oval window in the cochlea

A

the staples vibrations

causes fluid within the cochlea to move

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8
Q

what is the round window

A

a moveable membrane that is required to accommodate pressure that arises when the oval window is pushed

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9
Q

what is the organ of corti

A

the structure responsible for converting the vibrations produced by the ossicles into neural activity

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10
Q

what are the 3 components of the organ of corti

A
  1. sensory cells (hair cells)
  2. auditory fibres that make up the vestibulocochlear nerve
  3. supporting cells
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11
Q

what are the hair cells in the inner ear

A

both inner and outer

are involved in transmitting the perturbations in the basilar membrane and transmit this information to the vestibulocochlear nerve

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12
Q

what are the functions of the inner hair cells

A

associate with many auditory nerves

involved in sound perception

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13
Q

what are the functions of the outer hair cells

A

associate with few auditory nerves

are not primarily involved in sound detection, instead they fine tune information by changing tension on the basilar membrane (relax or stiffen)

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14
Q

what are the efferent projections from brain involved in

A

to inhibit input from loud sounds

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15
Q

what are the neurotransmitters in the inner hair cells

A

glutamate

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16
Q

what are the neurotransmitters in the outer hair cells

A

acetylcholine

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17
Q

what does inner ear hair cell movement cause

A

hair cell cilia cause rapid changes in ion channels

fast mechanically gated ion channels –> no second messenger systems

respond with graded potentials

channels are large (non-specific) so other cells can enter the cell

18
Q

what is the basilar membrane movement

A

vibrates in response to sound exhibit a topographical organization

*detect different frequencies in acoustic vibrations

high frequencies cause maximal distortions in base and low frequencies cause large changes at apex

19
Q

what are the auditory pathways that link the brainstem and brain

A
  1. superior olivary nucleus is the first stage when inputs from both the right and left cochlear nuclei are integrated (binaural)
  2. the inferior colliculus is the primary auditory center in the midbrain –> this nucleus sends outputs to medial geniculate nuclei (MGN) in the thalamus

MGN then projects to auditory cortex

20
Q

what is the auditory theory –> sound localization via binaural cue

A

intensity differences

results from the differences in loudness that reaches the ear

head provides a barrier the sound must move around

higher freq sounds are more susceptible to intensity differences compared to low freq sounds (longer sound waves)

21
Q

what are latency differences

A

results from the difference in the arrival times of sound waves

one ear is always a little closer to sound

thus onset disparity (difference in two ears) and ongoing phase disparity (continuous mismatch of all frequency peaks)

22
Q

what is the auditory theory in mammals

A

the superior olivary nucleus is the main localization nucleus for sound with two divisions

  1. lateral superior olive processes intensity differenec
  2. medial superior olive (MSO) processes latency differences but encodes sounds by relative activity of the left and right sides
23
Q

what are common causes of conduction deafness in the external ear and middle ear

A
  1. external ear

cerumen (excessive earwax)

otitis externa (ear infection, aka swimmers)

  1. middle ear

fluid accumulation in eustachian tube

24
Q

where does sensorineural deafness originate from

A

cochlear or auditory nerve lesions

damage to hair cells (ex. outer) can result in tinnitus (a sensation or ringing in ears)

25
Q

what are cochlear implants used to treat

A

deafness due to hair cell loss

26
Q

what is word deafness

A

unable to recognize spoken words

speech production and simple sound discrimination are still function

27
Q

what is cortical deafness

A

difficulty in recognizing auditory stimuli

rare bilateral damage to the auditory cortex

stroke induced damage to various nuclei in the auditory pathway

28
Q

what organ do animals have for olfactory detection

A

vomeronasal organ

29
Q

what secrete mucous at the olfactory epithelium

A

bowman’s glands secrete mucous that line epithelium

30
Q

what do ordorants have to be

A

partially lipid soluble

odorant receptors are on the cilia

31
Q

what replaces receptors in the olfactory epithelium

A

basal stem cells

32
Q

how are odorants detected and activate intracellular processes

A

graded potential and action potentials

33
Q

what are the receptors in the olfactory epithelium and bulb

A

large number of receptors, small number of mitral cells

means sensitivity of mitral cells is very high but spatial awareness of smell origin is poor but improved by lateral inhibition

34
Q

how is olfaction is significantly different from other sensory systems

A

chemical detection and circuitry

olfactory epithelium –> olfactory bulb –> limbic system –> motor pathways

35
Q

what are characteristics of olfaction

A
  1. highly sensitive
  2. shows complete adaption
  3. complex concentration/perception characteristics
36
Q

why do dogs have a better sense of smell

A
  1. larger olfactory epithelium so more receptors
  2. twice as many active receptor proteins
  3. olfactory bulb is much larger
  4. vomeronasal organ show low functionally in humans
37
Q

where are the taste receptor cells in the tongue

A

are in buds on papillae in the tongue

sensation derives from tastants (molecules giving rise to taste)

38
Q

what are the taste receptors

A
  1. salty
  2. sour
  3. bitter
  4. sweet
39
Q

what are the two types of taste receptors

A

each cell will have one type of receptors but buds can detect multiple types of tastants (concentrations of each receptor type will differ between buds)

  1. small charged particles or ions (salty and sour) –> enter taste receptor cells through ion channels in microvilli
  2. molecules bind to receptor (sweet and bitter)
40
Q

how is taste percieved in dogs

A

from nasal epithelium –> olfactory bulb –> limbic system –> sensory cortex

Module 8 (43 decks)

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