Pain Pharmacology & Epidural Anaesthesia

Question 1

what is an opioid

Answer 1

any substance (endogenous or synthetic) that produces morphine like effects that can be blocked by naloxone

Question 2

what is an opiate

Answer 2

restricted to synthetic morphine like drugs with non-peptidic structure

Question 3

what is opium

Answer 3

an extract of the juice of the poppy

Question 4

what are the transmitters with opiod

Answer 4

enkephalins

endorphins

dynorphins

Question 5

what are the opioid receptors

Answer 5

μ (mu; MOP; MOR)

κ (kappa; KOP; KOR)

𝛿 (delta; DOP; DOR)

Question 6

what are the the opioid peptide/receptor distribution

Answer 6

neurons containing B-endorphins are localized in two main areas –> arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus and nucleus tractus solitarius tract

enkephalin and dynorphin are primarily located in local neurons or in the cause of striatum in 2 different subpopulations of medium spiny striatal neurons

Question 7

what is the mechanism of action in opiods

Answer 7

bind to opiod receptors in brain, spinal cord, periphery

Question 8

what is the receptor-effector pathway of opioids

Answer 8

all opioid receptors are GPCRo