VERBS—fundamental Flashcards
to share (with others)
to divide out / to split into groups
分ける
[わける] **
tr.
to go to sleep
寝る
[ねる] **
intr.
to begin (something) / to start (something)
始める
[はじめる] **
tr.
to think / to know (honorfic)
ご存知です
[ごぞんじです]
ご存知じゃありません
[ごぞんじじゃありません]
to be on / to be switched on (e.g. a light)
点く
> [つく]
intr.
to permit / to allow / to forgive / to exempt (e.g. from a fine)
許す
[ゆるす]
tr.
赦す
to play
遊ぶ
[あそぶ]
intr.
to add (numbers, ingredients, etc.)
足す
[たす]
tr.
to give to the one who is speaking (honorific)
下さる
> [くださる]
tr.
to give (humble)
差し上げる
[さしあげる] **
tr.
to report / to convey / to transmit or communicate
伝える
[つたえる] **
tr.
to add (things) / to sum up / to include or count in
加える
[くわえる] **
tr.
to buy
買う
[かう]
tr.
to write
書く
[かく]
tr.
to be fixed / to be repaired
直る
[なおる]
intr.
to wear (on feet or legs)
履く
[はく]
tr.
to heal / to be cured
治る
[なおる]
intr.
to be careful about / to pay attention to / to take care
気を付ける
[きをつける] **
tr.
to count
数える
[かぞえる] **
tr.
to notice / to become aware of something
気付く
[きづく]
intr.
to do (humble)
致す
> [いたす]
tr.
to work hard / to do one’s best / to fight!
頑張る
[がんばる]
intr.
to stand / to stand up
to find oneself in a certain position
立つ
[たつ]
intr.
to try / to test out / to taste
試す
[ためす]
tr.
to cry
泣く
[なく]
tr. + intr.
to tidy up / to straighten up (e.g. one’s work desk)
片付ける
[かたづける] **
tr.
to run
走る
[はしる]
intr.
奔る
[はしる]
intr.
to repeat / to do-over
繰り返す
[くりかえす]
tr. + intr.
to confirm / to make sure of
確かめる
[たしかめる] **
tr.
to open something (e.g. a door)
開ける
[あける] **
tr.
to ring / to sound (as in a phone or an alarm)
鳴る
[なる]
intr.
to remove (something) / to take off / to unfasten / to unbutton
外す
[はずす]
tr.
to rent / to borrow (something)
借りる
[かりる] **
tr.
to cause something to occur
to wake somebody up
起こす
[おこす]
tr.
to fall over (accidentally)
転ぶ
[ころぶ]
intr.
to throw away
捨てる
[すてる] **
tr.
to live in
住む
[すむ]
intr.
to go / to come (humble)
参る
[まいる]
intr.
to go down / to drop / to sink lower
下がる
[さがる]
intr.
to send
to spend (esp. in the sense of living one’s life)
送る
[おくる]
tr.
to take out / to extract
to put out / to reveal / to submit
出す
[だす]
tr.
to grill / to roast / to bake / (food, etc.)
焼く
[やく]
tr.
to turn back / to return to (a place one came from)
戻る
[もどる]
intr.
to go
行く
[いく] or [ゆく]
intr.
to hand over / to pass off
渡す
[わたす]
tr.
to wash
洗う
[あらう]
tr.
to get wet
濡れる
[ぬれる] **
intr.
to gather / to assemble
集まる
[あつまる]
intr.
to come to a stop
止まる
[とまる]
intr.
to show / to indicate / to point out something
示す
[しめす]
tr.
to step on / to trample
踏む
[ふむ]
tr.
to put
to do something in advance
置く
[おく]
tr.
to feel sad / to mourn for
悲しむ
[かなしむ]
tr.
to laugh
笑う
[わらう]
intr.
to raise (one’s hand) / to lift (something)
上げる
[あげる] **
tr.
to cure / to heal (an injury, etc.)
治す
[なおす]
tr.
to disappear / to become lost
無くなる
[なくなる]
intr.
to be / to exist (people, animals)
humble
居る
> [おる]
intr.
to refuse / to turn down
断る
[ことわる]
tr.
to open (a book, one’s eyes, etc.)
開く
[ひらく]
tr. + intr.
to differ (from) / to be wrong
違う
[ちがう]
intr.
to look like / to resemble
似る
[にる] **
intr.
似ている
to get angry
怒る
[おこる]
intr.
to say / to tell (honorific)
おっしゃる
tr.
to kill
殺す
[ころす]
tr.
to collect / to gather
集める
[あつめる] **
tr.
to call out to / to summon
呼ぶ
[よぶ]
tr.
喚ぶ
[よぶ]
tr.
to end / to finish
終わる
[おわる]
intr.
to reduce or decrease (something)
減らす
[へらす]
tr.
to descend / to go down (a mountain, etc.)
下る
[くだる]
intr.
to rest
休む
[やすむ]
intr.
to pass away / to die (polite)
亡くなる
[なくなる]
intr.
to help (someone in trouble) / to rescue / to save
to aid / to contribute (financially)
助ける
[たすける] **
tr.
扶ける
to increase (something)
増やす
[ふやす]
tr.
殖やす
to give to the one speaking
くれる **
tr.
to stop doing something / to refrain from a certain action
止める
[やめる] **
tr.
to think about / to consider / to ponder
考える
[かんがえる] **
tr.
to learn (from a teacher) / to take lessons in
習う
[ならう]
tr.
to clutch / to grip / to make sushi or onigiri
握る
[にぎる]
tr.
to drink / to take medicine
飲む
[のむ]
tr.
to ride
乗る
[のる]
intr.
to exist / to be (people, animals)
いる **
to lose weight / to become thin
痩せる
[やせる] **
intr.
to get tired
疲れる
[つかれる] **
intr.
to become
成る
> [なる]
intr.
to break (bones, etc.) / to fold (origami, etc.)
折る
[おる]
tr.
to cross / to go across (a road, a river, etc.)
渡る
[わたる]
intr.
to find something
見つける
[みつける] **
tr.
to dance
踊る
[おどる]
intr.
to recall (a memory) / to recollect
思い出す
[おもいだす]
tr.
to become dry
乾く
[かわく]
intr.
to disappear / to be extinguished / to go out (e.g. the lights)
消える
[きえる] **
intr.
to place on (top of something) / to put on
載せる
[のせる] **
tr.
to receive (humble)
頂く
[いただく]
tr.
to suit / to match well
似合う
[にあう]
intr.
to fish / to go fishing
釣る
> [つる]
tr.
to swim
泳ぐ
[およぐ]
intr.
to erase / to delete / to turn off (power, etc.)
消す
[けす]
tr.
to teach
to tell something
教える
[おしえる] **
tr.
to create / to make
to manufacture / to produce
to create (an artistic work)
作る
[つくる]
tr.
造る
創る
to endeavor / to make efforts
努める
[つとめる] **
tr.
to be hungry
お腹が空く
[おなかがすく]
intr.
to shut / to close (eyes, books, etc.)
閉じる
[とじる] **
tr.
to sting / to stab / to pierce
刺す
[さす]
tr.
to go to and from a place (frequently) / to commute (to school, work, etc.)
通う
[かよう]
intr.
to take / to steal / to be passed something from someone
取る
[とる]
tr.
to think / to know (humble)
存じる
[ぞんじる] **
intr.
存じ上げる
[ぞんじあげる] **
tr.
to meet by chance / to run into / to encounter
出会う
[であう]
intr.
to return home
帰る
[かえる]
intr.
to give back / to return something
返す
[かえす]
tr.
to be delighted / to gladly accept (an offer)
喜ぶ
[よろこぶ]
tr. + intr.
to read
読む
[よむ]
tr.
to go up / to rise
to grow nervous
to be completed in full
上がる
[あがる]
intr.
to be conveyed / to be communicated or transmitted
伝わる
[つたわる]
intr.
to move
動く
[うごく]
intr.
to hang / to cover / to put on / to take time or money / to wear glasses / to dial a phone
(multiple uses as an auxiliary verb)
掛ける
> [かける] **
tr.
to begin / to start
始まる
[はじまる]
intr.
to invite out / to ask out
誘う
[さそう]
tr.
to use
使う
[つかう]
tr.
to search for
探す
[さがす]
tr.
to fear / to be afraid of
恐れる
[おそれる] **
tr.
畏れる
惧れる
to become empty (e.g. a stomach, a room, etc.)
空く
[すく]
intr.
to listen / to hear / to hear about
to listen to music, etc.
to ask a question
聞く
[きく]
tr.
聴く
訊く
to eat
食べる
[たべる] **
tr.
to climb (mountains, etc.)
登る
[のぼる]
intr.
to extend (something) / to put off or postpone / to lengthen or stretch out
延ばす
[のばす]
tr.
to become different / to change
変わる
[かわる]
intr.
to learn (on one’s own)
学ぶ
[まなぶ]
tr.
to conceal / to hide something
隠す
[かくす]
tr.
to do (only for physical actions) / to give (to an inferior)
やる
tr.
to live / to be alive
生きる
[いきる] **
intr.
to move to a new residence
引っ越す
[ひっこす]
tr.
to say
言う
[いう]
tr. + intr.
to bring or lead (a person)
連れて来る
[つれてくる]
tr.
to tell / to talk about / to narrate / to recite
語る
[かたる]
tr.
to cut
to turn off power / to sever / to terminate
切る
[きる]
tr.
to bring (something)
持って来る
[もってくる]
tr.
to drop by for a visit (while on the way somewhere else) / to approach or draw near
寄る
[よる]
intr.
to go through / to pass by / to go along / to go by way of / to use (a road, etc.)
通る
[とおる]
intr.
to come
来る
[くる]
intr.
to fall from the sky (e.g. rain, snow…)
降る
[ふる]
intr.
to apologize
謝る
[あやまる]
intr.
to be born
生まれる
[うまれる] **
intr.
to match with (something) / to adapt (oneself to)
合わせる
[あわせる] **
tr.
to attach (something) to
付ける
> [つける] **
tr.
to eat / to drink (honorific)
召し上がる
[めしあがる]
tr.
上がる
[あがる]
tr.
to point at / to point out / to indicate
指す
[さす]
tr.
to get off (a train, bus, etc.) / to disembark / to step down
降りる
[おりる] **
intr.
to lose abstract things (e.g. interest, patience) / to part with
失う
[うしなう]
tr.
to take along / to bring along (a person)
連れて行く
[つれていく]
tr.
to wake up / to get up / to rise
to occur / to happen (for neg. events)
起きる
[おきる] **
intr.
to be on time
間に合う
[まにあう]
int.
to be closed
閉まる
[しまる]
intr.
to throw
投げる
[なげる] **
tr.
to lose / to be defeated
to succumb to (illness, etc.) / to yield to (temptation, etc.)
to reduce a price or offer a discount
負ける
[まける] **
tr. + intr.
to take photos
撮る
[とる]
tr.
to admit to something / to approve / to permit
to recognize (as acceptable) / to notice / to observe
認める
[みとめる] **
tr.
to need
要る
[いる]
intr.
to make a mistake
to be mistaken
間違える
[まちがえる] **
tr.
間違う
[まちがう]
intr.
to talk / to speak
話す
[はなす]
tr.
to fall / to go down
to fail (e.g. a class) / to fall behind / to degenerate
to fade (e.g. color in a shirt) / to come off (e.g. make-up)
落ちる
[おちる] **
intr.
堕ちる
to sing
歌う
[うたう]
tr. + intr.
to go and visit (a place)
訪れる
[おとずれる] **
tr. + intr.
to gain weight / to become fat
太る
[ふとる]
intr.
to receive / to get
貰う
> [もらう]
tr.
to sit
座る
[すわる]
intr.
to think
to think (with connotations of being heart-felt)
思う
[おもう]
tr.
想う
[おもう]
tr.
to leave (something) with (someone) / to deposit / to entrust
預ける
[あずける] **
tr.
to fly / to jump (out)
to bound / to leap
飛ぶ
[とぶ]
intr.
跳ぶ
[とぶ]
intr.
to sell
売る
[うる]
tr.
to get used to / to become accustomed to
慣れる
[なれる] **
intr.
to take off clothes / to undress
脱ぐ
[ぬぐ]
tr.
to be enough / to be sufficient
足りる
[たりる] **
intr.
to blow / to play a wind instrument
吹く
[ふく]
tr. + int.
to reach (e.g. a climbing hold) / to be received
届く
[とどく]
intr.
to break or destroy (something)
壊す
[こわす]
tr.
to handle / to deal with / to take care of
扱う
[あつかう]
tr.
to turn (in a certain direction) / to face
to be suited or fit for
向く
[むく]
intr.
to chat / to talk casually
しゃべる
intr.
to believe in / to trust
信じる
[しんじる] **
tr.
to correct / to fix / to repair
直す
[なおす]
tr.
to boil something / to heat something up / to excite
沸かす
[わかす]
tr.
to bite / to chew
噛む
[かむ]
tr.
to (currently) be open (a store, train door, etc.)
開く
[あく]
intr.
to advance / to go forward
進む
[すすむ]
intr.
to fall down / to collapse (e.g. a tree in a storm)
倒れる
[たおれる] **
intr.
to hit / to shoot / to strike
打つ
[うつ]
tr.
to be late
遅れる
[おくれる] **
intr.
to wish / to desire / to hope for
願う
[ねがう]
tr.
to ask / to inquire / to hear / to be told
to visit / to call on someone
(humble)
伺う
[うかがう]
tr. + intr.
to answer
答える
[こたえる] **
tr. + intr.
to go around / to circulate
回る
[まわる]
intr.
to choose / to select
選ぶ
[えらぶ]
tr.
to touch / to feel with hands
触る
[さわる]
tr.
to come together / to match / to fit
合う
[あう]
intr.
to bloom
咲く
[さく]
intr.
to be helpful
役に立つ
[やくにたつ]
int.
to walk
歩く
[あるく]
intr.
to arrive (at a place)
着く
[つく]
intr.
to drop (something)
落とす
[おとす]
tr.
to face / to go towards / to head towards
向かう
[むかう]
intr.
to lower / to turn down (e.g. the volume)
下げる
[さげる] **
tr.
to be attached to
付く
[つく]
intr.
to work
働く
[はたらく]
intr.
to put back / to give back (an item) / to return (to an original state)
戻す
[もどす]
tr.
to win
勝つ
[かつ]
intr.
to pay a visit to / to call on (someone)
訪ねる
[たずねる] **
tr.
to be lined up / to stand in a line
並ぶ
[ならぶ]
intr.
to memorize / to commit to memory / to remember
覚える
[おぼえる] **
tr.
to put (something) away
many uses as an auxiliary verb
仕舞う
> [しまう]
tr.
to know / to be conscious of (facts, etc.)
知る
[しる]
tr.
to change something
変える
[かえる] **
tr.
to hand out / to distribute / to deal (cards)
配る
[くばる]
tr.
to happen / to occur
起こる
[おこる]
intr.
to hurry up
急ぐ
[いそぐ]
tr. + intr.
to meet
to meet / have an encounter with (neg. nuance)
to meet with (usu. a close friend, often associating drama or pathos)
会う
[あう]
intr.
遭う
逢う
to close something / to shut
閉める
[しめる] **
tr.
to enjoy oneself / to have fun
楽しむ
[たのしむ]
tr. + intr.
to stick / to affix to / to put something on
貼る
[はる]
tr.
to compare
比べる
[くらべる] **
tr.
to protect / to watch carefully / to guard
to abide (by the rules) / to observe (regulations) / to keep (a promise)
守る
[まもる]
tr.
護る
to be discovered / to be found
見つかる
[みつかる]
intr.
to enter / to go into
入る
[はいる]
intr.
to be crowded
to go into / to be put into / to be plunged into / to do thoroughly or intently (usu. as aux. verb)
混む
[こむ]
intr.
込む
[こむ]
intr.
to die
死ぬ
[しぬ]
intr.
to steal
盗む
[ぬすむ]
tr.
to pull
引く
[ひく]
tr. + intr.
to wear (upper-body / all-over)
着る
[きる] **
tr.
to lend / to permit the use of (a bathroom, phone, etc.)
貸す
[かす]
tr.
to inhale / to smoke / to suck / to sip
吸う
[すう]
tr.
to hate
嫌う
[きらう]
tr.
to break (into separate pieces) / to divide / to split up
割る
[わる]
tr.
to be called / to call oneself (humble)
申す
[もうす]
tr.
to move something
動かす
[うごかす]
tr.
to wear (on head)
to suffer or experience something unfortunate
被る
> [かぶる]
tr. + intr.
to wait
待つ
[まつ]
tr. + intr.
to be continued
続く
[つづく]
intr.
to continue (doing something)
続ける
[つづける] **
tr.
to desire / to wish for
望む
[のぞむ]
tr.
to deliver something
届ける
[とどける] **
tr.
to show
見せる
[みせる] **
tr.
to forget something
忘れる
[わすれる] **
tr.
to turn or rotate (something)
回す
[まわす]
tr.
to take down (e.g. a flag) / to unload (people from a vehicle, etc.)
下ろす
[おろす]
tr.
to turn (e.g. left or right) / to bend
曲がる
[まがる]
intr.
to exceed / to go beyond
to pass by / to elapse (e.g. time)
過ぎる
[すぎる] **
intr.
to come / to go / to be (honorific)
いらっしゃる
intr.
to be broken
壊れる
[こわれる] **
intr.
to preform / to carry out / to do
行う
[おこなう]
tr.
to stop working (phone, battery, etc.)
to expire (time) / to run out (of stock) / to be broken off (relationships)
to cut well / to be sharp
切れる
[きれる] **
intr.
to be in a troubling situation / to be faced with problems
困る
[こまる]
intr.
to put in / to let in
入れる
[いれる] **
tr.
to have / to hold / to own / to possess
持つ
[もつ]
tr. + intr.
to shine / to be bright
光る
[ひかる]
intr.
to go out / to exit
出る
[でる] **
intr.
to bring (something) along / to carry (something) with
持って行く
[もっていく]
tr.
to increase
増える
[ふえる] **
intr.
殖える
to be audible / to be heard
聞こえる
[きこえる] **
intr.
to be troubled or greatly worried
悩む
[なやむ]
tr. + intr.
to turn on / to switch on (e.g. a light)
点ける
> [つける] **
tr.
to be built / to be erected
建つ
[たつ]
intr.
to brush (one’s) teeth
歯を磨く
[はをみがく]
tr.
to receive (an offer, an award, letters, etc.)
to catch (a ball) / to take (an exam) / to undergo (surgery)
受ける
[うける] **
tr.
享ける
to ask of / to request
頼む
[たのむ]
tr.
to grow hot (e.g. water) / to boil / to become excited
沸く
[わく]
intr.
to go up / to ascend (stairs, etc.)
上る
[のぼる]
intr.
to be decided / to be agreed upon
決まる
[きまる]
intr.
to say (humble)
申し上げる
[もうしあげる] **
tr.
to take (time, money, etc.) / to be hanging (from the wall)
掛かる
> [かかる]
intr.
to decrease
減る
[へる]
intr.
to be puzzled over / to be lost / to lose one’s way
迷う
[まよう]
intr.
to pick up / to gather
拾う
[ひろう]
tr.
to assist
手伝う
[てつだう]
tr.
to stop something / to set in place
止める
[とめる] **
tr.
to do (honorific)
なさる
tr.
to check up / to look in to / to look up (e.g. a definition)
調べる
[しらべる] **
tr.
to get dirty
汚れる
[よごれる] **
intr.
to bathe / to shower
浴びる
[あびる] **
tr.
to tie / to fasten
締める
[しめる] **
tr.
to understand / to grasp / to become clear
分かる
> [わかる]
intr.
to be vacant / to be available
空く
[あく]
intr.
to watch / to look at
to view (a painting, flowers, etc.)
見る
[みる] **
tr.
観る
[みる] **
tr.
to pay
to brush off / to brush away or clear away
払う
[はらう]
tr.
to escape
逃げる
[にげる] **
intr.
to be pleased with / to suit one’s tastes / to like and prefer
気に入る
[きにいる]
intr.
to be visible / to be able to see / to appear a certain way
見える
[みえる] **
intr.
to be able to
出来る
[できる] **
intr.
to remain / to linger / to be left
残る
[のこる]
intr.
to spend (time)
過ごす
[すごす]
tr.
to go out / to leave home
出かける
[でかける] **
intr.
to wrap up / to pack in
to tuck in / to do up / to cover with
包む
[つつむ]
tr.
包む
> [くるむ]
tr.
to thirst for
to be thirsty
渇く
[かわく]
intr.
喉が渇く
[のどがかわく]
intr.
to feel / to sense
感じる
[かんじる] **
tr.
to aim for / to be after / to head towards (a goal)
目指す
[めざす]
tr.
to decide on something / to make up one’s mind
決める
[きめる] **
tr.
to push / to press
to stamp something (a passport, etc.) / to affix a seal
押す
[おす]
tr.
捺す
[おす]
tr.
to carry / to transport
to carry forward / to proceed or progress (esp. in a positive sense)
s
運ぶ
[はこぶ]
tr.
to limit / to restrict
to be limited to / to be restricted to
限る
[かぎる]
tr. + intr.
to give
あげる
[あげる] **
tr.
to exist / to be located (inanimate objects)
to have
ある
