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Histology Exam 2 > Vascular System Pt 2 > Flashcards

Vascular System Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ cells produce vasoactive substances that can
induce contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle
vascular wall

A

Endothelial

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2
Q

Endothelial cells produce vasoactive substances that can
induce contraction and relaxation of the ____

A

smooth muscle
vascular wall

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3
Q

Examples of vasoactive substances produced by endothelial cells:

A

Nitric Oxide (NO) and Prostacyclin

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4
Q

Effects of Nitric Oxide (NO) and Prostacyclin

A

Relaxation of smooth
muscle

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5
Q

______ also prevents platelet adhesion and clumping
leading to blood clotting

A

Prostacyclin

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6
Q

Prostacyclin also prevents _____
leading to blood clotting

A

platelet adhesion and clumping

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7
Q

Endothelin 1 is a very potent ____ peptide

A

vasoconstrictor

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8
Q

T/F: The permeability of capillary endothelial cells is tissue-
specific

A

True

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9
Q

topographic permeability: the endothelial
cells at the ___ end are more permeable than those at
the ____ end.

A

venous end; arterial end

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10
Q

____ venules have the greatest
permeability to leukocytes

A

Postcapillary

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11
Q

Postcapillary venules have the greatest
permeability to ____

A

leukocytes

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12
Q

Endothelial cells also play a role in the process of ____ and inflammation.

A

cell
homing

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13
Q

____ cells also play a role in the process of cell
homing and inflammation.

A

Endothelial

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14
Q

Endothelium can adapt to changes in their
environment. Become activated and ___

A

change
function

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15
Q

Endothelium are activated by ____

A

cytokines

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16
Q

Endothelium: Activated by cytokines & develop specializations
for ____ lymphoid cells

A

emigration of

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17
Q

Activated Endothlium: Become cuboidal and express ___ (usually after some
tissue damage).

A

cell adhesion
molecules for neutrophils

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18
Q

Become cuboidal and express cell adhesion
molecules for ____ (usually after some
tissue damage). Facilitates migration of
_____ into local tissue.

A

neutrophils

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19
Q

Storage granules found in endothelium of A, V &
endocardium (not lymphatics)

A

Weibel-Palade Bodies

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20
Q

Weibel-Palade Bodies contain Von Willebrand Factor and ____

A

P-selectin

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21
Q

essential for blood coagulation, binds with
factor VIII & leads to platelet adhesion

A

Von Willebrand Factor

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22
Q

Von Willebrand Factor binds with Factor __?

A

VIII (8)

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23
Q

____ increases the permeability of endothelium &
facilitates leukocytes leaving the bloodstream

A

P-selectin

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24
Q

facilitates leukocytes leaving the bloodstream

A

P-selectin

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25
Q

Endothelium normally locally impermeable to
substances in the blood. Some vasoactive factors
(____) cause cells to lose attachment to one
another & retract

A

histamine

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26
Q

Endothelium normally locally impermeable to
substances in the blood. Some vasoactive factors
(histamine) cause cells to lose attachment to one
another & ___

A

retract

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27
Q

T/F: Similar to arteries, veins consist
of tunics.

A

True

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28
Q

(Venous System) T/F: the distinction of TM
from a TA is often not clear

A

true

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29
Q

(Venous System) T/F: A distinct internal elastic lamina
is often not seen

A

True

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30
Q

(Venous System) The muscular tunica media is
____ than in arteries, and
smooth muscle cells have an
irregular orientation,
approximately ___

A

thinner; circular

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31
Q

A typical characteristic of veins
is the presence of _____

A

valves (to
prevent reflux of blood)

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32
Q

___ are capacitance
(reservoir) vessels

A

Veins

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33
Q

The venous system starts
at the end of the capillary
bed with a _____ that structurally
resembles continuous
capillaries but with a
wider lumen & more
pericytes

A

postcapillary
venule

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34
Q

_____
(~10-50 m in diameter)
are the preferred site of
migration of blood cells
into tissues (diapedesis)

A

Postcapillary venules

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35
Q

migration of blood cells
into tissues

A

(diapedesis)

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36
Q

Postcapillary venules converge to form _____

A

muscular
venules

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37
Q

Postcapillary venules converge to form muscular
venules, which converge & lead to a series of
veins of progressively ____ diameter

A

larger

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38
Q

Veins have a relatively ___ wall in comparison
with arteries of the same size

A

thin

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39
Q

The high capacitance of veins is attributable to
the distensibility of their wall (compliance
vessels) and, therefore, the content of blood is
____ relative to the volume of the veins

A

large

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40
Q

The high capacitance of veins is attributable to
the ____ of their wall (compliance
vessels) and, therefore, the content of blood is
large relative to the volume of the veins

A

distensibility

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41
Q

Large & medium sized Vv
called ____

A

muscular Veins

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42
Q

Small muscular Vv may or
may not contain ___

A

internal
elastic lamina

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43
Q

Medium muscular Vv
contain ____ only (elastic lamina)

A

internal elastic
lamina

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44
Q

T/F: Large muscular Vv contain
internal & external elastic
laminae

A

true

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45
Q

Smooth Mm in ____
controls luminal diameter of
muscular Vv & venules

A

tunica media

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46
Q

Vasoactive
substances (e.g.,
histamine,
serotonin) act on
____

A

venules

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47
Q

Enlarge
intercellular
spaces =>
___permeability of
vessel (increase or decreason)

A

↑ increase permeability

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48
Q

Why is indicated when you get varicose veins?

A

You get varicose veins when the valves in your veins don’t close properly.

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49
Q

—direct connections between
arterial & venous system; bypass capillary bed

A

AV shunts

50
Q

AV shunts—direct connections between
arterial & venous system. Allow bypass of what structure?

A

bypass capillary bed

51
Q

AV shunts: Type of anastomosis; common in skin,
function in ___

A

thermoregulation

52
Q

—V or A directly connecting two
capillary beds

A

Portal vessels

53
Q

Examples of portal vessels:

A

(e.g., hepatic portal V, a venous portal system)

54
Q

___ is an
inflammation of your
blood vessels

A

Vasculitis

55
Q

Vasculitis: Causes changes in the
___ of blood vessels,
including thickening,
weakening, narrowing and
scarring.

A

walls

56
Q

What do the changes caused by vasculitis result in?

A

Changes restrict blood
flow, resulting in organ and
tissue damage

57
Q

Atherosclerosis: The thickening and hardening of the walls of arteries caused by
atherosclerotic plaques of lipids, cells, and connective tissue
deposited in the ___

A

tunica intima

58
Q

Atherosclerosis is frequently seen in arteries sustaining ____, it does not affect veins and is the cause of myocardial
infarction, stroke, and ischemic gangrene

A

high blood
pressure

59
Q

T/F: Atherosclerosis can also affect veins

A

False

60
Q

T/F: Atherosclerosis is now recognized as a chronic inflammatory
disease, characterized by features of inflammation at all stages of
its development

A

True

61
Q

Atherosclerosis correlates with the serum levels of ___ or ___

A

cholesterol or
low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

62
Q

A genetic defect in _____ (familial hypercholesterolemia) is associated with
atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction before patients reach 20
years of age.

A

lipoprotein
metabolism

63
Q

A genetic defect in lipoprotein
metabolism (____) is associated with
atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction before patients reach 20
years of age.

A

familial hypercholesterolemia

64
Q

Atherosclerosis: When endothelium of vessel
damaged, ____ adheres to
exposed proteins

A

cholesterol

65
Q

Atherosclerosis: Once ____ heals,
cholesterol patch reabsorbed

A

endothelium

66
Q

(Atherosclerosis) Phagocytosis by Mφ, later by
endothelial & subintimal cells =>

A

foam cells

67
Q

(Atherosclerosis) If inflammatory response
becomes chronic =>

A

atherosclerosis & plaque
formation

68
Q

T/F: Atherosclerosis is only local

A

False: can be generalized or local

69
Q

Atherosclerosis is later, accompanied by
_____ & formation of fibrous,
connective tissue capsule

A

proliferation of smooth Mm
cells

70
Q

Atherosclerosis is later, accompanied by
proliferation of smooth Mm
cells & formation of ____

A

fibrous,
connective tissue capsule

71
Q

(Atherosclerosis) As cells within plaque die => ____ results

A

necrosis & secondary
calcification (aka “hardening
of Aa”)

72
Q

(Atherosclerosis) Often associated with
____—due to ↓ in
diameter of vessel lumen &
↑ systolic bp

A

hypertension

73
Q

(Atherosclerosis) Initiates clotting cascade =>

A

thrombus formation

74
Q

If piece of thrombus breaks
off =>

A

embolus; aka
thromboembolic disease

75
Q

embolus; aka
_____ disease

A

thromboembolic

76
Q

Sudden occlusion by
____ => acute ischemic
event

A

embolus

77
Q

↓ O2 (anoxia) to heart Mm
=>

A

chest pain (angina)

78
Q

Most common cause of
ischemic heart disease is

A

atherosclerosis

79
Q

atherosclerosis: ____ of
coronary Aa may ↓ by 90%

A

lumen

80
Q

Gradual narrowing of vessel:

A

stenosis

81
Q

Gradual narrowing
(stenosis) by plaque =>

A

thrombosis (occlusion) of
vessel

82
Q

(Thrombo-embolic disease) As plaque enlarges, or if
endothelium damaged,
exposes underlying ___

A

collagen

83
Q

If Thrombo-embolic disease untreated & portion of
Mm dies => ____ (death by
ischemia)

A

myocardial
infarction

84
Q

Since cardiac Mm cells in Go
phase (terminally
differentiated), unable to
regenerate; all healing
occurs via ____

A

fibrosis

85
Q

–Since cardiac Mm cells in Go
phase (terminally
differentiated), unable to
regenerate; all healing
occurs via fibrosis
–But connective tissue less
contractile than Mm => (how does this affect function)

A

↓
function or partial loss of
function

86
Q

___ is similar to MI,
except affects brain instead
of heart

A

Stroke

87
Q

Like cardiac cells, ____ in brain also terminally
differentiated

A

Neurons

88
Q

Stroke can result in _______,
with similar cell death &
loss of function

A

cerebral infarct

89
Q

(Stroke) ____ determines
symptoms & severity

A

Location of clot

90
Q

Conduct immune cells and lymph to lymph
nodes,

A

lymphatic vessels

91
Q

Remove excess fluid accumulated in
interstitial spaces

A

lymphatic vessels

92
Q

(lymphatic vessels) Transport chylomicrons, lipid-containing
particles, through lacteal lymphatic vessels
inside the _____

A

intestinal villi

93
Q

(Lymph vascular system) Structurally similar to
Vv, but endothelial
cells ____, with
greater permeability

A

thinner

94
Q

Lymph endothelial
cells highly active in
___

A

phagocytosis

95
Q

Lymph vascular system: Very thin tunica ___

A

tunica media

96
Q

Lymph vascular system: ____ present;
basement membrane
& pericytes may be
present or absent

A

Valves

97
Q

Begin as dilated tubes with closed ends in proximity to
blood capillaries & collect tissue fluid (lymph)

A

Lymphatic Capillaries

98
Q

(Lymphatic Capillaries) Wall is an endothelium lacking a ____

A

complete basal lamina

99
Q

T/F: Lymphatic capillaries can be found in most tissues

A

True! Exceptions are cartilage, bone, epithelia, CNS & placenta.

100
Q

(Lymph vascular system) Drain excess fluid
(lymph) from ECS &
return it to
___

A

bloodstream

101
Q

Lymph formed as
result of ____
in arterioles

A

high
hydrostatic pressure

102
Q

Lymph formed as
result of high
hydrostatic pressure
in arterioles; exceeds
_____ exerted by
plasma proteins =>
leakage of water,
electrolytes, & plasma
proteins from
capillaries into ECS

A

colloidal oncotic
pressure

103
Q

_____ are interspersed along lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph nodes

104
Q

Lymph Nodes contain ____ for
antigenic sampling &
recognition, activation of
immune cells & production of
Ab

A

lymphoid tissue

105
Q

_____ lymph drainage
important in tumor metastasis

A

Asymmetrical

106
Q

Easiest way to identify lymph
vessels in section—
Thin walled, lack ____,
contain smooth, eosinophilic,
proteinaceous fluid (lymph),
occasional WBC’s
Basement membrane
rudimentary or absent +/-
pericytes

A

blood

107
Q

___ drained by series of
interconnected, blind-ending
tubules (lymphatics

A

ECS

108
Q

Lymphatics Converge on _____—largest
lymph vessels in body

A

thoracic duct (&
R lymphatic duct)

109
Q

Lymphatics contain tunica ___

A

tunica media

110
Q

(lymph vascular system) No central pumping
mechanism—movement of
lymph accomplished via
___

A

skeletal Mm contraction, body
movement

111
Q

Lymph returns to bloodstream
at junction of ____

A

L internal jugular
V & L subclavian V

112
Q

Immobility may lead to
____, swollen
feet

A

peripheral edema

113
Q

Lymphatic Drainage occurs in 2 ways

A

intrinsic contraction, extrinsic contraction

114
Q

When vessels become expanded by lymph, the smooth
muscle of the wall contracts. Each segment of the lymphatic
vessel between successive valves, called lymphangions,
behaves like an automatic pump.

A

intrinsic contraction

115
Q

External factors such as contraction of the surrounding
muscles during exercise, arterial pulsations, and
compression of tissues by forces outside the body compress
the lymph vessel and cause pumping

A

extrinsic contraction

116
Q

When lymph drainage is impaired, excess fluid accumulates
in the tissue spaces, this is called ____

A

edema

117
Q

is caused by a defect in the transport
of lymph because of abnormal vessel development
or damaged lymphatic vessels

A

Lymphedema

118
Q

is a parasitic infection of
lymphatic vessels by Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia
malayi worms, transmitted by mosquito bites.

A

Filariasis (elephantiasis)

119
Q

–This
condition causes damage to the lymphatic vessels
with chronic lymphedema of legs and genitals.
–occurs in tropical countries

A

Filariasis (elephantiasis)

120
Q

are caused by the
accumulation of high fat containing fluid, or chyle, in
the abdomen or thorax as a result of trauma,
obstruction, or abnormal development of lymphatic
vessels.

A

Chylous ascites and chylothorax

121
Q

t/f: cardiac cells and neurons are both terminally differentiated

A

true

Histology Exam 2 (12 decks)

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