Leukocytes--Granulocytes Flashcards
Self-renewal preserves the pool of stem cells
and is critical for feeding common myeloid
progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor
into the ______ pathway.
differentiation or maturation
Eosinophils: Also have _____ function, especially against flukes
(helminths) & affinity for Ag-Ab (antigen-antibody) complexes
antiparasitic
Five colony-forming units (CFUs) derive from the myeloid
stem cell:
the erythroid CFU, the megakaryocyte CFU,
the basophil CFU, the eosinophil CFU, and the
granulocyte-macrophage CFU
Basophils: Used in Type ____ hypersensitivity rxn’s
(e.g., asthma, hayfever, & some types of allergic
dermatitis)
Type I (immediate)
In response to an infection, leukocytes attach to endothelial cells through a cascade of
_______ interactions occurring near the infected area
receptor-ligand
– have reddish, or pink-
orange granules in their cytoplasm.
–constitute about 2–4% of the total
number of leukocytes
–nucleus usually has two lobes,
which are connected by a thin
strand
Eosinophils
The megakaryocyte CFU generates ____
platelets
Neutrophils are associated with ____ inflammation. How long does it last?
acute inflammation, lasts several days
The ____ gives rise to T cell and B cell
precursors.
The lymphoid stem cell
role of gelatinase
breaks down collagen
WBCs possessing granules
granulocytes
_____ – elevated WBC
count. Can be indicative of
dehydration, allergy or
infection
Leukocytosis
Eosinophils play a role in ____infections
parasitic
Hematopoietic stem cells are characterized by what?
the
capacity of self-renewal and multi-lineage
differentiation giving rise to all mature blood cells.
Most abundant WBC in peripheral
circulation
–60–70% of the total number of
leukocytes
–Lifespan of 6-7 hours, up to 4 days
in CT
Neutrophils
Act to eliminate opsonized bacteria or
limit the extent of an inflammatory
reaction in CT
neutrophils
(reason they’re the first to arrive)
Cell homing is described as the effective
recruitment of stem/progenitor endogenous cells
into an anatomical compartment through
____
chemotaxis (movement of a cell in response to a
chemical signal)
A mast cell is a resident cell of_____ tissue
connective tissue
– Play an important role
in phagocytosis of
bacteria & dead cells
–1st to arrive in areas of
tissue damage
Neutrophils
T/F: WBCs are True ‘cells’ with nucleus & organelles
True
Self-renewal is an important property of
____ stem cells
hematopoietic stem cells
Leukocytes first roll along the endothelium, then attach firmly, deform and
migrate through the endothelium monolayer, and penetrate into the interstitial tissue
where they finally engulf microbes by _________
phagocytosis
Hematopoietic stem cells–can self-renew and produce two committed
precursor cells:
the myeloid stem cell and the
lymphoid stem cell
WBCs attracted via chemotaxis to inflammatory sites by ______
cytokines (any cell
product that influences another cell)
T/F: granulocytes: All have single, multi-lobed nucleus & prominent cytoplasmic granules
true
T/F: Eosinophils–Parasites & Ag-Ab complexes destroyed by major basic protein
& subsequent phagocytosis
True
In response to an infection, leukocytes attach to endothelial cells through a cascade of
receptor-ligand interactions occurring near the infected area; these interactions are
caused by activated or newly exposed _____
adhesive receptors
WBCs: distinguished by _____, nuclear morphology & staining
size (1.5-3X larger)
Eosinophils: Ameliorate & counteract hypersensitivity rxn’s & effects of
_____
histamine
Leukopenia – reduced
number of circulating WBCs.
Can be due to bacterial/viral
infection, exposure to toxins,
______
leukemia
Important in hypersensitivity rxn’s—counteract effects of
basophils
Eosinophils
____ immune respone > 10
days)
chronic immune response
–always exhibit a bilobed nucleus
and abundant blue-violet granules
in the cytoplasm
–May leave circulation & resemble
a mast cell. Once thought to be
circulating equivalent of mast cells
in tissue but appear to have
different precursor cells
Basophils
Eosinophils chemotactically attracted to basophils & mast cells
via ____
ECF (eosinophilic chemotactic factor)
In response to an infection, leukocytes attach to _____ through a cascade of
receptor-ligand interactions occurring near the infected area
endothelial cells
(Neutrophils) Released during inflammatory rxn via
___
degranulation
asthma, hayfever, & some types of allergic
dermatitis are examples of what type of reaction?
Used in Type I (immediate) hypersensitivity rxn’s
(neutrophils) Enzymes contained in the primary
granules
elastase and
myeloperoxidase
Neutrophils Contain inflammatory mediators & complement
activators:
proteases, defensins, lactoferrin, &
lysozyme (antibacterial compounds)
Neutrophils: Function 1’ in phagocytosis— leads to
formation of ____ to digest bacteria
phagolysosome
–1.5 times larger than erythrocytes
–least numerous of the
granulocytes
–constitute about 0.5–1% of the
total number of leukocytes
Basophils
Hematopoietic stem
cells cannot be
identified by
morphology, but
they can be
recognized by
____
specific cell surface
markers
Neutrophils: Possess small 3’ granules contain ____
gelatinase
(breaks down collagen
Five colony-forming units (CFUs) derive from the ___
myeloid
stem cell
____ immune response ~ 1 wk-10 days
subacute immune response
where does Hematopoiesis take place
bone marrow
The erythroid CFU produces ___
red blood cells
If hypersensitivity rxn severe => ____ (very rapid,
severe immune rxn)
anaphylaxis
containing only primary granules
agranulocytes
– reduced
number of circulating WBCs.
Leukopenia –
In circulation 3-6 hours before leaving
tissue. Tissue lifespan 8-12 hours
Eosinophils
Mast Cells: Very similar in both appearance and function to the
___, another type of white blood cell.
–Although mast
cells were once thought to be tissue-resident basophils, it
has been shown that the two cells develop from different
hematopoietic lineages
basophil
(neutrophils) Enzymes contained in the secondary
granules
(lysozyme and other
proteases)
Neutrophils: Attracted to bacteria & damaged tissue by
___
chemotactic factors
Contain inflammatory mediators & complement
activators; proteases, defensins, lactoferrin, &
lysozyme (antibacterial compounds)
Neutrophils
T/F: Basophils and eosinophils derive from the basophil and
eosinophil CFUs, respectively
true
Large eosinophilic specific
granules contain hydrolytic enzymes:
Histaminase, Eosinophil Peroxidase (EPO) and Major Basic Protein
—bacterial killing by
generating hydrogen peroxide & hypochlorous
acid
respiratory burst
–Primary granules contain lysosomal enzymes (e.g., acid hydrolases)
–Granulocytes also possess ____
specific granules
Eosinophils have surface receptors for ____
IgE
Cardinal signs of
inflammation—
Rubor, tumor, calore, et
dolore (redness, swelling,
heat & pain)
In response to an infection, leukocytes attach to endothelial cells through a cascade of
receptor-ligand interactions occurring near the infected area; these interactions are
caused by activated or newly exposed adhesive receptors. This process called
____
diapedesis
A mast cell is a resident cell of connective tissue that
contains many granules rich in ____
histamine and heparin
Neutrophils: Released during
inflammatory rx
Vascular endothelium (PCV) expresses various
adhesion molecules that facilitate _____
adhesion of
circulating cells.
Although best known for their role in ____, mast cells play an important protective role in wound healing,
angiogenesis, immune tolerance & defense against
pathogens
allergy and
anaphylaxis
—counteract effects of basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils: 2’ granules stain __
either basophilic or eosinophilic,
(“neutral”)
the myeloid stem cell and the
lymphoid stem cell, that develop into distinct
___
cell progenies.
the generation of blood cells
Hematopoiesis
____ preserves the pool of stem cells
and is critical for feeding common myeloid progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor into the differentiation or maturation pathway.
Self-renewal
Neutrophils: Highly motile, use ____ movement
amoeboid movement
mast cells play an important protective role in _____,
angiogenesis, immune tolerance & defense against
pathogens
wound healing
Leukocytes may leave the bloodstream via _____ and enter the
connective tissue by the homing mechanism
diapedesis
Specific granules contain:
–Hydrolytic enzymes, heparin sulfate (an anticoagulant),
Histamine (vasoactive amine => vasodilation & ↑ vascular
permeability)
Basophils
Leukocytes (WBCs): Categorized as either ____or ____
granulocytes or agranulocytes
Which WBC generates the Cardinal signs of
inflammation
Neutrophils
Mast Cell: Specifically, it is a type of granulocyte derived from the
_____ that is a part of the immune and
neuroimmune systems
myeloid stem cell
the effective
recruitment of stem/progenitor endogenous cells
into an anatomical compartment through
chemotaxis (movement of a cell in response to a
chemical signal)
Cell homing
All WBC’s possess primary granules—stain ____
⚫ (= azurophilic granules)
blue-purple
(neutrophils) Also specific receptors for ____
(with binding affinity to endothelial
cell ligands such as intercellular-
adhesion molecules 1 and 2 [ICAM-
1 and ICAM-2]) enable the
antibacterial and homing function of
neutrophils
integrins
Have surface receptors for IgE
–Play a role in parasitic infections
Eosinophils
can self-renew and produce two committed
precursor cells: the myeloid stem cell and the
lymphoid stem cell, that develop into distinct
cell progenies
Hematopoietic stem cells–
Leukocytes: Help initiate immune response & defend body against _____
pathogens
The granulocyte-macrophage CFU produces:
both
monocytes and neutrophils
Types of granulocytes—
neutrophils, basophils, & eosinophils
____ contain lysozyme & alkaline phosphatases
Secondary granules
(which blood cell are these associated with) Leukotrienes
e.g., slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS) =>
smooth Mm contraction (asthma)
Basophils
–Play a role in reducing the
severity of allergic reactions
–Participate in triggering bronchial
asthma
Eosinophils
elevated WBC
count
Leukocytosis
containing primary, and
specific or secondary cytoplasmic granules
granulocytes
Neutrophils: Multilobed nucleus, also called
_____ leukocytes
polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes
WBCs “lacking” granules
agranulocytes (only primary granules)
Primary granules contain ____
lysosomal enzymes (e.g., acid hydrolases)
WBCs are attracted to sites of infection by ________ from
damaged/dead cells or invading pathogens (chemotaxis)
chemical signals
—immature
neutrophils
“Stab” cells (=band cells)
Basophils: Release of granule contents into ECS via ____
degranulation
(neutrophils) Also specific receptors for integrins with binding affinity to endothelial
cell ligands such as intercellular-____
adhesion molecules 1 and 2 [ICAM-
1 and ICAM-2]
____ expresses various
adhesion molecules that facilitate adhesion of
circulating cells.
Vascular endothelium (PCV)
(Post capillary venules) best place for WBC to go to leave)
Eosinophils chemotactically attracted to ____ & _____
via ECF (eosinophilic chemotactic factor)
basophils & mast cells
(neutrophils) Granules – _______colored with
both secondary (specific) and primary
granules
neutral or pale-
