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Histology Exam 2 > Respiratory Pt 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bronchioles: They differ in the absence of ___ and ___ within their
walls

A

cartilages and glands

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2
Q

lamellar bodies contain

A

phospholipids

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3
Q

______ diameter of
trachea increases the
velocity of expired air,
this helps to clear the
air passage

A

Smaller (decreased)

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4
Q

Bronchi: in smaller branches, the amount of cartilage
____, whereas the amount of smooth
muscle _____. Also, the number of
glands and goblet cells _____

A

decreases. increases. decreases

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5
Q

Penumocytes possess intracytoplasmic granules,
called ___, containing
phospholipid

A

lamellar bodies

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6
Q

respiratory bronchioles characteristically exhibit a progressive ____ in height of the epithelium

A

reduction

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7
Q

Alveolar Septa contain_____;
communicating spaces
between alveoli

A

alveolar pores
(= pores of Kohn)

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8
Q

Lower respiratory tract begins at
____

A

larynx

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9
Q

irritation to lower airways (trachea & bronchi) triggers ___

A

cough
reflex

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10
Q

Bronchioles: Begin as branches of the smallest bronchi (1mm or less in
diameter) and are lined with ____ which changes
to _____ epithelium.

A

ciliated columnar changes to cuboidal

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11
Q

Characteristics of Club Cells

A

non-
ciliated, dome-shaped, cuboidal to
columnar cells

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12
Q

Alveoli are thin-walled
structures surrounded by
rich capillary network,
supplied by ___

A

pulmonary A

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13
Q

Bronchi differ from the trachea in
having a layer of smooth muscle
between the_____ and hyaline
cartilage

A

lamina propria

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14
Q

(respiratory) Phagocytize particulate
matter & microorganisms

A

alveolar Macrophages
(= dust cells)

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15
Q

Mediate airway sensation from the level of
the true vocal cords to the carina.

A

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

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16
Q

Function of Fibroelastic Ligament in trachea

A

Preventing
overdistension of the
lumen

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17
Q

Also known as “heart failure”
cells become laden with
brownish-black hemosiderin
pigment resulting from the
breakdown of erythrocytes
leaking from the engorged
capillaries

A

alveolar Macrophages
(= dust cells)

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18
Q

lamellar bodies contents secreted as _____, a
phospholipid, which ↓ surface tension
& keeps cells moist for gas exchange

A

surfactant

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19
Q

Bronchioles lack ___ & ___ glands; smooth Mm performs support function instead; several levels

A

cartilage. sero-mucus glands.

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20
Q

Mucociliary ladder—
cilia in respiratory epithelium of trachea & bronchi
synchronously beat in ____ rhythym (coordinated traveling wave)

A

metachronal rhythm

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21
Q

Secondary (lobar) bronchi:
* Wall structure similar to
main bronchi except: : Supporting cartilages form
_____

A

form irregular plates or islands
rather than rings

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22
Q

Trachea is composed of ____ epithelium. ____ glands + _____.
___ cartilage.
______ cells in isogenous groups
____ appearing matrix

A

–respiratory epithelium
–seronmucous glands + blood vessels
–hyaline cartilage
–chondrocytes
–smooth appearing matrix

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23
Q

____ intersects with
respiratory system where upper
& lower respiratory tracts meet
at larynx

A

Digestive tract

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24
Q

~5% of surface area of lung lined by
____—larger, rounded,
dome-shaped cells

A

Type II pneumocytes

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25
Q

Mucociliary ladder moves surface mucus towards ___ at rate of ~1 cm/min

A

larynx

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26
Q

Trachea: Posterior ends of C-shaped rings
bridged by:

A

Fibroelastic ligament and trachealis muscle

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27
Q

most of epiglottis & true vocal cords covered by ____ epithelium

A

stratified, squamous,
nonkeratinized

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28
Q

Irritation to upper airways (nasal passages) triggers ___

A

sneeze
reflex

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29
Q

In terminal & respiratory
bronchioles, goblet cells are
replaced by _____—non-
ciliated, dome-shaped, cuboidal to
columnar cells

A

club cells

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30
Q

95% of alveolar
surface area covered
by simple squamous
epithelium consisting
of ______

A

Type I
pneumocytes

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31
Q

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve: can be affected by aneurysm of the ___

A

aortic arch.

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32
Q

Tertiary (segmental) bronchi: how does diameter compare to lobar/mainstream bronchi/?

A

smaller diameter than lobar + mainstream bronchi

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33
Q

Alveolar ducts: The walls of alveolar ducts are lined by ____

A

alveoli and alveolar
sacs (clusters of alveoli) + simple,
squamous epithelium

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34
Q

club cells differentiate into ciliated cells to ________ (the action)

A

regenerate the bronchiolar
epithelium.

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35
Q

multiply and
differentiate into ciliated cells to
regenerate the bronchiolar
epithelium.

A

club cells

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36
Q

Bronchioles: Club cells also function as ____
capable of differentiating into
other respiratory cells following
damage

A

reserve stem cells

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37
Q

Diagnostic feature of trachea

A

16-20 C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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38
Q

Throughout lung are small to
moderate #’s of ___ cells

A

alveolar Macrophages
(= dust cells)

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39
Q

In the smallest bronchioles,
the epithelium will be _____ (mostly club cells,
also known as Clara cells)
and lack cilia altogether

A

simple
cuboidal

40
Q

Club cells Use ____ enzymes

A

cytochrome P450

41
Q

BALT or MALT found in _____ layer of subepithelial CT

A

Lamina Propria

42
Q

Lack of surfactant 1’ respiratory
problem for premature infants =>
_____

A

respiratory distress syndrome

43
Q

Digestive Tract intersects with
respiratory system where upper
& lower respiratory tracts meet
at ___

A

larynx

44
Q

These lymphoid aggregates are seen throughout respiratory tract—found in lamina
propria—layer of
subepithelial connective
tissue

A

BALT (Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue)
or MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)

45
Q

bronchus associated lymphoid
tissue

A

BALT

46
Q

_____vocal cords located
superior & lateral to ___
vocal cords

A

False. True.

47
Q

T/F terminal bronchi possess an extensive amount of goblet cells

A

False; no goblet cells

48
Q

___ vocal cords contain vocalis M & ligament

A

True Vocal Cords

49
Q

In bronchioles smooth muscle performs ___ function

A

support

50
Q

air-blood barrier consists of ____, epithelia cells lining capillaries & shared, fused
basement membrane

A

Type I
pneumocytes of alveoli

51
Q

Alveolar ducts contain numerous alveoli lined with ___ epithelium

A

simple,
squamous epithelium

52
Q

Produce solution similar in
composition to pulmonary
surfactant

A

club cells of bronchioles

53
Q

These
bronchioles with individual alveoli in their walls are called -____bronchioles

A

respiratory

54
Q

left recurrent laryngeal nerve originates from the left ____

A

vagus nerve (left comes off much lower)

55
Q

Smallest part of
conducting portion

A

terminal bronchiole

56
Q

Both true & false vocal
folds (cords) are house here

A

larynx

57
Q

If food enters _____,
triggers coughing reflex; may =>
choking

A

larynx or trachea

58
Q

____ vocal cords covered by typical respiratory epithelium with associated sero-mucus glands

A

False Vocal Cords

59
Q

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve: Damage or tumoral
involvement is nearly always unilateral and manifests
as ___

A

hoarseness

60
Q

The _____ is often involved
when metastatic lung cancer involves the left side of
the mediastinum, either by direct invasion or lymph
node spread

A

left recurrent laryngeal nerve

61
Q

The main functions of the larynx are to produce ___ and
to ____ the trachea during swallowing to prevent food &
saliva from entering the airway

A

sound. close.

62
Q

Trachea: 10 cm long
tube that
extends from
the ____ to
the ____

A

larynx; primary
bronchi

63
Q

1’ function of BALT is
secretion of ___ onto_____—provides protection
from micro-organisms

A

IgA onto mucosal
surface (of bronch)

64
Q

______ is an anti-
inflammatory protein
secreted by the club cells of
the distal respiratory
epithelium that has been
proposed as a biomarker of
lung epithelial injury.

A

club cell secretory
protein (CCSP)

65
Q

Trachea: 10 cm long
tube that
extends from
the larynx to
the primary
bronchi. Lined by ___

A

respiratory epithelium

66
Q

Normally, epiglottis protects
____ during swallowing;
covers opening of larynx

A

trachea

67
Q

(Trachea) Smooth muscle that
results in narrowing
during cough reflex
* Smaller diameter of
trachea increases the
velocity of expired air,
this helps to clear the
air passage

A

Trachealis muscle

68
Q

Terminal bronchioles possess _____ epithelium

A

tall, ciliated pseudostratified columnar

69
Q

Alveolar macrophages are eliminated from lung at rate of 50 million/day via

A

mucocilliary ladder

70
Q

Larynx: Located below dorsal
opening of larynx, & covered
by ___

A

epiglottis

71
Q

Air within alveolus separated
from blood within capillaries
by 2 cell layers—so-called ____

A

air-
blood barrier

72
Q

Gas exchange begins at level of _____

A

respiratory bronchioles

73
Q

Terminal bronchiole posses ______ epithelium

A

Ciliated columnar
to cuboidal
epithelium

74
Q

The left _____ originates from the
left vagus nerve at the level of the aortic arch and
loops under it immediately posterior to the
ligamentum arteriosum to ascend along the
posterolateral tracheal

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

75
Q

Part of the respiratory tract between the lower part of the
pharynx and the trachea.

A

larynx

76
Q

Respiratory bronchioles possess ____, ciliated & non-ciliated epithelium with occasional
alveoli

A

simple, cuboidal to
columnar

77
Q

____ bifurcates into 2 Main or Primary bronchi

A

trachea

78
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerves provide ___ to the intrinsic laryngeal muscles for
vocalization

A

motor
innervation

79
Q

Tertiary (segmental) bronchi: T/F cartilage is absent beyond 2’ bronchi

A

FALSE; Cartilage absent beyond 3’
bronchi (no cartilage in respiratory bronchi)

80
Q

in addition to phonation
(speech), ____ protect
lower respiratory tract from
entry of foreign bodies

A

vocal folds

81
Q

Tertiary (segmental) bronchi: Multiple branchings leading
to smaller bronchi and
eventually _____

A

bronchioles

82
Q

(Respiratory Bronchioles) Club Cells protect the
bronchiolar epithelium by
secreting ______

A

club cell secretory
protein (CCSP)

83
Q

Terminal bronchiole branch to form 2+
____
bronchioles

A

respiratory

84
Q

Alveolar ducts & alveoli
lined by ______

A

simple squamous
epithelium

85
Q

T/F Bronchioles have extensive cartilage and glands in walls

A

False: no cartilage or glands in walls of bronchioles; but have prominent smooth msucle

86
Q

Cilia use this to clear mucous/others from Respiratory Tract

A

Mucociliary ladder

87
Q

Opening of _____ directly
behind opening of __

A

esophagus; trachea

88
Q

Bronchi differ from the trachea in
having ____ rather than _____ of cartilage,
and in having a layer of smooth muscle
between the lamina propria and hyaline
cartilage

A

plates. rings.

89
Q

alveolar Macrophages (= dust cells): Also known as “heart failure”
cells become laden with
brownish-black ______
pigment resulting from the
breakdown of erythrocytes
leaking from the engorged
capillaries

A

hemosiderin

90
Q

What is fibroelastic ligament composed of?

A

collagen
& elastic fibers.

91
Q

Bronchioles produce solution that prevents ____ of
bronchiole walls

A

sticking together

92
Q

flattened epithelial
cells modified for gas
exchange

A

Type I
pneumocytes

93
Q

___ are also responsible for
detoxifying harmful substances
inhaled into the lungs.

A

club cells

94
Q

As bronchioles get smaller, general trend towards thinning of
epithelium with ___ of goblet cells

A

loss

95
Q

The walls of respiratory
bronchioles might have small knobs of ____, collagen and elastic fibers between the
openings of adjacent alveoli.

A

smooth muscle

96
Q

(Respiratory Bronchioles) Non-ciliated, dome-shaped
protein-secreting cells
found in the terminal
bronchioles

A

Club cells

Histology Exam 2 (12 decks)

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