Respiratory Pt 2 Flashcards
Bronchioles: They differ in the absence of ___ and ___ within their
walls
cartilages and glands
lamellar bodies contain
phospholipids
______ diameter of
trachea increases the
velocity of expired air,
this helps to clear the
air passage
Smaller (decreased)
Bronchi: in smaller branches, the amount of cartilage
____, whereas the amount of smooth
muscle _____. Also, the number of
glands and goblet cells _____
decreases. increases. decreases
Penumocytes possess intracytoplasmic granules,
called ___, containing
phospholipid
lamellar bodies
respiratory bronchioles characteristically exhibit a progressive ____ in height of the epithelium
reduction
Alveolar Septa contain_____;
communicating spaces
between alveoli
alveolar pores
(= pores of Kohn)
Lower respiratory tract begins at
____
larynx
irritation to lower airways (trachea & bronchi) triggers ___
cough
reflex
Bronchioles: Begin as branches of the smallest bronchi (1mm or less in
diameter) and are lined with ____ which changes
to _____ epithelium.
ciliated columnar changes to cuboidal
Characteristics of Club Cells
non-
ciliated, dome-shaped, cuboidal to
columnar cells
Alveoli are thin-walled
structures surrounded by
rich capillary network,
supplied by ___
pulmonary A
Bronchi differ from the trachea in
having a layer of smooth muscle
between the_____ and hyaline
cartilage
lamina propria
(respiratory) Phagocytize particulate
matter & microorganisms
alveolar Macrophages
(= dust cells)
Mediate airway sensation from the level of
the true vocal cords to the carina.
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Function of Fibroelastic Ligament in trachea
Preventing
overdistension of the
lumen
Also known as “heart failure”
cells become laden with
brownish-black hemosiderin
pigment resulting from the
breakdown of erythrocytes
leaking from the engorged
capillaries
alveolar Macrophages
(= dust cells)
lamellar bodies contents secreted as _____, a
phospholipid, which ↓ surface tension
& keeps cells moist for gas exchange
surfactant
Bronchioles lack ___ & ___ glands; smooth Mm performs support function instead; several levels
cartilage. sero-mucus glands.
Mucociliary ladder—
cilia in respiratory epithelium of trachea & bronchi
synchronously beat in ____ rhythym (coordinated traveling wave)
metachronal rhythm
Secondary (lobar) bronchi:
* Wall structure similar to
main bronchi except: : Supporting cartilages form
_____
form irregular plates or islands
rather than rings
Trachea is composed of ____ epithelium. ____ glands + _____.
___ cartilage.
______ cells in isogenous groups
____ appearing matrix
–respiratory epithelium
–seronmucous glands + blood vessels
–hyaline cartilage
–chondrocytes
–smooth appearing matrix
____ intersects with
respiratory system where upper
& lower respiratory tracts meet
at larynx
Digestive tract
~5% of surface area of lung lined by
____—larger, rounded,
dome-shaped cells
Type II pneumocytes
Mucociliary ladder moves surface mucus towards ___ at rate of ~1 cm/min
larynx
Trachea: Posterior ends of C-shaped rings
bridged by:
Fibroelastic ligament and trachealis muscle
most of epiglottis & true vocal cords covered by ____ epithelium
stratified, squamous,
nonkeratinized
Irritation to upper airways (nasal passages) triggers ___
sneeze
reflex
In terminal & respiratory
bronchioles, goblet cells are
replaced by _____—non-
ciliated, dome-shaped, cuboidal to
columnar cells
club cells
95% of alveolar
surface area covered
by simple squamous
epithelium consisting
of ______
Type I
pneumocytes
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve: can be affected by aneurysm of the ___
aortic arch.
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi: how does diameter compare to lobar/mainstream bronchi/?
smaller diameter than lobar + mainstream bronchi
Alveolar ducts: The walls of alveolar ducts are lined by ____
alveoli and alveolar
sacs (clusters of alveoli) + simple,
squamous epithelium
club cells differentiate into ciliated cells to ________ (the action)
regenerate the bronchiolar
epithelium.
multiply and
differentiate into ciliated cells to
regenerate the bronchiolar
epithelium.
club cells
Bronchioles: Club cells also function as ____
capable of differentiating into
other respiratory cells following
damage
reserve stem cells
Diagnostic feature of trachea
16-20 C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
Throughout lung are small to
moderate #’s of ___ cells
alveolar Macrophages
(= dust cells)
In the smallest bronchioles,
the epithelium will be _____ (mostly club cells,
also known as Clara cells)
and lack cilia altogether
simple
cuboidal
Club cells Use ____ enzymes
cytochrome P450
BALT or MALT found in _____ layer of subepithelial CT
Lamina Propria
Lack of surfactant 1’ respiratory
problem for premature infants =>
_____
respiratory distress syndrome
Digestive Tract intersects with
respiratory system where upper
& lower respiratory tracts meet
at ___
larynx
These lymphoid aggregates are seen throughout respiratory tract—found in lamina
propria—layer of
subepithelial connective
tissue
BALT (Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue)
or MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)
bronchus associated lymphoid
tissue
BALT
_____vocal cords located
superior & lateral to ___
vocal cords
False. True.
T/F terminal bronchi possess an extensive amount of goblet cells
False; no goblet cells
___ vocal cords contain vocalis M & ligament
True Vocal Cords
In bronchioles smooth muscle performs ___ function
support
air-blood barrier consists of ____, epithelia cells lining capillaries & shared, fused
basement membrane
Type I
pneumocytes of alveoli
Alveolar ducts contain numerous alveoli lined with ___ epithelium
simple,
squamous epithelium
Produce solution similar in
composition to pulmonary
surfactant
club cells of bronchioles
These
bronchioles with individual alveoli in their walls are called -____bronchioles
respiratory
left recurrent laryngeal nerve originates from the left ____
vagus nerve (left comes off much lower)
Smallest part of
conducting portion
terminal bronchiole
Both true & false vocal
folds (cords) are house here
larynx
If food enters _____,
triggers coughing reflex; may =>
choking
larynx or trachea
____ vocal cords covered by typical respiratory epithelium with associated sero-mucus glands
False Vocal Cords
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve: Damage or tumoral
involvement is nearly always unilateral and manifests
as ___
hoarseness
The _____ is often involved
when metastatic lung cancer involves the left side of
the mediastinum, either by direct invasion or lymph
node spread
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
The main functions of the larynx are to produce ___ and
to ____ the trachea during swallowing to prevent food &
saliva from entering the airway
sound. close.
Trachea: 10 cm long
tube that
extends from
the ____ to
the ____
larynx; primary
bronchi
1’ function of BALT is
secretion of ___ onto_____—provides protection
from micro-organisms
IgA onto mucosal
surface (of bronch)
______ is an anti-
inflammatory protein
secreted by the club cells of
the distal respiratory
epithelium that has been
proposed as a biomarker of
lung epithelial injury.
club cell secretory
protein (CCSP)
Trachea: 10 cm long
tube that
extends from
the larynx to
the primary
bronchi. Lined by ___
respiratory epithelium
Normally, epiglottis protects
____ during swallowing;
covers opening of larynx
trachea
(Trachea) Smooth muscle that
results in narrowing
during cough reflex
* Smaller diameter of
trachea increases the
velocity of expired air,
this helps to clear the
air passage
Trachealis muscle
Terminal bronchioles possess _____ epithelium
tall, ciliated pseudostratified columnar
Alveolar macrophages are eliminated from lung at rate of 50 million/day via
mucocilliary ladder
Larynx: Located below dorsal
opening of larynx, & covered
by ___
epiglottis
Air within alveolus separated
from blood within capillaries
by 2 cell layers—so-called ____
air-
blood barrier
Gas exchange begins at level of _____
respiratory bronchioles
Terminal bronchiole posses ______ epithelium
Ciliated columnar
to cuboidal
epithelium
The left _____ originates from the
left vagus nerve at the level of the aortic arch and
loops under it immediately posterior to the
ligamentum arteriosum to ascend along the
posterolateral tracheal
recurrent laryngeal nerve
Part of the respiratory tract between the lower part of the
pharynx and the trachea.
larynx
Respiratory bronchioles possess ____, ciliated & non-ciliated epithelium with occasional
alveoli
simple, cuboidal to
columnar
____ bifurcates into 2 Main or Primary bronchi
trachea
The recurrent laryngeal nerves provide ___ to the intrinsic laryngeal muscles for
vocalization
motor
innervation
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi: T/F cartilage is absent beyond 2’ bronchi
FALSE; Cartilage absent beyond 3’
bronchi (no cartilage in respiratory bronchi)
in addition to phonation
(speech), ____ protect
lower respiratory tract from
entry of foreign bodies
vocal folds
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi: Multiple branchings leading
to smaller bronchi and
eventually _____
bronchioles
(Respiratory Bronchioles) Club Cells protect the
bronchiolar epithelium by
secreting ______
club cell secretory
protein (CCSP)
Terminal bronchiole branch to form 2+
____
bronchioles
respiratory
Alveolar ducts & alveoli
lined by ______
simple squamous
epithelium
T/F Bronchioles have extensive cartilage and glands in walls
False: no cartilage or glands in walls of bronchioles; but have prominent smooth msucle
Cilia use this to clear mucous/others from Respiratory Tract
Mucociliary ladder
Opening of _____ directly
behind opening of __
esophagus; trachea
Bronchi differ from the trachea in
having ____ rather than _____ of cartilage,
and in having a layer of smooth muscle
between the lamina propria and hyaline
cartilage
plates. rings.
alveolar Macrophages (= dust cells): Also known as “heart failure”
cells become laden with
brownish-black ______
pigment resulting from the
breakdown of erythrocytes
leaking from the engorged
capillaries
hemosiderin
What is fibroelastic ligament composed of?
collagen
& elastic fibers.
Bronchioles produce solution that prevents ____ of
bronchiole walls
sticking together
flattened epithelial
cells modified for gas
exchange
Type I
pneumocytes
___ are also responsible for
detoxifying harmful substances
inhaled into the lungs.
club cells
As bronchioles get smaller, general trend towards thinning of
epithelium with ___ of goblet cells
loss
The walls of respiratory
bronchioles might have small knobs of ____, collagen and elastic fibers between the
openings of adjacent alveoli.
smooth muscle
(Respiratory Bronchioles) Non-ciliated, dome-shaped
protein-secreting cells
found in the terminal
bronchioles
Club cells
