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Histology Exam 2 > Vascular System Pt 1 > Flashcards

Vascular System Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary function of cardiovascular system

A

Transport of O2/CO2 and nutrients/metabolic waste

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2
Q

Secondary function of cardiovascular system

A

thermoregulation; transport of immune cells/hormones (to tissues)

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3
Q

Vascular system consists of:

A

heart & blood vessels–arteries, capillaries, veins (blood vascular system)

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4
Q

2 components of circulatory system:

A

pulmonary circulation & systematic circulation

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5
Q

Route of Pulmonary circulation

A

RA & V -> pulmonary Aa-> lungs -> pulmonary Vv–> LA

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6
Q

Route of systematic circulation:

A

LA & V –> aorta –> rest of body

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7
Q

passive drainage system for returning blood extravascular fluid to blood vascular system

A

Lymph vascular system (extravascular fluid is lymph)

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8
Q

Lymph vascular system lacks ____, relies on _____, body movement, passive fluid transport by surrounding tissues

A

intrinsic pump; Muscle contraction

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9
Q

folded epithelia tube with walls thickened to act as a regulated pump

A

heart

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10
Q

3 layers of the cardiac wall:

A

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

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11
Q

(Heart Layer) consisting of an
endothelial lining and subendothelial
connective tissue

A

endocardium

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12
Q

(Heart Layer) a functional syncytium of
striated cardiac muscle fibers forming
three major types of cardiac muscle:
atrial muscle, ventricular muscle, and
specialized excitatory and conductive
muscle fibers.

A

myocardium

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13
Q

Myocardium: a functional syncytium of
striated cardiac muscle fibers forming
three major types of cardiac muscle:

A

atrial muscle, ventricular muscle, and
specialized excitatory and conductive
muscle fibers.

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14
Q

(Heart layer) the visceral layer of the
pericardium, is a low-friction surface
lined by a mesothelium in contact with
the parietal pericardial space.

A

epicardium

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15
Q

The ___ is lined by
endothelium with underlying
layers of CT, a middle layer of
smooth muscle and an elastic
CT, and a subendocardial
layer that is connected to the
myocardium

A

endocardium

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16
Q

The
subendocardial layer contains
modified cardiac muscle cells
(e.g._______) of the
heart’s impulse conducting
system.

A

Purkinje fibers

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17
Q

where are Purkinje fibers found?

A

subendocardial layer (endocardium)

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18
Q

Is the thickness of the CT layers in the endocardium consistent?

A

no

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19
Q

The _____ is the
thickest layer of the heart
wall

A

myocardium

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20
Q

The myocardium is the
thickest layer of the heart
wall and contains ___
muscle, ____ tissue,
and ____

A

cardiac muscle, connective tissue, and small blood vessels

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21
Q

The myocardium is thicker in the ___ compared to the atria

A

ventricles

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22
Q

The epicardium is
lined by ______
with an underlying layer
of loose CT that is rich
in ____ tissue and
contains small nerves
and blood vessels
(vasa vasorum) as well
as the large coronary
vessels

A

mesothelium. adipose

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23
Q

Visceral pericardium is also known as the _____

A

epicardium

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24
Q

outermost layer of the blood vessel
wall

A

Tunica Externa/Adventitia

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25
Q

composed of a loose CT that contains
elastic and collagen fibers
– helps anchor the vessel to other
tissues
– An external elastic lamina can be seen
separating the tunica media from the
adventitia.
– vasa vasorum

A

Tunica Externa/adventitia

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26
Q

middle layer of the vessel wall
– composed of circularly arranged
layers of smooth muscle cells

A

Tunica Media

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27
Q

innermost layer of a blood vessel wall
– composed of an endothelium and a
subendothelial layer

A

Tunica Intima/Interna

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28
Q

Tunica Intima has an external layer of elastic fibers, called the
_____

A

internal elastic lamina

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29
Q

Blood vessels of circulatory
system have common basic
structure with three
concentric layers called

A

tunics

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30
Q

innermost layer of
simple squamous endothelial
cells lining lumen
 Very thin layer, 1-2 cells thick
 Forms semi-permeable barrier,
supported by basement
membrane

A

Tunica Intima

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31
Q

Tunica Intima have: Specialized discontinuous tight
junctions between endothelial
cells called ______

A

Fascia Occludens

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32
Q

if present,
separates tunica intima &
media

A

Internal Elastic Lamina

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33
Q

Internal elastic lamina is composed of ____ fibers

A

elastic

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34
Q

–highly variable middle layer
–Smooth Mm cells &
fibroblastic connective tissue
–In Aa, thickest of layers; may
also contain reticulin (type III
collagen) & elastic fibers

A

Tunica media—

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35
Q

if present,
located between tunica media
& adventitia
* Also composed of _____
fibers, but less organized than
internal elastic lamina

A

External Elastic Lamina; elastic

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36
Q

–Consists of loose fibroblastic
connective tissue—
–Fibroblasts, collagen & elastic
fibers, smooth Mm cells
–outermost layer

A

Tunica Adventitia

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37
Q

In veins, what is the thickest tunic layer?
In arteries?

A

Tunica adventitia in veins. Tunia Media in arteries.

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38
Q

In larger vessels, Tunica Adventitia contains ____

A

vasa vasorum

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39
Q

Small blood vessels that supply
the tunica media & adventitia in
both large Aa & Vv

A

vasa vasorum

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40
Q

Tunica Adventitia also contains autonomic Nn,
___________—

A

nervi vasculares

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41
Q

(Tunica Adventitia) Control smooth Mm contraction
in vessel walls (vasoconstriction &
vasodilation)

A

nervi vasculares

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42
Q

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels due to action of
________ nerve fibers

A

sympathetic, post-ganglionic nerve fibers

43
Q

Vasoconstriction acts on smooth Mm of _______

A

tunica media

44
Q

Vasoconstriction acts on smooth Mm of tunica media, cause constriction &
___ in lumen diameter

A

↓ decrease

45
Q

Vasodilation is ____; occurs in absence or inhibition of sympathetic
stimulation

A

passive

46
Q

Vasodilation accomplished via indirect parasympathetic innervation
–Ach causes endothelial cells to release __________, which 2’
causes smooth Mm cells to relax

A

nitrous oxide (NO)

47
Q

In response to low O2 tension, smooth Mm in walls of arterioles
_____—results in vasodilation & ↑ blood flow

A

relaxes

48
Q

In response to low O2 tension, smooth Mm in walls of arterioles
relaxes—results in:

A

vasodilation & ↑ blood flow

49
Q

specialized sensory receptors located in carotid sinus & aortic
arch; detect blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors

50
Q

specialized sensory receptors located at bifurcation of carotid
Aa & in aortic bodies in aortic arch; Detect changes in O2, CO2 tension & pH

A

chemoreceptors

51
Q

Arteries conduct blood from the heart to the
____

A

capillaries

52
Q

arteries store some of the pumped blood during
each cardiac _____ to ensure continued flow
through the capillaries during cardiac ____

A

systole; diastole

53
Q

Arteries are organized in three major tunics or
layers:

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica
externa

54
Q

Arteries contain large amounts of ____ &
_____ Mm; vessel wall thick relative to lumen diameter

A

elastin. smooth.

55
Q

T/F: Artery vessel wall thin relative to lumen diameter

A

False–vessel wall thick relative to lumen diameter

56
Q

from the heart to the
capillaries, arteries can be
classified into three major
groups

A

–large elastic arteries
–medium-sized muscular
arteries
–small arteries and
arterioles.

57
Q

more than 1 cm in diameter—large
conducting vessels, receive blood
directly from heart

A

elastic arteries

58
Q

Have sheets of elastic tissue in
tunica media; helps maintain bp
between systole & diastole

A

elastic arteries

59
Q

Thickest layer of elastic arteries

A

tunica media

60
Q

elastic arteries posses both internal and external ____ layers

A

elastic

61
Q

Two major characteristics: (1) They receive blood from the
heart under high pressure. (2) They keep blood circulating
continuously while the heart is pumping intermittently

A

Large elastic (conducting) arteries

62
Q

Distend during systole and recoil during diastole

A

Large elastic (conducting) arteries

63
Q

(large elastic–conducting–arteries) Large amounts of fenestrated elastic sheaths are found in
the ______ of the large elastic arteries, with bundles of smooth muscle cells
permeating the narrow gaps between the elastic lamellae

A

tunica media

64
Q

Blood vessels (vasa vasorum), nerves (nervi vasorum), and
lymphatics can be recognized in the _______ of
large elastic arteries

A

tunica adventitia

65
Q

~2-10 mm in diameter—
medium-sized distributing
Aa
* Have more smooth Mm &
less elastin in tunica media
than elastic Aa

A

muscular arteries

66
Q

In muscular arteries ___ is the thickest layer

A

tunica media

67
Q

muscular arteries have a distinct _____; larger muscular Aa
may also contain external
elastic lamina

A

internal elastic
lamina

68
Q

Allow a selective distribution of
blood to different organs in
response to functional needs.
Diameter about 2-3 mm or
greater

A

muscular or distributing arteries

69
Q

Tunica intima of distributing arteries consists of three
layers:

A

(1) the endothelium, (2)
the subendothelium, and (3) the
internal elastic lamina (IEL

70
Q

Distributing Arteries: in the larger vessels of this group,
a fenestrated external elastic
lamina can be seen at the junction
of the ___

A

tunica media and the
adventitia.

71
Q

Distributing Arteries: The tunica media
shows a significant
reduction in _____ and an
increase in smooth muscle fibers

A

elastic
components

72
Q

the radial, tibial,
splenic, mesenteric,
and intercostal
arteries are examples of

A

medium-sized arteries

73
Q

Final branches of the arterial
system

A

Arterioles or Resistance Vessels

74
Q

Resistance Vessels: Final branches of the arterial
system
* ~10-100 m in diameter—contain
relatively little ____ (tunica
media only ~2-3 cells thick)

A

smooth Mm

75
Q

–Regulate the distribution of blood
to different capillary beds by
vasoconstriction/vasodilation
–the major determinants of systemic blood pressure

A

Arterioles

76
Q

(types of arteries)
–Structural adaption is walls with
circularly arranged smooth muscle
–Partial contraction of the vascular smooth
muscle exists here

A

arterioles

77
Q

Partial contraction also known as

A

tone

78
Q

Regulate distribution of blood to
capillaries via pre-capillary
sphincters, intermittent rings of
smooth M within walls of
arterioles

A

Arterioles

79
Q

Arterioles regulate distribution of blood to capillaries via ___, intermittent rings of
smooth M within walls of
arterioles

A

pre-capillary
sphincters

80
Q

–small
diameter arterioles;
intermediate in size
between arterioles &
capillaries
–regulate blood leaving the arteries

A

metarterioles

81
Q

metarterioles: Characterized by
_____ layer of
smooth Mm in tunica
media

A

discontinuous

82
Q

Arteries: In general, amount of
smooth Mm ↑ with ___
diameter of vessel (&
relative amount of
connective tissue ↓)

A

↑ increase

83
Q

The microvascular bed is
composed of the ____ (and metarteriole), the
capillary bed, and the
postcapillary venules

A

terminal
arteriole

84
Q

the site
of the microcirculation

A

microvascular bed

85
Q

The capillary bed consists of
slightly large capillaries called ______ where bloodflow is continuous

A

preferential or thoroughfare
channels

86
Q

preferential or thoroughfare
channels: blood flow here is ___

A

continous

87
Q

true capillaries: small capillaries, blood flow here is ______

A

intermittent

88
Q

The functional units of the
cardiovascular system

A

capillaries (where work gets done)

89
Q

–Smallest blood vessels, connect
arterioles to venules
–Concerned with exchange of gases,
fluids, nutrients, metabolites, & waste
products

A

capillaries

90
Q

The diameter range of a capillary is
about 5 to 10 μm, large enough to
accommodate one ___ cell, and
thin enough for _____

A

red blood. gas diffusion.

91
Q

Capillaries: Contain only the tunica _____, but this
layer consists of a basement membrane
and endothelium only, small #
pericytes.

A

intima

92
Q

group of capillaries (10–
100) functions together

A

capillary bed

93
Q

(capillaries) Pericytes derived from same precursor cell as ____

A

endothelial cells

94
Q

(capillaries) _____ can differentiate into endothelial cells or smooth Mm cells
following injury

A

pericytes

95
Q

Capillaries lack outer connective tissue layer (no tunica
______)

A

adventitia

96
Q

Capillaries also lack smooth Mm (no tunica ___)

A

media

97
Q

Do not exhibit vasomotor activity themselves

A

capillaries

98
Q

Vasodilation & vasoconstriction of capillaries accomplished via smooth muscle contraction in arterioles & ________ => passive change in capillary diameter

A

pre-capillary sphincters

99
Q

3 basic types of capillaries:

A

Continous, Fenestrated, Sinusoid

100
Q

capillaries lined by endothelium w/tight junctions
and a basal lamina w/pericytes

A

continous

101
Q

capillaries with pores or fenestrae (GI & kidney

A

fenstrated

102
Q

________ are characterized by
an incomplete endothelial lining and basal lamina, with gaps
or holes between and within endothelial cells (liver & spleen)

A

sinusoids (or discontinuous capillaries)

103
Q

Intracellular cleft present on what type of capillary

A

Continuous capillaries

Histology Exam 2 (12 decks)

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