Heart Flashcards
When the reduction in oxygenation (due to progressively inadequate arterial
supply) is slow and gradual, a few muscle cells die at a time and the patient
develops the symptom complex called ____
angina of effort (a characteristic
crushing central chest pain on exertion, disappearing on rest).
The fibrous skeleton of the
heart, also called the ____ consists of four
fibrous rings
cardiac
skeleton,
The myocardial cells have a high energy demand and therefore a high and
constant ___ requirement. When deprived of _____, individual cardiac
muscle cells die and cannot be replaced
oxygen
Bicuspid aortic valves are particularly prone to develop ____, within
which calcium salts are deposited to make fibrocalcific nodules.
fibrous thickening
Bicuspid aortic valves are particularly prone to develop fibrous thickening, within
which calcium salts are deposited to make _____
fibrocalcific nodules.
The ____ is a circuit of vessels through which
blood flow is driven or powered by a central muscular pump, the
heart.
blood vascular system
T/F: With
increasingly severe ischemia of the myocardium, the angina symptoms
appear with minimal or no exertion
True
inflammation affecting
the endocardium, myocardium and pericardium
pancarditis
____ is an uncommon inflammatory disorder affecting the
cardiac muscle
–Its causes are diverse, but viral forms are probably most frequent
Myocarditis
Bicuspid aortic valves are particularly prone to develop fibrous thickening, within
which calcium salts are deposited to make fibrocalcific nodules. These severely
distort the cusps, which also tend to ___
fuse.
(Intrinsic Contraction) Interstitial Fluids enter vessel via ____
lymph capillaries
The lymphatic system has no central pump but there is an intrinsic
pumping system effected by _____, combined with a valve system preventing
backflow.
contractile smooth muscle fibers in
the lymph vessel walls
_____leads to the heart muscle
pumping against increased resistance, and this commonly causes
marked thickening of the left ventricular wall.
High blood pressure (hypertension)
____ may occur on the free margins of heart valves and, if there is
subsequent bacteremia, they may become infected (valvitis or endocarditis)
Thrombosis
The lymphatic system has no central pump but there is an intrinsic
pumping system effected by contractile smooth muscle fibers in
the lymph vessel walls, combined with a valve system _____
preventing
backflow.
The chordae tendineae is predominantly composed of dense regular
connective tissue and collagen elastic fibers to restrain these valves from
____
high pressure
(The Pericardium) These layers are histologically the same, composed of a continuous layer _____ with microvilli facing the pericardial cavity.
of
mesothelial cells
Cardiac Valves have 3 layers:
spongiosa, fibrosa, and ventricularis
The ______ further divides into 2 layers, an outer layer inseparable
from the fibrous pericardium (serous) and an inner layer overlying the
myocardium (visceral or epicardium
serous layer
Infective endocarditis prophylaxis for dental procedures
should be recommended only for patients with
____ associated with the
highest risk of adverse outcome from infective
endocarditis
underlying cardiac conditions
Components of the Circulatory System:
- Blood vascular system *arteries, capillaries, veins)
* 2. Lymph vascular system
The fibrous layer is composed of _____ tissue.
fibrous connective
The blood vascular system is a circuit of vessels through which
blood flow is driven or powered by a _____
central muscular pump, the
heart.
_____ of the heart muscle may occur due to the effects of
long-standing physical exertion and training, as in athletes, or it
may occur in pathological states
Hypertrophy (increase in size)
The ___ is on the atrial side of atrioventricular valves or the arterial side of
semilunar valves
spongiosa
Remember that ____ is striated, branched, centrally-placed nuclei, and has intercalated discs
(mechanical & electrophysical coupling).
cardiac muscle
The pericardium is subdivided into 2 layers:
a superficial fibrous layer and a
deeper serous layer
The constant layer of the
epicardium is a dense
sheet of ____
tissue which also contains
elastic fibers. On its outer
surface, there is a flat
monolayer of mesothelial
cells Me (not clearly seen
here). These cells are
responsible for secretion
of lubricating fluid
fibrocollagenous
Rheumatic fever is a cause of ___ (inflammation affecting
the endocardium, myocardium and pericardium).
pancarditis
The ______ is a network of drainage vessels for
returning excess extravascular fluid or lymph to the blood
circulatory system and for transporting lymph to the lymph nodes
for immunological screening.
lymph vascular system
Depending on the bacterium involved, the infected thrombus may erode the valve,
leading to severe valve failure, or fragments of the ___ may break off and pass
in the circulation to distant sites where they may block arteries (embolism)
thrombus
(The whole circulatory system has a common basic
structure) Tunica adventitia/externa: ____
Epicardium
The fibrous skeleton of the
heart, also called the cardiac
skeleton, consists of four
fibrous rings:
(anuli fibrosi,
singular: annulus fibrosis) and
the membranous portions of
the septa of the heart.
In the AV valves, branches of the ventricularis
form the ___
chordae tendineae
These layers are histologically the same, composed of a continuous layer of
mesothelial cells with ____ facing the _____
microvilli; pericardial cavity.
In between the outer and inner serous layer is a potential space known as
the pericardial cavity containing _____, which is produced and
reabsorbed by the microvilli on the mesothelial cells.
pericardial fluid
Thrombosis may occur on the free margins of heart valves and, if there is
subsequent ____, they may become infected (valvitis or endocarditis)
bacteremia
(Myocardium) Histologically, the dead muscle fibers are replaced by ____ and remaining muscle fibers enlarge and increase their work rate
(hypertrophy) to compensate
collagenous fibrous
tissue
Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Heart
Patients: No longer recommended for patients with ____
prosthetic
joints.
(The whole circulatory system has a common basic
structure) Tunica intima/interna:
Endocardium
The reduction in flow of arterial blood to the heart is due to the ____
arterial
disease, atherosclerosis, reducing the lumen of the coronary arteries.
_____ is a bacterial or fungal infection of the heart
and can include but is not limited to the cardiac valves. These
vegetative growths can be acute or chronic and are dangerous
because of the potential embolization risk if they were to fragment.
Infective endocarditis
The ____, located on the ventricular side of the valve, has elastic
fibers and an endothelial lining.
ventricularis
Depending on the bacterium involved, the infected thrombus may erode the valve,
leading to severe valve failure, or fragments of the thrombus may break off and pass
in the circulation to distant sites where they may ____
block arteries (embolism)
The _____ is the most variable layer in thickness. Ventricles > atria; LV>RV.
myocardium
This disease, called ______ disease, interferes with valve function,
reducing flow of blood through the valve during systole (aortic stenosis) and allowing
blood to leak back from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole (aortic
regurgitation).
calcific aortic valve disease
(The whole circulatory system has a common basic
structure) Tunica media: ____
Myocardium
The chordae tendineae is predominantly composed of ___ tissues and ____fibers to restrain these valves from
high pressure
dense regular
connective tissue and collagen elastic
The constant layer of the
epicardium is a dense
sheet of fibrocollagenous
tissue which also contains
elastic fibers. On its outer
surface, there is a flat
monolayer of mesothelial
cells Me (not clearly seen
here). These cells are
responsible for ____
secretion
of lubricating fluid
Endocardium composed of 1) _______ (simple squamous epithelium) 2) ____muscle 3) _________ layer
1) Endothelium
2) CT/Smooth muscle
3) Subendothelial layer with Purkinje fibers
pancarditis: This disease is
caused by ____ and was once an important
cause of debilitating cardiac disease, often damaging the cardiac
valves.
Streptococcus pyogenes
Depending on the bacterium involved, the infected thrombus may erode the valve,
leading to ___, or fragments of the thrombus may break off and pass
in the circulation to distant sites where they may block arteries (embolism)
severe valve failure
Infective endocarditis is a bacterial or fungal infection of the heart
and can include but is not limited to the cardiac valves. These
vegetative growths can be acute or chronic and are dangerous
because of the potential ___ risk if they were to fragment.
embolization
The ___ normally has three cusps, but occasionally there are only two
(bicuspid) due to a developmental anomaly
aortic valve
(Cardiac Valves) The ____, an extension of the cardiac skeleton, contains dense irregular
connective tissue (goes around circumference of valve)
fibrosa
T/F: Compared with previous recommendations, there are
currently relatively few patient subpopulations for
whom antibiotic prophylaxis may be indicated prior to
certain dental procedures.
True
In between the outer and inner serous layer is a potential space known as
the ____ containing pericardial fluid, which is produced and
reabsorbed by the microvilli on the mesothelial cells.
pericardial cavity
This
skeleton is located at the base
of the ventricles, between
the atria and the ventricles.
cardiac skeleton
