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Histology Exam 2 > Immune/Lymphoid Systen PT 1 > Flashcards

Immune/Lymphoid Systen PT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

____ develop from activated T cells to provide a ‘rapid reaction force’ for a
subsequent encounter with the same antigen.

A

Memory T cells

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2
Q

Medullary sinuses—broad,
lymphatic channels in inner, less
___

A

cellular medulla

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3
Q

4 Functions of Lymph Nodes:

A

Non-specific filtering of particulate matter & microorganisms
from lymph
* Interaction of circulating lymphocytes with Ag in lymph
* Aggregation, activation, & proliferation of B-cells with
subsequent Ab production
* Aggregation & proliferation of T-cells & induction of cytotoxic
immunity

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4
Q

(Lymph node morphology) Blood vessels enter & leave
lymph nodes at _____

A

hilus

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5
Q

As ____ mature, they express:
* Ag specific t-cell receptors
* CD (cluster of differentiation) surface markers
* Class I & II HLA (human leukocyte Ag) surface markers

A

t-cells

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6
Q

First line of
defense in skin and mucous membranes are
protected by a variety of antibacterial substances
including defensins, short antimicrobial peptides
that are found in surface mucus, and the enzyme
lysozyme, which is secreted in tears and saliva.

A

Protective surface Mechanisms

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7
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells). These lymphocytes are able to kill virus-infected and
some cancer cells. They require _____ to become activated and
proliferate to form clones.

A

interaction with TH cells

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8
Q

Immune System 3 lines of defense:

A

1) Protective surface mechanisms
2) Innate immune system
3) Adaptive immune system

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9
Q

Lymph drains from ___
via single, efferent lymph vessel

A

hilus of node

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10
Q

Malignant tumors of immune system referred to as lymphomas
when they involve solid organs & _____ when they involve
blood

A

leukemias

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11
Q

(cells in lymph nodes)—fibroblasts & reticular cells (fibroblast-like cells
with phagocytic capability); part of formation of CT skeleton of Lymph nodes

A

stromal cells (with extracellular prod forms skeleton)

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12
Q

(Lymph node morphology) Extensions of cortical tissue
into medulla called ____

A

medullary
cords

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13
Q

Phagocytosis and killing of pathogenic organisms
Secretion of cytokines and extracellular antimicrobial
molecules, including neutrophil extracellular traps
(NETs) and pattern recognition molecules (PRMs)

A

Neutrophils

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14
Q

Malignant tumors of immune system referred to as _____
when they involve solid organs & leukemias when they involve
blood

A

lymphomas

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15
Q

(Lymph node Ultrastructure) Proliferation of lymphocytes => lnn
enlargement & ____

A

“swollen glands”

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16
Q

IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM are synthesized by

A

plasma cells

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17
Q

(Lymph node morphology) Grossly, lymph nodes have
dense, outer, cellular ___
(contains B-cells, T-cells, &
plasma cells) & less _____

A

dense cellular cortex, less cellular inner medulla

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18
Q

Lymph Vessels: Assist circulation of
lymphocytes,
concentrate Ag for
elimination within
___

A

lymph nodes

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19
Q

(Lymph node Ultrastructure) Darker staining rim surrounding
germinal center called _____—region of Ag
presentation

A

mantleor
marginal zone

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20
Q

_____ modifies some of the innate response
(opsonisation & complement cascade).

A

Adaptive response

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21
Q

Medullary sinuses—broad,
lymphatic channels in inner, less
cellular medulla; contain
lymphocytes, plasma cells, Mφ;
converge on ____

A

hilus

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22
Q

(cells in lymph nodes) ____ cell —Ag presenting cells (Mφ, b- & t-cells;
originate in bone marrow)

A

immune accessory cell

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23
Q

Thymic blood vessels also surrounded
by connective tissue sheath called
______

A

blood-thymus barrier

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24
Q

—space beneath
capsule where numerous
afferent lymph vessels drain
into

A

Cortical or subcapsular
sinus

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25
Q

Secrete various hormones
(thymotaxin, thymosin, &
thymopoietin)—attract, regulate
& promote t-cell proliferation & differentiation into Tc, Ts & Th
cells

A

Thymus

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26
Q

Activated B cells undergo
mitosis and divide into
clones that can make
more cells to produce
antibodies to the same
antigens.
* Also make ____ cells

A

memory B
cells.

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27
Q

___ are not
open spaces like blood
sinuses—filled with reticular
fibers & M φ processes

A

Lymphatic sinuses

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28
Q

(Thymus) Because t-cells _____,
no afferent lymph vessels to thymus,
only efferent, for lymph drainage

A

are not fully differentiated

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29
Q

Adaptive immune system: depends on ____

A

Lymphocytes

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30
Q

Thymus: Undergoes fatty infiltration & lymphatic
depletion (______)

A

thymic involution

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31
Q

is secreted in tears and saliva.

A

the enzyme
lysozyme

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32
Q

Name organs of the immune system

A

lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, peyer’s patch, lymph node, lymphatic vessels, bone marrow, appendix, thymus, tonsils and adenoids

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33
Q

—broad,
lymphatic channels in inner, less
cellular medulla; contain
lymphocytes, plasma cells, Mφ;
converge on hilus

A

Medullary sinuses

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34
Q

Lymphatic drainage to ___
lymph nodes important in
metastasis of tumor cells

A

regional

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35
Q

Describe the arrangement of Lymph Nodes

A

Arranged in chains or clusters along vessels of lymphatic
origin
(e.g., submandibular, cervical, axillary, femoral, popliteal)

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36
Q

Thymus: Has thin capsule of
____
connective tissue

A

dense, irregular CT

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37
Q

Lymphocytes: T cell receptors antigen binding also depends on
shape and charge but it must also bind to _____

A

major
histocompatibility complex (MHC

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38
Q

Lymphatic sinuses are not
open spaces like blood
sinuses—filled with ____ and ___

A

reticular
fibers & M φ processes

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39
Q

B cells mature in bone
marrow and develop into
____

A

plasma cells.

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40
Q

signaling proteins that guide the movement of cells, such as WBCs, to the areas of inflammation or infection. They also play a role in the development of WBCs in the bone marrow

A

Chemokines

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41
Q

Detail of Hassall’s corpuscle, with concentric layers of keratinizing epithelial cells.
Although the significance of the corpuscles is uncertain, they are apparently formed
from the ____

A

epithelioid stromal cells

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42
Q

(adaptive immunue system) Lymphocyte responsible for humoral response

A

B cell

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43
Q

(Innate Immune System) Acute inflammation is characterized by vascular changes
including dilation, enhanced permeability of capillaries and
increased blood flow, resulting in the production of a _____, thus bringing the proteins and cells
required for early defense to the site of infection.

A

fibrin-rich
inflammatory exudate

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44
Q

– provides a rapid reaction to a
pathogen. There is the same magnitude of reaction with each
encounter

A

Innate immune system

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45
Q

(Lymph node morphology) Outer, fibrous capsule of ____connective tissue

A

dense,
irregular CT

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46
Q

Lymphocytes: Activated when antigen binds to their ____

A

surface
receptor

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47
Q

blood-thymus barrier: Consists of epithelioreticular cells,
reticular fibers, fibroblasts, Mφ, plasma
cells, surrounds endothelium &
_____ of BV

A

basement membrane of blood vessels

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48
Q

T/F: Lymphatic Vessels have valves

A

true

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49
Q

Primary lymphoid tissue–Mature b- & t-cells secondarily migrate to all other lymphoid
tissue, referred to as ___

A

Secondary lymphoid tissue

50
Q

Innate Immune System: ______ is characterized by vascular changes
including dilation, enhanced permeability of capillaries and
increased blood flow, resulting in the production of a fibrin-rich
inflammatory exudate, thus bringing the proteins and cells
required for early defense to the site of infection.

A

Acute inflammation

51
Q

(Thymus) ______: – Immature T-Lymphocytes
– Epithelial Cells (Nurse Cells) – secrete thymic
hormones
– Some Macrophages

A

Outer Cortex

52
Q

Innate Immune System: Acute inflammation is characterized by vascular changes
including ____, ___, ______, resulting in the production of a fibrin-rich
inflammatory exudate, thus bringing the proteins and cells
required for early defense to the site of infection.

A

dilation, enhanced permeability of capillaries and
increased blood flow,

53
Q

post-capillary
venules (= high endothelial
venules) —lined by cuboidal to
columnar endothelium; located
in deep, inner cortex of node at
____

A

corticomedullary junction, or
paracortical zone

54
Q

–Production of mature, immunocompetent Th & Tc cells
* Clonal proliferation of Tc cells
* Clonal deletion of self-Ab’s
Development of immunologic self-tolerance
Failure of clonal deletion may => autoimmune diseases
* Secretion of hormones regulating t-cell development &
maturation
(Functions of WHAT)

A

Thymus

55
Q

diapedesis—
facilitated by _____ present on
both endothelial cells &
lymphocytes

A

complementary
adhesion molecules

56
Q

The paler thymic medulla shows some bright
pink Hassall’s corpuscles. They are __ for thymus

A

diagnostic
features

57
Q

short antimicrobial peptides
that are found in surface mucus

A

defensins

58
Q

Lymphatic Vessels: Assist circulation of
_____,
concentrate Ag for
elimination within
lymph nodes

A

lymphocytes

59
Q

—lined by cuboidal to
columnar endothelium; located
in deep, inner cortex of node at
corticomedullary junction, or
paracortical zone

A

post-capillary
venules (= high endothelial
venules)

60
Q

____ detects, tags, and
eliminates microbial intruders, and helps the
body heal after an injury or infection. It also
helps to clean up damaged cells.

A

The complement system

61
Q

plasma cells: Activated ____ undergo
mitosis and divide into
clones that can make
more cells to produce
antibodies to the same
antigens.

A

B cells

62
Q

Thymus has highly
cellular cortex
packed with
______

A

lymphocytes,
mostly t-cells & M φ

63
Q

(Morphology of Lymphoid Tissue) —lymphoid tissue where b- & t-cells
acquire surface receptors
(bone marrow with b-cells & thymus with t-cells)

A

Primary lymphoid tissue

64
Q

(cells in lymph nodes)—1’ found in germinal centers; possess
numerous phagocytic vesicles

A

Tingible body Mφ

65
Q

(Lymph node morphology) Separated by broad lymphatic
channels, ____

A

medullary sinuses

66
Q

Memory T cells: This is the basis of persisting immunity
after infection with some organisms and also the basis of ___

A

vaccination.

67
Q

(Thymus) Failure of clonal deletion may lead to:

A

autoimmune diseases

68
Q

Phagocytosis and killing of pathogenic organisms
Secretion of cytokines and extracellular antimicrobial
molecules, including neutrophil extracellular traps
(NETs) and pattern recognition molecules (PRMs)

A

macrophages

69
Q

These T lymphocytes ‘help’ other cells to perform their
effector functions by secreting a variety of mediators; thus provide assistance to B
cells, cytotoxic T cells and macrophages.

A

T helper cells (TH cells).

70
Q

Thymus: ____ absent;
limited local clonal
expansion of t-cells

A

2’ follicles

71
Q

Constantly patrol the body, circulating in blood,
lymph and extracellular fluid, pausing in organized
lymphoid tissue.

A

lymphocytes

72
Q

Provide a route
which allows cells &
large molecules in
extracellular space to
re-enter bloodstream

A

Lymphatic Vessels:

73
Q

(Lymph node Ultrastructure) Within cortex are densely packed,
highly cellular ____
(= lymphatic nodules, 1’ follicles)

A

lymphoid follicles

74
Q

Innate Immune System: Consists of cells (WBCs), proteins & peptides that circulate in
the blood. Initial innate response causes _____

A

inflammation

75
Q

(cells in lymph nodes) lymphoid cell—lymphocytes of all types, derived from bone
marrow; enter node via ____

A

bloodstream

76
Q

Opsonises organisms to facilitate phagocytosis
Chemoattractant for various cells
Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills cells by
puncturing plasma membrane

A

Complement

77
Q

B & T cells migrate across walls of
specialized ____ (= high endothelial
venules)

A

post-capillary
venules

78
Q

—encapsulated aggregates of lymphocytes &
lymphoid tissue, distributed throughout body

A

Lymph nodes

79
Q

(Adaptive response) It is also controlled by the innate response & requires ____

A

antigen-
representing cells

80
Q

(cells in lymph nodes)—M φ at periphery of germinal
centers; Ag-presenting cells

A

follicular dendritic cells

81
Q

Degenerates at puberty, vestigial in
adults

A

Thymus

82
Q

(Lymph node Ultrastructure) Lymphocytess respond to Ag by ↑
Ab production via ___

A

clonal expansion

83
Q

Lymph eventually returns to bloodstream
via ___ or ___

A

thoracic duct or R lymphatic
duct

84
Q

Thymus: Similar in appearance to
lnn, but lacks lymphoid
follicles; medulla lacks
___ and ____

A

medullary cords &
sinuses

85
Q

T helper cells (TH cells). These T lymphocytes ‘help’ other cells to perform their
effector functions by secreting a variety of ____. TH cells thus provide ‘help’ to B
cells, cytotoxic T cells and macrophages.

A

mediators

86
Q

forms continuous
antigenic barrier; isolates thymus from
immune system

A

blood-thymus barrier

87
Q

– has the ability to learn
so that second/subsequent response elicits a
greater, more specific and faster response.

A

Adaptive immune system

88
Q

(cells in lymph nodes) Stromal cells & extracellular products (collagen & reticular
fibers), form _____ of lymph nodes

A

connective tissue skeleton

89
Q

Immature T cells migrate from bone marrow to
____ where they mature.

A

thymus

90
Q

(adaptive immunue system) Lymphocyte responsible for cellular response

A

T cell

91
Q

Thymus: Similar in appearance to
lnn, but lacks ____; medulla lacks
medullary cords &
sinuses

A

lymphoid
follicles

92
Q

Lymphatic Vessels: Network of blind-
ended vessels in
_____

A

connective tissue

93
Q

(Lymph node morphology) Interspersed throughout cortex
& medulla are very thin,
___

A

collagenous trabeculae

94
Q

T-Lymphocytes can develop into:

A

T helper cells, cytotoxic cells, regulatory T-cells, memory T cells

95
Q

These cells suppress immune responsiveness to self-
antigens (autoimmunity) and switch off the response when antigen is removed.

A

Regulatory T cells (TREG).

96
Q

B- & T-cells leave bloodstream
& enter node via:

A

diapedesis

97
Q

(Innate Immune System) Many of the cells and signaling molecules of the innate immune
system are vital to the functioning of the ____

A

adaptive immune
system.

98
Q

____ are eosinophilic, lamellated
structures within both medulla
& cortex, represent degenerate
reticular & epithelial nurse cells

A

Thymic or Hassall’s corpuscles

99
Q

Lymphocytes: Huge variety of B cell receptors; binding depends on
___ and ____

A

shape and electrical charge.

100
Q

(Thymus) Inner surface of capsule has continuous
epithelium to ____

A

isolate thymus

101
Q

Sinuses in ____—
cortical sinuses, trabecular
sinuses, or peritrabecular sinuses

A

Sinuses in outer cortex

102
Q

Protective surface Mechanisms: First line of
defense in skin and mucous membranes are
protected by ____ and ___

A

defensins, (found in surface mucus) and the enzyme
lysozyme (secreted in tears and saliva)

103
Q

(Lymph Node) Endothelium of sinus on
side adjacent to capsule
______, but ____
on side adjacent to parenchyma

A

continuous (prevents
leakage); discontinuous

104
Q

Slender ____ or ____ divide
thymus into lobules

A

interlobular septa
or trabeculae

105
Q

These lymphocytes are able to kill virus-infected and
some cancer cells. They require interaction with TH cells to become activated and
proliferate to form clones.

A

Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells).

106
Q

Immune System: All ____ is subject to constant invasion by a variety
of pathogens

A

tissue

107
Q

Thymus: Lobular, lymphatic organ
located in ____

A

mediastinum

108
Q

(Thymus) _____: Epithelia Cells
– Mature T-Lymphocytes
– Thymic Corpuscles (Hassall Corpuscles)
* Circular aggregations of aged, degenerated Nurse Cells

A

Inner Medulla

109
Q

(Morphology of Lymphoid Tissue) —-
located throughout body, associated with mucous
membranes
* Both contain large #’s of lymphocytes
* Common in respiratory & digestive tracts as MALT

A

Diffuse

110
Q

Protective surface Mechanisms: First line of
defense in skin and mucous membranes are
protected by ____
including defensins, short antimicrobial peptides
that are found in surface mucus, and the enzyme
lysozyme, which is secreted in tears and saliva.

A

a variety of antibacterial substances

111
Q

(cells in lymph nodes) _____ cell—lymphocytes of all types, derived from bone
marrow; enter node via bloodstream

A

lymphoid cell

112
Q

—epithelial cells
within thymus, provide nurse
function & structural suppor

A

Nurse cells

113
Q

Thymus: Less cellular, ____
contains mostly b-cells, plasma
cells & M φ

A

central medulla

114
Q

Recognize and kill virus-infected and cancerous cells

A

Natural Killer (NK) cells

115
Q

Plasma cells: Synthesize large amounts
of ____

A

antibodies
(immunoglobulins)

116
Q

(Lymph node Ultrastructure) May contain paler, less dense
_____ (if present, follicle
then referred to as 2’ follicle),
indicate node is responding to Ag

A

germinal centers

117
Q

Phagocytosis and killing of pathogenic organisms
Secretion of cytokines and extracellular antimicrobial
molecules, including neutrophil extracellular traps
(NETs) and pattern recognition molecules (PRMs)

A

eosinophils

118
Q

Non-specific filtering of particulate matter & microorganisms
from lymph
* Interaction of circulating lymphocytes with Ag in lymph
* Aggregation, activation, & proliferation of B-cells with
subsequent Ab production
* Aggregation & proliferation of T-cells & induction of cytotoxic
immunity
(These are the functions of WHAT?)

A

Lymph Nodes

119
Q

(Lymph node Ultrastructure) Sites of b-cell proliferation, (2’
hemopoiesis), contain
_____, _____, and ____

A

lymphoblasts, Mφ, & immature b- &
t-cells

120
Q

(Morphology of Lymphoid Tissue)—organized into discreet structures or organs (e.g., lymph
nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsil

A

Dense

Histology Exam 2 (12 decks)

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