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Histology Exam 2 > Erythrocytes > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Flashcards

1
Q

(3-4) Functions of Blood:

A

–Transportation or exchange
–Protection (immunity)
–Regulation (fluid volume, pH,
thermoregulation)

–Constituents of blood (cells,
proteins and serum) must
contribute to one or more of
these functions

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2
Q

Blood: Considered a ___ because it
contains cells, a liquid ground substance (called
plasma), and dissolved protein (fibers).

A

connective tissue

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3
Q

Blood is about ____ times more viscous than water.

A

About four (a lot thicker/stickier)

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4
Q

2 compartments blood can be broken down into:

A

liquid and cellular
components.

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5
Q

Average volume of blood in adults ~

A

5 liters

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6
Q

3 main components of blood:

A

Erythrocytes, buffy coat, plasma

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7
Q

typically make up about
44% of a blood sample

A

Erythrocytes

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8
Q

measurement of %RBC volume

a blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in your blood

A

hematocrit

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9
Q

composed of leukocytes (or
white blood cells) and cell
fragments called platelets
* forms less than 1% of a
blood sample

A

buffy coat

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10
Q

Formed element making up largest % of blood? What is least?

A

most: erythrocytes (99%)
least: leukocytes (less than 0.1%)

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11
Q

Fluid component of blood, minus the
formed elements
* generally makes up about
55% of blood

A

Plasma

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12
Q

Formed Elements in blood:

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, platelets (thrombocytes)

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13
Q
  • primary function is to transport
    respiratory gases in the blood

*make up more than 99% of
formed elements of

A

Erythrocytes

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14
Q
  • contribute to defending the
    body against pathogens

*make up less than .01% of
formed elements

A

Leukocytes

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15
Q

make up less than 1% of
formed elements and
* help with blood clotting

A

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

RBC> Platelets > WBC

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16
Q

drop of
blood smeared, air dried
& stained

A

Blood Smear:

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17
Q

The_____ is
examined for the # and
kind of cells present and
other morphological
abnormalities

A

blood smear

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18
Q

____: Complex mixture of water, proteins, and other solutes.

A

Plasma

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19
Q

When the proteins are moved from plasma, the remaining fluid is
termed ___

A

serum

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20
Q

___ makes up about 92% of plasma’s total volume.
* it facilitates the transport of materials in the plasma

A

Water

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21
Q

The next most abundant materials in plasma
are the _____

A

plasma proteins

(6 and 8 grams of protein in a volume of 100
milliliters of blood)

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22
Q

The plasma proteins include

A

Albumins
* Globulins
* Fibrinogen
* Regulatory proteins – primarily enzymes &
hormones
* Spectrin (cytoskeletal not plasma)

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23
Q

____ transports many small molecules in the blood
(bilirubin, calcium, progesterone, and drugs).

–Function as transport proteins for insoluable metabolites

A

Albumin

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24
Q

Albumin has prime importance in maintaining the ____
of the blood

A

oncotic pressure

(keeping the fluid from leaking out into the tissues).

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25
Q

T/F: The concentration of albumin in the blood is
much less than it is in the extracellular fluid.

A

False: The concentration of albumin in the blood is
much greater than it is in the extracellular fluid.

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26
Q

Because albumin is synthesized by the ___, decreased
serum albumin may result from ___ disease

A

liver

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27
Q

Decreased serum albumin can also result from ___ disease, which allows
albumin to escape into the urine.

A

kidney

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28
Q

Decreased albumin
may also be explained by malnutrition or a ____
diet.

A

low protein

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29
Q

Makes up about 4% of all plasma proteins.
–Also made in the liver.
–Responsible for blood clot formation

A

Fibrinogen

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30
Q

Following trauma to the walls of blood vessels,
fibrinogen is converted into long, insoluble strands
of ___, which is the essence of a blood clot

A

fibrin

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31
Q

Smaller alpha-
globulins and the
larger beta-globulins
primarily bind,
support, and protect
certain ____,
hormones, and ions

A

water-
insoluble or
hydrophobic
molecule

(act as carrier proteins!)

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32
Q

___ are
immunoglobulins or
antibodies

A

Gamma-globulins

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33
Q

___ is the main structural
component of the RBCs

A

Spectrin

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34
Q

____ was first identified in
erythrocytes, where it forms a
filamentous network required
for red blood cells to maintain
their shape and elasticity

A

Spectrin

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35
Q

need ___ to make RBCs look and function the way they should

A

Spectrin (bioconcave–donut)

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36
Q

Spectrin was first identified in
____, where it forms a
filamentous network required
for red blood cells to maintain
their shape and elasticity

A

erythrocytes

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37
Q

Spectrin Binds to inner surface of the
___

A

plasmalemma

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38
Q

In adult humans, Hemopoiesis occurs in ______ of certain
bones—especially flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, &
some long bone

A

vascular sinuses of bone marrow

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39
Q

In fetus, hemopoiesis first occurs in ____
during first trimester

A

“blood islands” in wall of yolk sac

–starts outside bc not enough fetal tissue in beginning

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40
Q

During second trimester, hemopoiesis occurs in liver & lymphatic tissue & during last
month of pregnancy in ___

A

bone marrow

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41
Q

At time of birth, hemopoiesis restricted primarily to ___

A

marrow cavities

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42
Q

hemopoiesis: # of active sites ___ with age

A

↓ decreased

(make fewer as get older–fewer RBC and WBC)

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43
Q

Process by which mature
blood cells develop from
precursor cells (myeloid stem cell)

A

Hemopoiesis

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44
Q

—red cell
production

A

Erythropoiesis

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45
Q

—white
cell production

A

Myelopoiesis

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46
Q

Hemopoiesis: Under control of
___, secreted by
kidney

A

erythropoietin

(can be introduced endrogenously–lance armstrong)

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47
Q

erythropoietin is secreted by the

A

kidney

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48
Q

Hemopoiesis: Begins with pluripotential
stem cell which
differentiates into several
____ stem cell
lines
[= colony forming units
(CFU’s)]

A

unipotential

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49
Q

__ marrow: active,
contains large #’s of
mature rbc’s

A

Red

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50
Q

Inactive Marrow

A

Yellow or Fatty Marrow

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51
Q

Erythropoiesis Stages:

A

Stem cell (CFU-E) ➔
proerythroblast ➔
Basophilic erythroblast➔ polychromatic erythroblast ➔ orthochromatic erythroblast➔
reticulocyte ➔ mature
rbc

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52
Q

Erythropoiesis Stages: Basic primative cell

A

proerythroblast

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53
Q

Erythropoiesis–Overall trends:

A

cell size, loss of
nucleus &
organelles, ↑ in
[Hb]
(cytoplasm gets more eosinophilically stained–redder)

54
Q

First recognizable erythrocyte precursor

A

Proerythroblast(/early
Normoblast)

55
Q

Proerythroblast: the cell is large with fine, granular nuclear
chromatin containing one or more paler nucleoli. The relatively sparse cytoplasm is
strongly basophilic due to its high content of ___ and ___

A

RNA and ribosomes.

56
Q

Proerthroblast/Early Normoblast: A narrow, pale
zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus represents the ____

A

Golgi apparatus

57
Q

Proerythroblasts divide and differentiate, producing smaller cells called ____

A

basophilic
erythroblasts or early normoblasts

58
Q

These are smaller cells with some condensation
and clumping of chromatin.

A

basophilic
erythroblasts or early normoblasts

59
Q

Polychromatic erythroblasts
(intermediate normoblast): In these cells the cytoplasm develops a grey coloration due to
increasing cytoplasmic _____

A

hemoglobin

60
Q

a mixture of basophilia and
eosinophilia–

A

polychromasia

61
Q

The nuclear chromatin becomes
increasingly condensed. These cells are no longer capable of division

A

Polychromatic erythroblasts

62
Q

Orthochromatic erythroblast
(late normoblast): The
cytoplasm is rich in _____ but still contains ribosomes with continuing
hemoglobin synthesis.

A

hemoglobin

63
Q

The final nucleated form

A

orthochromatic erythroblast (late normoblast).

64
Q

orthochromatic erythroblast (late normoblast): Cytoplasmic organelles are ____. The nuclear
chromatin, and nucleus, becomes extremely condensed; the nucleus is then
extruded.

A

degenerate

65
Q

orthochromatic erythroblast (late normoblast): The nuclear
chromatin, and nucleus, becomes extremely condensed; the nucleus is then
extruded. The result is an ___ early red cell, the reticulocyte

A

anucleate

66
Q

The nuclear
chromatin, and nucleus, becomes extremely condensed; the nucleus is then
extruded. The result is an anucleate early red cell, the ____

A

reticulocyte

67
Q

occasional,
basophilic nuclear remnants visible
within cytoplasm, Usually removed
by the spleen

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

68
Q

immature
rbc’s with stippled cytoplasm;
still have some rRNA
Slightly larger than mature rbc’s

A

Reticulocytes

69
Q

Mature erythrocytes lack___ (circulate ~120 days)

A

nuclei & organelles

70
Q

RBCs are replaced in the circulation by ____, which complete
their hemoglobin synthesis and maturation 1 to 2 days after entering the
circulation.

A

reticulocytes

71
Q

___ account for 1% to 2% of circulating RBCs

A

Reticulocytes

72
Q

RBCs can only make ATP by ____ glycolysis

A

anaerobic

(don’t have mitochondria)

73
Q

Erythrocytes: How does their lack of nuclei affect function?

A

carry respiratory gases

(ex: more efficient at carrying oxygen)

74
Q

Every erythrocyte is filled with
approximately 280 million
molecules of __

A

hemoglobin

75
Q

Each ___ molecule
consists of four protein
globins.

A

hemoglobin

76
Q

All globin chains contain a
____ group
that is in the shape of a ring,
with an iron (Fe) ion in its
center

A

nonprotein (or heme)

77
Q

All globin chains contain a
nonprotein (or heme) group
that is in the shape of a ring,
with an ____ ion in its
center

A

iron (Fe)

78
Q

Oxygen binds to _____
for transport in the blood.

A

iron ions

79
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule
consists of four protein
globins.–

A

Alpha (α) chains and beta (β)
chains

80
Q

any condition in
which the quantity of
erythrocytes is lower than
normal

A

anemia

81
Q

Inadequate production
of/survival of RBCs

A

anemia

82
Q

Lethargy, shortness of
breath, pallor, fatigue, heart
palpitations are common symtoms of

A

anemia

83
Q

Anemia is a ____ disorder

A

Erythrocyte volume disorder

84
Q

How is heart rate affected by Anemia?

A

Increased–has to work harder to supply tissues

85
Q

Polycythemia: blood becomes ___

A

thick and viscous

(have too many erythrocytes in the blood)

86
Q

condition of having too
many erythrocytes in
the blood

A

Polycythemia

87
Q

–
RBC growth in the red
marrow not regulated

A

Polycythemia vera

(blood is thick and sticky–blood has to work harder to push out)

88
Q

Polycythemia is a ___ disorder

A

Erythrocyte volume disorder

89
Q

from a point mutation in which
glutamic acid is replaced by valine at the sixth position in the β-
globin chain.

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

90
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia is a ___ abnormality

A

hemoglobin

91
Q

Defective hemoglobin (Hb S) tetramers aggregate and
polymerize in deoxygenated RBCs, changing the ____ shape into a rigid and less deformable ____ shape

A

biconcave
disk –> sickle-shaped cell.

92
Q

Hb S (defective hemoglobin) leads to severe chronic hemolytic anemia and obstruction
of _____

A

postcapillary venules

93
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia causes ___ in cell => “sickle”
shape; more fragile, easily
damaged

A

conformational
change

94
Q

Sickle-shaped rbc’s also cause
damage to endothelial cells
of capillary walls due to
___

A

rough edges

95
Q

Sickle cell anemia confers
resistance to ___

A

malaria

96
Q

Elliptocytosis is a ___ abnormality

A

Cytoskeletal abnormality (spectrin)

97
Q

autosomal dominant disorder
characterized by the presence of oval-shaped RBCs

A

Elliptocytosis

98
Q

Elliptocytosis is
caused by defective self-association of ____ subunits
& defective binding of ___

A

spectrin. spectrin.

99
Q

Spherocytosis is a ___abnormality

A

cytoskeletal

100
Q

____ is also an autosomal dominant condition
involving a deficiency in spectrin.

A

Spherocytosis

101
Q

The common clinical
features of elliptocytosis and spherocytosis are anemia,
jaundice, and ____ (enlargement of the spleen).

A

splenomegaly

102
Q

Splenectomy is usually curative, because the spleen is
the primary site responsible for the destruction of
_____

A

elliptocytes and spherocytes.

103
Q

thrombocytes— ~___ mm in diameter

A

2-4

104
Q

Small, non-nucleated cells containing
organelles

A

platelets

105
Q

Platelets are formed from large, polyploid cells in
bone marrow, _____

–have single, multi-lobed nucleus
–up to 100mm in diameter

A

megakaryocytes

106
Q

Cells develop pleated _____ in cytoplasm—platelets “tear
of

A

demarcation
channels

107
Q

Lifespan of human platelets

A

8-12 days

108
Q

Platelet function in blood clotting—

A

form
physical plugs at site of vascular
damage

109
Q

Can drugs impair platelet function?

A

Yes –aspirin

110
Q

Result of cascade interaction between plasma
proteins & coagulation factors

A

coagulation

111
Q

coagulation: Occurs only if ____ of vessel injured

A

endothelial lining

112
Q

2 convergent pathways of coagulation:

A

extrinsic and intrinsic

113
Q

Extrinsic pathway: faster—
Initiated by release of ____ as a result of tissue
damage

A

tissue thromboplastin

114
Q

Intrinsic pathway slower—initiated by exposure of ____

A

collagen

115
Q

Which coagulation pathway requires numerous clotting factors (e.g., von Willebrand’s factor, Factor
VIII) & longer cascade rxn

A

Intrinsic Pathway (slower)

116
Q

When wall of blood vessel breaks,
___ injury results

A

tissue

117
Q

When wall of blood vessel breaks,
tissue injury results, releasing ____ which initiates the extrinsic pathway

A

thromboplastin

118
Q

Coagulation: Platelets mechanically adhere to
exposed collagen; also release
________

(potent
vasoconstrictor—constricts smooth
muscle in damaged vessel to
minimize blood loss)

A

serotonin

119
Q

potent
vasoconstrictor—constricts smooth
muscle in damaged vessel to
minimize blood loss

A

serotonin

120
Q

Extrinsic & intrinsic pathways converge to form ___
pathway (at point where Factor X activated)

A

common

121
Q

Extrinsic & intrinsic pathways converge to form common
pathway (at point where Factor X activated)
–Results in conversion of ___ to thrombin, converts
soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

A

prothrombin

122
Q

Traps platelets & rbc’s

A

insoluble fibrin

123
Q

What stops clotting?
–Exhaustion of fibrinogen & removal of ___ from blood
during conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

A

thrombin

124
Q

2 anticoagulants that stop clotting:

A

antithrombin III & heparin

125
Q

Inappropriate __ formation => heart attack, stroke

A

clot

126
Q

Deficiency in clotting factor(s), so blood can’t clot; defect in intrinsic
pathway
–Sex-linked, in males; present on X chromosome

A

Hemophilia

127
Q

—deficiency of clotting Factor
VIII

A

Hemophilia A

128
Q

—Factor IX deficiency

A

*Hemophilia B

129
Q

—Factor XI deficiency

A

*Hemophilia C

130
Q

Von Willebrand’s disease: Factor 8 (FVIII)
and von Willebrand factor (VWF) are two distinct
but related _______ that circulate in plasma
as a tightly bound complex (FVIII/VWF).

A

glycoproteins

131
Q

Hemophilia is a defect in the ____ pathway

A

intrinsic

Histology Exam 2 (12 decks)

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