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Histology Exam 2 > Leukocytes pt 2 > Flashcards

Leukocytes pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

____ play important roles in
maintaining the integrity of blood
vessels

A

Platelets

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2
Q

T/F: RBCs are larger than WBCs

A

False; WBCs are larger

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3
Q

Describe the characteristics of a Monocyte nucleus + cytoplasm

A

–kidney-shaped or U-shaped (bean-shaped)
–large indented nucleus
–Abundant, gray-blue/lavender
cytoplasm

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4
Q

Do monocytes live longer in the bloodstream or tissues?

A

Tissues; Lifespan in tissue several
months (make it a long term immune cell). Present in bloodstream 2-3
days.

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5
Q

T/F: Fixed tissue macrophages remain in same tissue

A

True

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6
Q

–First recognized in Bursa of Fabricius of birds
–In mammals, formed in bone marrow & become
immunocompetent there

A

B-cells

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7
Q

(Thrombopoiesis) Megakaryoblasts undergo _____ (DNA replication without
karyokinesis or cytokinesis

A

endomitosis

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8
Q

–Also function in Ab-dependent, cell-mediated
cytotoxicity (ADCC)
–Responsible for nonspecific cytotoxicity against virus-infected & tumor cells

A

Null Cells–Natural Killer Cells (NK)

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9
Q

–Help initiate immune response & defend body against
pathogens
–True ‘cells’ with nucleus & organelles

A

WBCs

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10
Q

Deficiencies in thrombopoietin cause
_______

A

thrombocytopenia

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11
Q

–Up to three times the diameter of an
erythrocyte
–Constitute about 3–8% of all
leukocytes

A

Monocyte

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12
Q

Fourth step of hemostasis: Platelet procoagulant activity
involving _____

A

thrombin

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13
Q

T/F: Receptors for the macrophage-stimulating factor (M-CSF) are restricted to
the monocyte lineage

A

True

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14
Q

HLA = human leukocyte Ag—major
histocompatability complex [MHC] molecules

A

REVIEW

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15
Q

Azurophilic Granules of monocytes and lymphocytes

A

1’ granules

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16
Q

↑ neutrophils indicate

A

acute inflammation, bacteria

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17
Q

Primitive cells of lymphocytes

A

lymphoblasts

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18
Q

3 Types of T-cells

A

Cytotoxic, suppressor & helper lymphocytes

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19
Q

_____ are highly phagocytic; Capable of continuous lysosomal activity and phagocytic

A

Monocytes

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20
Q

B-cells have HLA Type II Surface Markers and surface ____

A

immunoglobulins

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21
Q

Which is most common lymphocyte?

A

Neutrophil

(never let monkeys eat bananas)

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22
Q

are involved in
bacterial
phagocytosis,
antigen presentation,
and clean-up of dead
cell debris

A

macrophages

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23
Q

Fixed Tissue Macrophages: Also function as _____ in lymphoid
organs

A

Ag-presenting cells

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24
Q

B cells function in ______
immune response

A

humorally mediated
immune response—produce
Ab’s

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25
Q

megakaryoblast give rise to megakaryocyte. These cells form
____ which fragment into
platelets

A

platelet demarcation channels

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26
Q

T-Cells also have _____ determinant molecules on surface–recognize HLA receptors on surface of other cells

A

“cluster of differentiation” (CD molecules)

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27
Q

–1’ effectors in cell-mediated immunity (tend to be
large lymphocytes)
–Recognize cells with foreign surface Ag’s or receptors & kill them
–Punch holes in plasma membranes

A

Cytotoxic or killer t-cells (Tc/Tk)

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28
Q

Monocytes circulate in blood for 12
to 100 hours and then enter the
_____

A

connective tissue

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29
Q

Agranulocytes contain _____ primary granules only

A

Lysosomal-type

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30
Q

Fixed Tissue macrophages: Kupfer cells in

A

liver

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31
Q

–Central role in immunological defense
–Develop initially in the bone marrow

A

Lymphocytes

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32
Q

Second step of hemostasis: Platelet aggregation by binding to
____

A

fibrinogen

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33
Q

Megakaryoblast–>megakaryocyte–>_____ –>
platelet (thrombocyte)

A

proplatelet

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34
Q

–Detect invaders, sound chemical alarm
–Recognize Ag,
usually presented by macrophages or b-cell, then secrete
lymphokines (cytokines)

A

Helper T-Cells (Th)

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35
Q

B-cells have _____ surface markers and surface immunoglobulins

A

HLA Type II Surface Markers (tell if cell belongs to you or not)

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36
Q

Thrombopoiesis: Begin with precursor cell, the _____

A

megakaryoblast

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37
Q

Most macrophages are highly mobile, phagocytic—
contain _____

A

abundant hydrolytic enzymes

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38
Q

Specific granules are ___ granules

A

2’ (take most of stain)

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39
Q

Lymphocytes which possess Fc receptors but
lack specific cell surface markers of either b- or
t-cells

A

Null cells

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40
Q

–manage and direct an immune response
–some directly attack foreign cells and virus-infected cells
–Mature in the thymus

A

T-Lymphocytes (t-cells)

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41
Q

B-cells Function in ____ response of humoral immunity

A

anamnestic

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42
Q

↓ in WBC’s indicate

A

immune suppression/ tumor,e.g.,
-penia

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43
Q

Monocyte: Under the influence of a specific CSF (colony-stimulating factor), each precursor cell establishes its
own ____

A

hierarchy

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44
Q

Parasites are associated with what type of WBC

A

eosinophil

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45
Q

First step of hemostasis: Platelet adhesion to the
_____ matrix

A

subendothelial

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46
Q

Thropoietin is produced in the ____, has a similar
structure to erythropoietin.

A

liver

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47
Q

Result of Leukocyte adhesion deficiency I & II

A

No migration into Connective Tissue (more wbc in blood than expected)
–Immune cells fail to bind to blood vessel wall; can’t reach site of injury

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48
Q

Fixed Tissue macrophages: microglial cells in ____

A

CNS

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49
Q

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) guides the
monocyte precursor cell into the ____ pathway

A

monoblast

50
Q

Increase in immature
granulocyte precursors (band
cells,
metamyelocytes,
myeloblasts) is called
a ____

A

‘left shift’

51
Q

↑ lymphocytes (& monocytes)

A

subacute, viral

52
Q

Cell adhesion proteins play a significant role in immune
surveillance, _______ & tumor metastasis

A

wound healing

53
Q

Explain Macrophage’s role in antigen presentation

A

Can identify & present to lymphoid organs (ramp up immune system)

54
Q

osis mononucleosis

A

“disease” increased wbc

55
Q

Fixed Tissue macrophages: dust cells in

A

lung

56
Q

Active in subacute to chronic infections, along with lymphocytes

A

Monocytes

57
Q

Describe Agranulocytes nucleus + cytoplasm

A

–round or indented nucleus “bean”
–Non-lobulated nucleus
–variable (often
slight) cytoplasm

58
Q

Helper T-Cells: Recognize Ag,
usually presented by macrophages or b-cell, then secrete
_____—act as pheromones, stimulate b-
cells => Ab production, or Tk cells => kill

A

lymphokines (cytokines)

59
Q

stimulated to become plasma cells and
produce antibodies

A

B-lymphocytes (B-cells)

60
Q

Loss of control of Ts cells can lead to

A

Autoimmune disease

61
Q

↑ WBC’ can indicate

A

infection, tumor (problems)

62
Q

Most ____ are highly mobile, phagocytic—
contain abundant hydrolytic enzymes

A

macrophages

63
Q

T-cells have receptors on cell surface like those present on Ab’s (____). Recognize foreign proteins of Ag’s
(_____)

A

paratopes. epitopes

64
Q

B-lymphocytes are stimulated to become ___

A

plasma cells

65
Q

Fixed Tissue macrophages: osteoclasts in

A

bone

66
Q

Platelet activation during
hemostasis involves sequentially:

A

1.Platelet adhesion to the
subendothelial matrix
’ 2.Platelet aggregation by binding to
fibrinogen
’ 3.Platelet secretion of substances
present in the granules, to recruit
additional platelets
’ 4.Platelet procoagulant activity
involving thrombin

67
Q

continued reduction in demand> supply

A

Cytopenia

68
Q

Monocytes: From the bloodstream, they enter the connective tissue to become ____

A

macrophages

69
Q

Thrombopoiesis is regulated by ____

A

thrombopoietin

70
Q

WBC enter the connective tissue via

A

homing mechanism

71
Q

T/F: One of the main events in allergic inflammation is the
recruitment of inflammatory cells into tissue sites where allergic
reactions occur

A

True

72
Q

In the connective
tissue, _____
differentiate into
macrophages

A

monocytes

73
Q

WBC leave bloodstream via

A

diapedesis

74
Q

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) guides the
monocyte precursor cell into the monoblast pathway, leading to the
production of peripheral ___ monocytes and tissue _____

A

blood monocytes and tissue macrophages

75
Q

Malignant & pre-
malignant disease of
WBCs can lead to _______

A

circulating abnormal
cells (leukemia)

76
Q

Lymphocyte maturation (3 stages)

A

lymphoblasts –> prolymphocytes –> lymphocytes

77
Q

Monocytes derive from the granulocyte-macrophage CFU

A

Myeloid progenitor

78
Q

Where does T-cell maturation occur?

A

Thymus

79
Q

1’ cell of immune system—
recirculating, immunocompetent cells

A

Lymphocytes

80
Q

Platelets bind and degrade
______, a process that
autoregulates platelet production.

A

thrombopoietin

81
Q

After encountering Ag, undergo multiple divisions to produce
clone of Ab-producing plasma
cells–this is called

A

amplification, or clonal expansion

82
Q

Differential cell count—

A

relative percentages of WBC’s

83
Q

B-Cells: After encountering Ag, undergo multiple divisions to produce
_____
cells

A

clone of Ab-producing plasma

84
Q

Platelets bind and degrade
thrombopoietin, a process that
_______ platelet production.

A

autoregulates

85
Q

anamnestic response

A

renewed rapid
production of an antibody following second or later
contact with the provoking antigen

86
Q

Plasma cells produce _____

A

antibodies

87
Q

Suppress activity of b-cells, dampen immune response,
especially to “self” molecules

A

Suppressor T-cells (Ts)

88
Q

Third step of hemostasis: Platelet secretion of substances
present in the granules, to _____

A

recruit
additional platelets

89
Q

Neutropenia can lead to ?

A

acute viral infection or severe sepsis ?

90
Q

–Formed in bone marrow, but migrate to thymus to become *immunocompetent
–Responsible for cell-mediated immunity; have long lifespan

A

T-Cells

91
Q

Responsible for nonspecific cytotoxicity against virus-infected & tumor cells

A

Null Cells–Natural Killer Cells (NK)

92
Q

megakaryoblast gives rise to the ______.
–These cells form
platelet demarcation channels which fragment into
platelets

A

megakaryocyte

93
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

increase in the number of
leukocytes in blood

94
Q

Monocytes: Can fuse together to become (multinucleate) ______ in chronic granulomas

A

epithelioid giant cells

95
Q

An excess of thrombopoietin causes
_____

A

thrombocytosis (increased platelet count)

96
Q

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) takes the granulocyte precursor cell into the ______ pathway

A

myeloblast

97
Q

–Most found in lymphatic tissue
–20-25% of total number of
circulating leukocytes
–Round nucleus that
occupies most of the cell
–thin sliver of cytoplasm visible
–may live for a
few days or several years
–densely staining nucleus surrounded by thin
rim of cytoplasm

A

Lymphocytes

98
Q

Most common type of Lymphocyte

A

T-cell (t-cell 90%, b-cell 10%)

99
Q

“extravasate”

A

flow out of vessels and enter tissues

100
Q

Lymphocytes: Active in ____ to ____
infections

A

subacute to chronic
infections

101
Q

2 types of Agranulocytes (or
Mononuclear leukocytes)

A

monocytes & lymphocytes

102
Q

leukocytes that have such small
granules in their cytoplasm that they are frequently
overlooked upon casual observation

A

Agranulocytes

103
Q

–Filled with hydrolytic enzymes
–Present in bloodstream 2-3
days, then extravasate, enter
tissue, become macrophages,
Mj (= histiocytes)

A

Monocytes

104
Q

Some b- & t-cells do not replicate, but remain as
____ cells or _____ cells

A

long-lived memory cells or effector

105
Q

Fixed Tissue macrophages: Langerhans cells in

A

skin

106
Q

Lymphocytes constitute a _____ population of
cells that differ from each other in terms of origin, life
span, preferred sites of localization within lymphoid
organs, cell surface markers, and function

A

heterogeneous

107
Q

B-cell maturation. Occurs in the bone _____

A

Bone marrow–humans

bursa of Fabricius–birds

108
Q

transient reduction in N# can occur due to cytokines in early viral infections

A

Neutropenia

109
Q

total # of RBCs & WBC’s

A

CBC (complete blood count)

110
Q

thrombocytopenia—

A

↓ platelets (harder time clotting)

111
Q

Two classes of Lymphocytes:

A

Small and Big

112
Q

-penia

A

decrease

113
Q

Monocytes–Produce & secrete & have
receptors for chemical aka good at

A

signaling others/getting help (mediators)

114
Q

Null cells: Lymphocytes which possess ______ but
lack specific cell surface markers of either b- or
t-cells (null)

A

Fc receptors

115
Q

______ (15 to 80 μm in diameter) constitute a
population of emigrated blood monocytes that differentiate
in tissues (in response to local conditions

A

Macrophages

116
Q

T-cells recognize ____ on surface of other
cells (prevent “self”-destruction)

A

HLA receptors

117
Q

What do null cells lack and what is the consequence?

A

possess Fc receptors but
lack specific cell surface markers of either b- or
t-cells (null); attack anything–no memory

118
Q

↑ eosinophils indicate

A

allergies, parasites

119
Q

Mature B&T cells leave the marrow & thymus to
circulate and to establish l_____ in the
spleen, lymph nodes and within the gut tube.

A

lymphocyte colonies

120
Q

Thropoietin stimulates the development of megakaryocytes from the _____ into platelets

A

megakaryocyte CFU

Histology Exam 2 (12 decks)

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