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Advanced Embalming > Vascular Difficulties (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Vascular Difficulties (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

The femoral artery is most likely to be affected by

A

Arteriosclerosis

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2
Q

The use of these would be the primary injection and drainage site for Arteriosclerosis

A

Common carotid and Right internal Jugular

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3
Q

The inner wall of the artery is hardened and thickened, but the lumen is well defined and large; vessels can usually be used for arterial injection

A

Type 1 Arteriosclerosis

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4
Q

This condition is frequently seen in the autopsied body when the common iliac arteries are exposed

A

Type 1 Arteriosclerosis

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5
Q

The lumen is quite reduced in size and pushed to one side of the artery

A

Type 2 Arteriosclerosis

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6
Q

The lumen can usually be identified and a small arterial tube can be used for injection

A

Type 2 Arteriosclerosis

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7
Q

The artery is completely occluded

A

Type 3 Arteriosclerosis

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8
Q

If ischemia or gangrene is not present in the area supplied, the collateral circulation may have increased to supply blood to the limb, or there may be minute paths in the occluded artery through which the blood can pass

A

Type 3 Arteriosclerosis

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9
Q

The formation of paths or canals in vessels

A

Canalization

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10
Q

These arteries CANNOT be used for injection

A

Type 3 Arteriosclerosis

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11
Q

List 4 intravascular arterial conditions that can limit the distribution of arterial solution to various body areas

A

Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Thrombosis (Arterial Coagula)
Atheroma

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12
Q

Pre-injection should not be used when?

A

When it will be difficult to establish arterial solution distribution

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13
Q

This could result when the preservative solution is injected as the system would be filled with pre-injection solution

A

Swelling

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14
Q

These should only be used if circulation is thought to be good

A

Pre-injection

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15
Q

In cases where you can use pre-injection, what can it do for you? (pre-injection)

A

Maintains the good distribution and drainage

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16
Q

Many persons who had vascular diseases were given these

A

Blood Thinners and Anticoagulants

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17
Q

Bodies that had been on blood thinners and anticoagulants exhibit what?

A

Good arterial solution distribution and few or no clots in the drainage

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18
Q

The cavity of the vessel is called the

A

Lumen

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19
Q

Arteries have how many layers?

A

3

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20
Q

What are the names of the 3 layers of the arteries?

A 
Tunica intima (Interna)
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia (Externa)
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21
Q

The inner lining of endothelial cells, which continue to form the walls of the capillaries and then the inner walls of the veins and arteries

A

Tunica Interna

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22
Q

The middle layer, composed of smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue

A

Tunica Media

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23
Q

The outer layer, composed mostly of connective tissue

A

Tunica Externa

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24
Q

The blood within the vascular lumen is unable to supply blood to this most outer layer

A

Tunica Externa

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25
Q

The vessels that supply nutrients to the externa are called

A

Vasa Vasorum

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26
Q

Arterioles are made up of?

A

Tunica Intima and Tunica Media

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27
Q

Arteries are made up of

A

All 3 layers (Intima, Media, and Adventitia)

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28
Q

The further away from the heart, the ________ the lumen

A

SMALLER

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29
Q

Unequal distribution of arterial solution frequently occurs afte death from

A

Cerebral Vascular Accident (Stroke)

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30
Q

If vessels on one side of the body have undergone vasoconstriction, the vessels on the opposite side undergo this in order to supply more oxygen to the tissue

A

Vasodilation

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31
Q

What are some complications associated with the end stage of congestive heart failure?

A 
Blood is congested in the right side of the heart
Neck veins engorged; facial tissues dark
Lips, ears, and fingers cyanotic
Pitting Edema often 
Ascites
Anasarca
Blood may be more viscous
Salt is retained
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32
Q

Recommended treatment for Congestive Heart Failure case?

A

Restricted Cervical or
Continuous
Immediate cavity treatment

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33
Q

Methods to reduce swollen and distended neck

A

Air/water collar filled with sand
Turkish Towel
Cold Water Pack

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34
Q

Edema will require a stronger solution, but these should be avoided

A

Lanolin based or humectants

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35
Q

Why should lanolin based or humectants be avoided in edematous cases?

A

They add more fluid, and you want to draw the fluid out with an edematous case

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36
Q

In congestive heart failure cases, this is common

A

Lung purge

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37
Q

Lung purge should be encouraged in congestive heart failure cases, but what should be put on the face to prevent surface discolorations?

A

Massage Cream

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38
Q

These are also common in congestive heart failure cases, and should be aspirated prior to injection only if necessary

A

Ascites

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39
Q

If there is a build up of decomposition gases, when should you aspirate?

A

Prior to injection

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40
Q

RUUUP

A

Reduced pressure and rate of flow
Utilize care in raising vessels
Use gauze to tie off vessels
Use of various distribution and drainage aids, massage
Proper selection of size and type of injection and drainage tubes

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41
Q

What is RUUUP used for?

A

Mechanical and manual aids in Congestive Heart Failure cases

42
Q

Characteristics of Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2)

A 
Arteriosclerosis
Obesity (possible)
Gangrene (often dry)
Decubitus Ulcers
Abnormal pH
Bacterial and mycotic infections
43
Q

Recommended injection for Congestive Heart Failure cases?

A

Restricted Cervical

44
Q

What do anticoagulants do?

A

Lubricate
Prevent Clots
Break up Clots

45
Q

What do water conditioners do?

A

Lubricate
Prevent Clots
Break Up clots
Treat minerals in water

46
Q

You should avoid these in congestive heart failure cases?

A

Pre-injection

47
Q

What pressure/rate of flow is used in congestive heart failure cases?

48
Q

What kind of drainage for congestive heart failure cases?

A

Intermittent

49
Q

For the NBE, how many 16 oz bottles of cavity fluid per 50 lbs?

50
Q

What is the equation for cavity fluid for the NBE?

A

One 16 oz bottle per 50 lbs

51
Q

For dehydration, a milder solution should be used, as well as a co-injection. What should be mixed into the co-injection?

A

Humectants

52
Q

Immediate tissue fixation

A

Head freeze

53
Q

Edematous fluids are what compared to the vascular system cells?

A

Hypertonic

54
Q

Pressure on the outside of an artery or vein

A

Extravascular resistance

55
Q

May restrict the flow of arterial solution into a body region, or may restrict drainage

A

Extravascular resistance

56
Q

Relieve as much as possible by manipulation prior to arterial injection

A

Rigor Mortis

57
Q

Relieve by draining prior to or during arterial injection only in extreme cases

58
Q

Puncture the abdomen and relieve gases prior to or during arterial injection

A

Gas in Cavities

59
Q

Remove prior to injection

60
Q

Massage; use positioning blocks to reduce the amount of surface that the body comes into contact with

A

Contact Pressure

61
Q

Excise with permission if absolutely necessary

62
Q

Sectional injection may be necessary

A

Tumors or swollen lymph nodes

63
Q

Drainage may be possible prior to injection, but can be too risky, as the embalmer will probably puncture a major artery

A

Hydrothorax

64
Q

Above and below heart injection and drainage points can be employed

A

Visceral Weight

65
Q

Recommended treatment for extra-vascular difficulties

A

Sectional arterial injection
Sectional hypodermic injection
Operative Aids

66
Q

What operative aids can be used for extra-vascular difficulties

A

Necrotic Tissue excision
Swollen tissue excision
New growths excised
Surface compresses

67
Q

Before performing any unnecessary operative aids for extra-vascular incisions, what should be obtained?

A

Written Permission

68
Q

You have a body that is pre-disposed to decomposition. What kind of arterial fluid should be used.

A

Large volume of high index

Possible waterless embalming

69
Q

Why should a higher strength fluid be used on a body predisposed to decomposition?

A

Edema, bacteria, and especially ammonia, which neutralizes formaldehyde

70
Q

You have a body pre-disposed to decomposition. What mechanical or manual aids be used?

A

Pressure, flow

Various distribution and drainage aids

71
Q

You have a body pre-disposed to decomposition. What kind of injection and drainage will you use?

A

Constant flow and intermittent drainage

Vascular injection if possible

72
Q

You have a body pre-disposed to decomposition. What kind of injection should be used?

A

Sectional, 6 point injection

73
Q

You have a body in which decomposition is present. What strength, type, and quantity of chemicals should be used?

A

High preservation demand fluid
Large volume
Surface embalming
Hot water

74
Q

You have a body in which decomposition is present. What mechanical and manual aids should be used?

A

Various distribution and drainage

Hypodermic embalming

75
Q

A humectant mixed with arterial fluid is a

A

Modifying agent

76
Q

A humectant alone is a

A

Supplemental Chemical

77
Q

What is the objective of embalming a dehydrated body?

A

To establish or to maintain a proper moisture balance in the dead human body

78
Q

This may occur internally while dehydration occurs externally

A

Imbibition

79
Q

Condition resulting from excessive loss of bodily fluid

A

Dehydration

80
Q

The absorption of moisture into the air from a body

A

Dehydration

81
Q

Extreme dehydration

A

Mummification

82
Q

Humectant arterial fluid or co-injection in primary dilution will prevent this in secondary dilution

A

Postmortem Dehydration

83
Q

These should be used in the last injection only

A

Humectant Chemicals

84
Q

List the causes of antemortem dehydration

A

Restricted Fluid intake
Excessive Moisture loss
Reduction of electrolytes in body fluids

85
Q

List the 3 principal causes of post embalming tissue dehydration

A

Chemical
Drainage
Environmental Surface Evaporation

86
Q

How much water is in a normal body?

A

Per 100 lbs, 75 lbs water

87
Q

How much water is in a dehydrated body?

A

Per 100 lbs, 65 lbs water

88
Q

How much water is in an edematous body?

A

Per 100 lbs, 85 lbs water

89
Q

List the ways the embalmer can guard against feature dehydration originating from cavity fluid

A

Keep head elevated
Use cavity injector instead of embalming machine
Ligate both carotids and jugulars
Gravitate cavity fluid high to low over viscera

90
Q

List the Strength, type, and quantity of chemicals for a dehydrated case

A

Use a humectant
Cold water
Massage cream for pre, during, and post embalming

91
Q

What are the mechanical and manual aids for a dehydrated case?

A

Massage cream
Various distribution and drainage aids
Hypodermic tissue fillers only after injection

92
Q

When should hypdermic tissue fillers be used in a dehydrated case?

A

AFTER INJECTION

93
Q

Where is it possible to inject tissue builder?

A

Temples
Cheek bones
Hollow areas
Under mandible

94
Q

What are some of the types of tissue builders

A

Silicone based

Massage Cream

95
Q

What are the controlled injection and drainage choices for a dehydrated case?

A

Constant flow and intermittent drainage

Alternate injection and drainage

96
Q

Humectants can be incorporated in almost any embalming case except?

A

Decomposition

Edematous cases

97
Q

Why can’t you use humectants in a decomposition case?

A

So viscous they would clog the arteries

98
Q

Why can’t you use humectants in edematous cases?

A

You want to draw moisture out, not add more in

99
Q

Injection site for dehydration case?

A

Femoral artery

100
Q

Humectants should be used only after all blood drainage has ceased - this should dominate drainage

A

Clear arterial fluid

Advanced Embalming (24 decks)

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