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Advanced Embalming > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What do high temperatures (over 100 degrees) do to HCHO?

A

Accelerates polymerization/precipitation

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2
Q

What do high temperatures (over 100 degrees) do to disinfectants and preservatives?

A

Breaks them down

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3
Q

Storing fluids in extreme cold (less than 32 degrees) causes what to solutes?

A

Polymerization/precipitation

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4
Q

What is the ideal temperature for fluid storage?

A

55 degrees

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5
Q

Methanol is incorporated into embalming fluid as what?

A

An anti-polymerization agent

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6
Q

What does methanol do to HCHO?

A

Extends shelf life

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7
Q

The average shelf life of embalming fluid is between?

A

2-5 years

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8
Q

Without methanol, HCHO will polymerize into what?

A

Paraformaldehyde Crystals

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9
Q

If HCHO polymerizes into paraformaldehyde crystals, formalin then forms what?

A

Formic Acid

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10
Q

Once methanol breaks down, the fluid becomes _________

A

Useless

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11
Q

What is paraformaldehyde used in?

A

Preservative powders

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12
Q

Shelf life is prolonged by adding what to embalming fluid

A

Buffers

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13
Q

Strongly alkaline solutions cause this, which is the breakdown of HCHO

A

Cannizzaro’s reaction

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14
Q

What kind of solutions cause Cannizzaro’s reaction?

A

Strongly Alkaline

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15
Q

Highly acidic solutions promotes what?

A

Precipitation/polymerization

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16
Q

What kind of solutions promote precipitation/polymerization

A

Highly Acidic

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17
Q

What kind of solutions promote precipitation/polymerization

A

Highly Acidic

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18
Q

What kind of solution is best for arterial fluid?

A

Slighlty acidic (7.3)

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19
Q

Light causes a color change to embalming fluids, interfering with the eventual reaction of what?

A

Cosmetic dyes

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20
Q

Light increases what of the formaldehyde?

A

Polymerization

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21
Q

Light increases what of the formaldehyde?

A

Polymerization

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22
Q

The breakdown of active dyes and precipitation/polymerization can be delayed and shelf life extended by the utilization of what?

A

Tinted bottles and containers

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23
Q

List the factors that influence the stability of shelf life

A 
Temperature
Time
pH
Light
Quality of methanol to prevent polymerization
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24
Q

All embalming chemicals are caustic in nature and will damage what?

A

Tissue and mucous membranes

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25
Q

What kind of gloves should be work?

A

Latex or nitral

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26
Q

To protect the embalmer’s respiratory tract, these should always be utilized

A

Exhaust Ventilation

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27
Q

This occurs in the tank of your injection

A

Primary dilution

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28
Q

The dilution of the concentrated fluid with the water to form the arterial fluid solution

A

Primary Dilution

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29
Q

The union of the tissue juices and liquids of the body with the arterial fluid solution to further reduce the concentration of the preservative ingredients

A

Secondary Dilution

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30
Q

Where does secondary dilution always occur?

A

Within the body

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31
Q

This is the key variable in determining both primary and secondary dilution

A

Moisture Content of the body

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32
Q

It is the degree of this which largely determines variation in the primary dilution

A

Secondary Dilution

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33
Q

The normal index for a moderate fluid in the bottle is?

A

20-26

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34
Q

The normal index in the tank is?

A

2%
No set volume
70% tissue saturation

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35
Q

What do most moderate fluids contain?

A

Humectants and active dyes

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36
Q

The moisture content of a so-called normal adult body is said to be as high as

A

75% total body weight

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37
Q

The moisture content of an edematous body can be as high as

A

85% total body weight

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38
Q

The moisture content of a dehydrated body can be as high as

A

65% total body weight

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39
Q

These play an important part in determining the characteristics of the different embalming fluids and in controlling to a large extent the reactions between the cellular tissues and the chemical solution

A

Salts

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40
Q

If a salt is added to a liquid, this results

A

A solution

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41
Q

If a salt is added to a liquid, this results

A

A solution

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42
Q

When the salt has completely dissolved in the water and is thoroughly mixed by agitation, the result is?

A

A TRUE solution

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43
Q

The more solute added to the solvent, the more __________ the solution becomes

A

Conecntrated

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44
Q

The strength of the solution indicates how much ______ is present

A

Solute

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45
Q

The amount of solute in a solution has a direct effect on the ____________ of the solution

A

Density

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46
Q

Weight per unit volume

A

Density

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47
Q

Density is expressed in terms of?

A

Grams per cubic centimeter or pounds per cubic foot

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48
Q

It is often desirable to compare the weight of a given volume of a substance with an equal volume of water. This ratio is called

A

Specific Gravity

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49
Q

The density of salt concentration of a solution is frequently compared to that of what?

A

Blood

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50
Q

If a solution contains less of a dissolved substance than is found in blood, it is said to be

A

Hypotonic

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51
Q

If a solution contains more dissolved substance than is found in blood, it is said to be

A

Hypertonic

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52
Q

If a solution contains the same amount of solute as found in the blood, it is said to be

A

Isotonic

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53
Q

A solution will penetrate to the side containing the more _______ solution

A

Dense

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54
Q

Never more than _________ of pre-inection

A

One Gallon

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55
Q

If too much concentrated fluid is used, a ________ tonic solution results

A

Hypertonic

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56
Q

A hypertonic solution, being more concentrated, will have the effect of doing what?

A

Removing too much moisture

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57
Q

Removing too much moisture causes what?

A

Over-dehydration

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58
Q

How many bottles should be used per gallon of co-injection for anasarca

A

One bottle

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59
Q

How many bottles should be used per gallon of co-injection for anasarca

A

One bottle

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60
Q

Edematous fluids are what kind of fluids?

A

Hypertonic

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61
Q

An embalming solution less dense than the tissue liquids is said to be

A

Hypotonic

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62
Q

A hypotonic embalming solution will do what?

A

Flow rapidly through the capillary walls into the soft tissue areas

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63
Q

If the solution is hypertonic, it will do what?

A

Draw tissue liquid through the capillary wall into the circulatory system and away from the soft tissue areas

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64
Q

What do surfactants do in terms of surface tension?

A

Lowers surface tension of the embalming fluid

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65
Q

Surfactants reduce __________ (not surface tension)

A

Viscosity

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66
Q

Surfactants reduce viscosity, which leads to

A

Better penetration, and better preservation

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67
Q

Surfactants reduce viscosity, which leads to

A

Better penetration, and better preservation

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68
Q

Suractants reduce the capillary attraction, causing what?

A

The almost immediate clearing of blood from the capillaries

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69
Q

It is only what fluids that have any chance of being absorbed by the cells of the body

A

The fluids that osmose through the capillary walls into the intracellular spaces

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70
Q

Surfactants increase the ability of the fluid to filter through the semi-permeable capillary walls in an _____________________

A

Even and uniform manner

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71
Q

Surfactants increase the ability of the fluid to filter through the semi-permeable capillary walls in an even and uniform manner, making it is possible to incorporate these in the fluid to obtain a natural coloring and texture of the skin

A

Active Dyes

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72
Q

A process by which the solvent of a solution passes through a semi-permeable membrane from a less dense to a more dense solution

A

Osmosis (Hindered Diffusion)

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73
Q

When a crystalloid solution is separated by a semi-permeable membrane, which permits the penetration of crystalloids but excludes colloids, then a water is drawn by osmotic attraction into the colloidal mixture, the dissolved crystalloids will be drawn in as well

A

Dialysis (Selective diffusion)

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74
Q

In dialysis, when a crystalloid solution is separated by a semi-permeable membrane, the membrane permits,crystalloids, but excludes what?

A

Colloids

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75
Q

In dialysis, a water is drawn by osmotic attraction into the colloidal mixture, and these will be drawn in as well

A

Dissolved Crystalloids

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76
Q

The pH of the medium in which the chemical reaction takes place controls to a great extent the type of action that occurs between what?

A

Preservative chemicals and tissues

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77
Q

In an alkaline condition, tissues tend to do what?

A

Retain their natural color and better internal cosmetic effect is possible

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78
Q

Under prolonged periods, aldehydes tend to do what?

A

Lose their potency in the presence of alkaline conditions

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79
Q

Under prolonged periods, aldehydes tend to do what?

A

Lose their potency in the presence of alkaline conditions

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80
Q

Preservative solutions in an acid medium tend to do what?

A

Produce rapid coagulation of proteins

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81
Q

Preservative solutions in an acid medium tend to do what to the tissues

A

Turn the ashen-gray

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82
Q

Immediately following molecular cellular death, the pH of blood and body liquids drops from the normal 7.4 to a pH of what?

A

as low as 5.5

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83
Q

As rigor mortis passes, the pH becomes ________

A

Alkaline

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84
Q

The pH condition of the body at the time of embalming depends on what?

A

The post mortem interval, and the specific cause of death

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85
Q

Some sort of control should be used to maintain a more or less _____________ in all cases

A

Uniform Chemical Medium

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86
Q

The class of chemicals used as controls in embalming fluids are known as what?

A

Buffer agents

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87
Q

Buffer agents have the ability to absorb this so that the condition remains at the desired pH

A

Excess amounts of acid or alkali

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88
Q

The amount of fluid to be used in an aqueous solution

A

Solution Volume

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89
Q

This is perhaps the factor of primary importance in determining the arterial solution volume

A

Tissue Capacity

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90
Q

List the factors directly related to HCHO demand

A

Index of the primary dilution in the tank
Drainage loss
HCHO residual
Volume

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91
Q

Too little concentration causes

A

Water-logging

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92
Q

Too much concentration causes

A

Dehydration/Desiccation

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93
Q

The index of the arterial fluid solution in primary dilution

A

Strength of injection

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94
Q

The index of the arterial fluid solution in primary dilution

A

Strength of injection

95
Q

The only safe procedure for any embalmeris to completely saturate the tissue of every remains with a solution of sufficient strength to destroy

A

MOST Microorganisms

96
Q

Most experts feel that minimal disinfection standards should be set at

A

70% tissue saturation by HCHO gas with primary dilution at 2% index in primary dilution

97
Q

What are the historical standards for arterial fluid solution?

A

1 gallon of 1% AFS per 50 lbs

98
Q

In extreme cases, what is the index in primary dilution sufficient to deal with most embalming problems?

A

5%

99
Q

The temperature of ordinary tap water procedures highly desirable results in the vast majority of cases, and the temperature is?

A

60 degrees F

100
Q

This seems to be best for encouraging good drainage

A

Cold Water

101
Q

This seems to be best for encouraging good drainage

A

Cold Water

102
Q

Never, ever inject a frozen body with hot water. Why?

A

Because liquid blood drainage will coagulate causing the body to swell severely

103
Q

Describe hot water embalming

A

Heat acts as a catalyst to liberate HCHO gas rapidly

104
Q

What is the end result of Hot water embalming?

A

Rapid firmness of tissue but only in confined areas near the point of injection

105
Q

When should hot water embalming be utilized?

A

In cases of advanced decomposition
Where drainage is minimal or non-existent and the embalmer anticipates at least a six point injection
When the embalmer anticipates hypodermically injecting areas

106
Q

Hot water will release fumes in the air and increase what?

A

HCHO exposure to the embalmer

107
Q

Hot water embalming will do what to the blood?

A

Coagulate

108
Q

Hot water embalming only work for ___________

A

Short Distances

109
Q

Hot water embalming only work for ___________

A

Short Distances

110
Q

That pressure which will overcome vascular resistance and cause a moderate uniform movement of the arterial fluid solution from the injector (machine) into the vascular system and ultimately into tissue cells

A

Ideal pressure

111
Q

Maximum pressure is where?

A

At the point of injection

112
Q

Point of injection means where

A

Arterial tube enters artery

113
Q

A cloudiness resulting from the presence of suspended particles in water

A

Turbidity

114
Q

Turbidity is objectionable in water used to dilute embalming fluids. Why?

A

Because the size of the particles may be such that in aggregation, they can block capillaries and restrict fluid distribution and tissue preservation

115
Q

Turbidity is objectionable in water used to dilute embalming fluids. Why?

A

Because the size of the particles may be such that in aggregation, they can block capillaries and restrict fluid distribution and tissue preservation

116
Q

It has been found that a solution that is slightly _______ to the blood

A

Hypotonic

117
Q

The best embalming results in water with a pH of

A

7.4

118
Q

The best embalming results in water with a pH of

A

7.4

119
Q

The study of the toxic or harmful effects of chemicals in the body

A

Toxicology

120
Q

This deals with the symptoms and treatment of poisoning as well as the identification of the poison

A

Toxicology

121
Q

Any chemical absorbed into bodily tissues having harmful or fatal potential

A

Toxin - chemical

122
Q

A poisonous substance produced by certain microorganisms

A

Toxin - biological

123
Q

Extracellular toxin produced and released by bacterial cells as a normal physiological process

A

Exotoxin

124
Q

Intracellular toxin produced and retained by bacterial cells and released only by destruction or death of the cells

A

Endotoxin

125
Q

Any substance that is injurious to health or causes death, either taken internally or applied externally

A

Poison

126
Q

An agent that counteracts the effects of an ingested poison, either by inactivating it or by opposing its action following absorption

A

Antidote

127
Q

What are some examples of hazardous chemicals frequently used in the embalming

A 
Methanol
Formaldehyde
Salts of heavy metals
Ethyl ether
Phenol
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Acetone
Benzene
128
Q

What are some examples of benzene?

A

Dimethylbenzene
Paradichlorobenzene
Orthodochlorobenzene

129
Q

Poisonings are caused by these heavy metals

A 
Antimony
Arsenic
Bismuth
Cadmium
Copper
Gold
Lead
Mercury
Silver
Thallium
130
Q

Poisonings are caused by these heavy metals

A 
Antimony
Arsenic
Bismuth
Cadmium
Copper
Gold
Lead
Mercury``
Silver
Thallium
131
Q

L.D. 50

A

Lethal Dose

132
Q

An abbreviation for the median dose of a toxin that will kill within a stated period of time 50% of the animals innoculated

A

L.D. 50

133
Q

M.L.D.

A

Minimum Lethal Dose

134
Q

The minimum amount of toxin which when injected into a test animal will kill it in a specific amount of time

A

M.L.D.

135
Q

What are the factors influencing the action of poisons

A 
Weight
Age
State of Health
Physical state of the poison
Tolerance
Metabolic rate
Method of administration
Habituation
136
Q

The process of forming a habit

A

Habituation

137
Q

The method by which the nervous system gradually reduces response to a repeated stimulus

A

Habituation

138
Q

What will show signs of poisonings in most cases?

A

The kidney and liver

139
Q

These are the most important cleaning agents to the embalmer

A

Soaps

140
Q

The major action of soap is to aid in

A

the mechanical destruction and removal of microbes

141
Q

The major action of soap is to aid in

A

the mechanical destruction and removal of microbes

142
Q

Soaps are usually made from what?

A

Fats and lye

143
Q

Soaps depend on what for their cleaning action

A

Their content of alkali

144
Q

Soaps combine with calcium and magnesium salt in hard water to form what?

A

An insoluble scum

145
Q

If soap is to be followed by some germicide, it should be thoroughly washed off with ____ before the germicide is applied

A

70% alcohol

146
Q

Soap and some germicides combine to form what?

A

Inert Compounds

147
Q

A term to distinguish synthetic compounds from soaps

A

Detergents

148
Q

Detergents are made from

A

Fats and oils

149
Q

As a detergent is ionized in water, its electrically charged ions attach themselves to dirt and carry the dirt and microbes away with

A

the rinse of water

150
Q

Detergents dissolve readily in

A

cold water

151
Q

Detergents dissolve completely in

A

Even the hardest water

152
Q

Soaps and detergents are usually germicidal for these

A 
Pneumococci
Streptococci
Gonococci
Meningicoccal
Some influenza viruses
153
Q

This virus is unaffected by soaps and detergents

A

Hepatitis

154
Q

This is superior to ethyl alcohol

A

Isopropyl Alcohol

155
Q

This is superior to ethyl alcohol

A

Isopropyl Alcohol

156
Q

Isopropyl alcohol is effective against

A

Vegetative Bacilli (not spores)

157
Q

Isopropyl alcohol is effective in dilutions of

A

70% and stronger

158
Q

Isopropyl alcohol is not effective against this virus

A

Hepatitis

159
Q

Isopropyl alcohol enhances the activity of other chemical agents such as

A

QUATs and Chlorhexidine

160
Q

A gas which has excellent disinfective qualities against all bacteria, bacterial spores, and viruses

A

Formaldehyde

161
Q

When dissolved in water, formaldehyde is called

A

Formalin

162
Q

A bacterial aldehyde that is acidic in water

A

Gluteraldehyde

163
Q

A bacterial aldehyde that is acidic in water

A

Gluteraldehyde

164
Q

The action of gluteraldehyde is sped up if the solution is

A

Alkalinized

165
Q

Gluteraldehyde is effective against this virus

A

Hepatitis

166
Q

Exposure to Gluteraldehyde should be _________ for sterilization

A

10-12 hours

167
Q

Exposure to Gluteraldehyde should be _________ for disinfection

A

30 minutes

168
Q

What are the 5 examples of Gluteraldehyde

A 
Cidex
Di San
Sporicidin
Sonacide
3M brand Disinfecting and Sterlizing Solution
169
Q

An alkaline solution of gluteraladehyde in 70% alcohol

A

Cidex

170
Q

Cidex is an excellent

A

Bactericide
Viricide
Sporocide

171
Q

Cidex is an excellent cold soak for

A

Instruments

172
Q

Gluteraldehyde has been classified as

A

Carcinogen

173
Q

What are the examples of Phenols?

A 
Amphyl
Staphene
O-Syl
Hexahlorophene
Chlorhexidine
174
Q

What are the examples of Phenols?

A 
Amphyl
Staphene
O-Syl
Hexahlorophene
Chlorhexidine
175
Q

What is an example of hexachlorophene?

A

Phisophex

176
Q

What are the examples of chlorhexidine

A

Hibistat

Hiblicens

177
Q

An antiseptic hand and body cleansing containing chlorhexidine gluconate used in surgery

A

Hibistat

178
Q

An antiseptic hand cleaner containing chlorhexidine gluconate

A

Hiblicens

179
Q

These represent a large group of compounds which act against many vegetative bacteria by attacking the cytoplasmic membrane

A

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

180
Q

Quats are widely used for the disinfection of

A

Inanimate Objects

181
Q

Quats are not effective against

A

Hydrophillic viruses

182
Q

Quats are effective against

A

Lipophilic viruses

183
Q

Examples of QUats are

A

Diaparine Chlroide
Zephiran Chloride
Ceepryn Chloride
Phemerol

184
Q

Compounds in which iodine is carried by a surface-active solvent

A

Iodophors

185
Q

Compounds in which iodine is carried by a surface-active solvent

A

Iodophors

186
Q

The free iodine liberated from Iodophors is the

A

Bactericidal Agent

187
Q

The surface active solvent in an iodophor enhances the action of the iodine, rendering it

A

Odorless and prevents staining

188
Q

Iodophors are effective against __________ at concentrations over 5000 parts per million

A

Hepatitis B

189
Q

Examples of Iodophors are

A

Betadine
Wescodyne
Hisine
Iosan

190
Q

This is one of the most effective and widely used of all chemical disinfectants

A

Chlorine

191
Q

A powerful oxidizing agent

A

Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach)

192
Q

In a 1-10 dilution or at least 5000 parts per million, sodium hypochlorite is better than what?

A

Gluteraldehyde

193
Q

Bleach should never come into contact with formaldehyde. Why?

A

It will generate Bischloromethyl ether (BCME) a carcinogen gas

194
Q

Sodium Hypochlorite is lethal to

A

Hepatitis B

195
Q

Ammonia + HCHO =

A

Neutralization

196
Q

Ammonia + Bleach =

A

Chlorine Gas

197
Q

These are natural disinfectants

A

Halogens VIII

198
Q

Examples of Halogens

A 
Fluorine
Bromine
Chlorine
Iodine
Astatine
199
Q

In selecting a disinfectant for instruments and other preparation room paraphernalia, keep in mind the characteristics of a good disinfectant

A

Wide Range of Activity
Sufficient Strength
Acts in the presence of water
Be stable and have a reasonable long shelf life
Non-corrosive to metal instruments
Fast Acting
Not Highly toxic to living tissues or injurious to the respiratory system

200
Q

In selecting a disinfectant for instruments and other preparation room paraphernalia, keep in mind the characteristics of a good disinfectant

A

Wide Range of Activity
Sufficient Strength
Acts in the presence of water
Be stable and have a reasonable long shelf life
Non-corrosive to metal instruments
Fast Acting
Not Highly toxic to living tissues or injurious to the respiratory system

201
Q

Comprises the disinfection practices carried out after the embalming process to protect the environment and includes personal hygiene for the embalmer as well as disinfection of the instruments, equipment, and preparation room

A

Terminal disinfection

202
Q

The purpose of these is the prevention of clotting within the blood vessels of a living person

A

Anticoagulants

203
Q

Anticoagulants are often used following a

A

Non-fatal coronary occlusion with myocardial infarction

204
Q

A fixed clot or obstruction is called a

A

Thrombosis

205
Q

A free floating clot or detached thrombus is called

A

Emboli

206
Q

Thrombo-embolic lesions occur most often in

A 
Lungs (23%) 
Kidneys (14%)
Spleen (9%)
Brain (8%)
Extremities (2%)
207
Q

The embalming significance of the obstruction is the

A

blockages they cause in the vascular system

208
Q

What are examples of Medicinal Anticoagulants?

A

Herapin
Dicumerol
Coumadin

209
Q

How is herapin administered?

A

Intravenously

210
Q

How is dicumerol administered?

A

Orally

211
Q

How is Coumadin administered?

A

Orally

212
Q

A dangerous drug leading to uncontrolled hemorrhage

A

Dicumerol

213
Q

Used to treat rheumatic heart disease, auricular fibrillation, and those patients having suffered repeated coronary attacks

A

Dicumerol

214
Q

An anticoagulant that depresses synthesis in the liver of several factors which are known to be active in the coagulation mechanisms in a variety of diseases

A

Coumadin

215
Q

Anticoagulants are not a problem to the embalmer unless the body has been

A

Refrigerated for a long postmortem interval

216
Q

Anticoagulants are not a problem to the embalmer unless the body has been

A

Refrigerated for a long postmortem interval

217
Q

This is used primarily in those persons who display a pronounced tendency to hemorrhage

A

Vitamin K

218
Q

The purpose of Vitamin K is to

A

restore a normal clotting time

219
Q

This vitamin is synthesized by the action of colon bacili in the intestinal tract

A

Vitamin K

220
Q

Vitamin K1 is derived from

A

Green plants such as alfalfa

221
Q

Vitamin K2 is derived from

A

Decomposed Fishmeal

222
Q

Agonal clots are _________________ by the arterial fluid solution

A

Unaffected

223
Q

To remove agonal clots, what should you do?

A

Restricted Cervical Method

224
Q

There are 7 areas of failure in embalming. What are they?

A

Too little time devoted to the preparation of the remains
The use of too little solution
The use of a too strong arterial fluid solution
Basing your evaluation of preservation entirely on tissue rigidity
Excessive injection speed and pressure
Excessive drainage: those that utilize the continuous method on every case they embalm
Failure to thoroughly preserve the viscera

225
Q

Speed in embalming is more frequently an indication of ______________ than of skill and experience

A

Carelessness and lack of interest

226
Q

An embalming solution may be prepared rapidly in two ways. How?

A

By injecting an inadequate volume of solution

By injecting the solution so rapidly that the distribution lacks uniformity

227
Q

The most common of all embalming errorsis what?

A

Basing your evaluation of preservation entirely on tissue rigidity

228
Q

The most common of all embalming errorsis what?

A

Basing your evaluation of preservation entirely on tissue rigidity

229
Q

The result of excessive injection speed and pressure is?

A

Shell embalming

230
Q

Any pressure which does not permit this must be regarded as excessive

A

An occasional closing of the drain tube

231
Q

What does the intermittent method accomplish?

A

Will equalize vascular resistance
Close off short circuits by forcing fluid into resistance areas
Increase the uniformity
Minimize arterial fluid solution loss

232
Q

Who successfully preserved remains by injecting his balsomic spirits into the cavities of the body without arterial injection

A

Gabriel Clauderus

233
Q

What will be accomplished by a complete removal of all free blood and liquid content of the hollow organs?

A

Reduce preservation demand
Eliminate excessive dilution of the cavity fluid
Increase potential preservation of the viscera

Advanced Embalming (24 decks)

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