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Advanced Embalming > Discolorations(Exam 2) > Flashcards

Discolorations(Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Only those which normally are removed during routine embalming procedures and those which may be altered sufficiently during routine embalming procedures

A

Discolorations

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2
Q

A discoloration which appears on the human body during life

A

Antemortem Discoloration

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3
Q

A discoloration which makes its appearance on the human body only after the death of the body

A

Postmortem Discoloration

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4
Q

The fact that it may remain after life is extinct will not cause change of its classification

A

Antemortem Discoloration

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5
Q

Discoloration resulting from changes in blood composition, content, or location

A

Blood Discoloration

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6
Q

List the Classifications of discolorations according to occurrence

A

Antemortem

Postmortem

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7
Q

Easily removed by vascular injection and drainage

A

Intravascular Blood Discolorations

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8
Q

Not substantially reduced by vascular injection and drainage

A

Extravascular Blood Discolorations

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9
Q

Occurs within the vascular system

A

Intravascular Blood Discoloration

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10
Q

List the Antemortem Intravascular Blood Discolorations

A

Hypostasis
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Capillary Congestion

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11
Q

Occurs during the agonal period which results in a bluish purple; most noticeable in the elderly

A

Hypostasis

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12
Q

A cherry red blood discoloration on the body surface

A

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

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13
Q

Blood will lose its ability to coagulate

A

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

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14
Q

Blood tends to be in a liquid state causing the cherry red blood discoloration to be more intense

A

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

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15
Q

If not embalmed soon after death, hypostasis will turn to hemolysis, causing postmortem stain

A

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

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16
Q

List the progression from Hypostasis to Postmortem Stain

A

Hypostasis - Livor Mortis - Hemolysis - Postmortem Stain

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17
Q

Occurs during the agonal period, just prior to death

A

Capillary Congestion

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18
Q

Occurs when the arterial supply to an area of the body is increased

A

Active Capillary Congestion

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19
Q

Occurs when venous drainage from an area is decreased

A

Passive Capillary Congestion

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20
Q

Livor Mortis is what

A

A postmortem intravascular blood discoloration

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21
Q

The most common postmortem intravascular blood discoloration

A

Livor Mortis

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22
Q

Livor Mortis is also called

A

Cadaveric Lividity

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23
Q

Occurs outside the vascular system

A

Extravascular Blood Discoloration

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24
Q

List the antemortem Extravascular Blood Discolorations

A

Purpura
Ecchymosis
Petechia
Hematoma

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25
Q

Weak, diseased Vascular System

A

Purpura

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26
Q

Bruise from trauma

A

Ecchymosis

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27
Q

Extravasation of blood under the surface tissue

A

Ecchymosis

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28
Q

Pinpoint bleeding

A

Petechia

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29
Q

AKA Hemorrhagic Effusion

A

Petechia

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30
Q

A blood filled swelling

A

Hematoma

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31
Q

A collection of blood in a tumor like mass

A

Hematoma

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32
Q

A blood blister

A

Hematoma

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33
Q

Hemoglobin Decomposition

A

Postmortem Stain

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34
Q

AKA Laking

A

Postmortem Stain

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35
Q

If the postmortem interval is long enough and the blood remains liquid, especially aided by refrigeration, the body will from from livor mortis to this much faster

A

Postmortem Stain

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36
Q

How do you determine the difference between intravascular and extravascular blood discolorations?

A

Palpation - If the color changes at touch, it is intravascular; if not, it is extravascular

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37
Q

For an intravascular blood discoloration, _______ the vascular system of the discolored blood

A

Flush

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38
Q

To ensure the correct type and strength of the injection chemical to clear an intravascular blood discoloration, use

A

Anticoagulants

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39
Q

The quantity of the injection chemical to clear an intravascular blood discoloration should do this

A

Fill and flush all parts of the vascular system

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40
Q

You do not want the injection chemical to do this

A

Cause rupture of the vascular system, converting the intravascular discoloration to an extravascular

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41
Q

How is clearing an intravascular blood discoloration accomplished?

A

Low flow and low pressure

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42
Q

List the two things that will assist in increasing the flow to the discolored area and to assist the drainage from the discolored area

A

Raise and lower the part

Manually massage

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43
Q

The direction of the massage should always be

A

Towards the heart

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44
Q

If the discoloration is localized, this may be used

A

Sectional Arterial injection and venous drainage

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45
Q

This may be used to ensure vascular filling of injection chemicals

A

Increased pressure and Limited Drainage

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46
Q

This may aid in the removal of the blood

A

Distention of the vessels

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47
Q

Not removed without special treatment

A

Extravascular Blood Discolorations

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48
Q

These may help drain the discolored area of blood

A

Operative Aids during embalming

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49
Q

When the discolored areas are swollen, it may be

A

Incised directly or punctured and channeled

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50
Q

Channeling the discolored area will induce this

A

The direct outflow of extravasated blood and accumulated serums

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51
Q

___________________ of chemicals designed to bleach and preserve may be necessary

A

Sectional or local hypodermic injection

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52
Q

What chemical can be used to bleach and preserve the discolored areas of extravascular blood discolorations?

A

Phenol

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53
Q

What does phenol do?

A

Bleach and discolor

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54
Q

Discoloration may be lessened in intensity by applying surface compresses saturated with this

A

Phenol

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55
Q

A phenol saturated compress is also called

A

Surface Pack or Cavity Pack

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56
Q

Can you substantially reduce an extravascular blood discoloration?

A

NO

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57
Q

Examples of antemortem discolorations resulting from the administration of pharmaceuticals or chemotherapeutic agents include

A

Radium
Methylene Blue
Atabrine
Sulfa

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58
Q

Causes burns that will give red discolorations

A

Radium

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59
Q

Causes a distinct blue discoloration

A

Methylene Blue

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60
Q

How would the Methylene Blue discoloration be converted into green?

A

Too Strong Formaldehyde

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61
Q

Where will the Methylene blue discoloration first show if it is present in the vascular system?

A

In the sclera of the eye

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62
Q

Causes a brown discoloration

A

Atabrine

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63
Q

Causes a yellow discoloration, not jaundice

A

Sulfa

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64
Q

Drugs that affect or damage the liver will result in what?

A

Jaundice

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65
Q

Why would drugs affecting or damaging the liver result in jaundice?

A

Because of their toxicity

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66
Q

All drug discolorations are ___________

A

Antemortem

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67
Q

All drug discolorations are caused by

A

Specific drugs or dombinations of drugs

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68
Q

Most common drug discolorations

A

Jaundice over the entire body

Hemorrhagic Discolorations on the arms

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69
Q

Antemortem discolorations which occur during the course of certain diseases

A

Pathological Discolorations

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70
Q

Necrosis of tissue cells that undergo bacterial decomposition

A

Gangrene

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71
Q

Caused by venous congestion

A

Wet Gangrene

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72
Q

The affected part becomes becomes moist, dark, and putried

A

Wet Gangrene

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73
Q

Has the Odor of rotting flesh

A

Wet Gangrene

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74
Q

This type spreads rapidly

A

Wet Gangrene

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75
Q

Caused by the interference of the arterial supply of the blood

A

Dry Gangrene

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76
Q

Can result in a bluish black discoloration

A

Dry Gangrene

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77
Q

Has little odor as the bacterial activity is limited by dryness of the tissues

A

Dry Gangrene

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78
Q

The most common form of dry gangrene

A

Senile Gangrene

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79
Q

Frequently seen in the extremities of the body

A

Senile Gangrene

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80
Q

If odor is present with Gangrene, use

A

Spray Disinfectant

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81
Q

With gangrene, undamaged or unaffected tissue requires this

A

Regular strength injection, regular venous drainage procedures

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82
Q

With gangrene, it is possible to inject strong solution utilizing high index fluid or injectable cavity fluid in the affected area through

A

Multiple Injection Sites or hypodermically

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83
Q

This should be used for Gangrene, over the entire area

A

Cavity or topical preservative jelly

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84
Q

A cavity pack should be of a higher index, and should never contain this

A

Active Dyes

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85
Q

What makes Cavity Fluid uninjectable?

A

Phenol

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86
Q

Always use these with a Gangrene case

A

PLASTICS

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87
Q

What is the primary treatment purpose of gangrene?

A

To preserve, prevent leakage, and the escape of odor

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88
Q

Results in a yellowish discoloration of the body

A

Jaundice

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89
Q

Where is jaundice first detected?

A

Sclera of the eye

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90
Q

The yellow stain of jaundice is due to the present of this in the bile

A

Bilirubin

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91
Q

What does a strong formaldehyde arterial solution do to the jaundiced body?

A

TURNS IT GREEN

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92
Q

A strong arterial solution converts the bilirubin to what?

A

Biliverdin

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93
Q

The higher the HCHO index is, the ____________

A

Greener the body

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94
Q

In the embalming of all jaundiced bodies, this takes precedence over clearing the discoloration

A

PRESERVATION

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95
Q

Jaundice chemicals are

A

low index

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96
Q

What kind of injection/drainage is used for Jaundice?

A

Restricted Cervical Method

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97
Q

With injecting a Jaundiced case, there is a minimum of

A

Two Drainage Sites

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98
Q

If preservation demand is high with a jaundice case, use this

A

Restricted Cervical Method

99
Q

If preservation demand is low with a jaundiced case, what are the sites to be used?

A

Femoral artery as injection

Right jugular and Right femoral for drainage

100
Q

In which cases do you definitely not use the femoral artery?

A

Obese or Arteriorsclerosis

101
Q

If you are using these chemicals, use the femoral artery

A

Active Dyes and Humectants

102
Q

Excessive amounts of active dye are used to counter stain shades of

A

Green

103
Q

Excessive amounts of active dye must enter these uniformly

A

Both Common Carotid Arteries

104
Q

In a jaundiced case, this should be used to flush out as much blood drainage as possible

A

Pre-Injection

105
Q

What kind of fluid should be used on a jaundiced case?

A

Jaundice Fluid

106
Q

Often called two-step fluids augmented with an abundance of active dye

A

Bleaching Co-Inejection

107
Q

What active dye is usually added to a bleaching co-injection

A

Eosin

108
Q

These may be necessary to conceal discolorations

A

Opaque Cosmetics

109
Q

A bronze discoloration resulting from loss of function of the adrenal glands

A

Addisons Disease

110
Q

What is the treatment for Addisons Disease?

A

Low index or specialized arterial fluid

111
Q

What would a high index fluid do to a body with Addisons Disease?

A

turn surface tissue dark

112
Q

Chronic or acute disease of unknown etiology characterized by unrestrained growth of leukocytes

A

Leukemia

113
Q

The embalming problem with leukemia is

A

Capillary Congestion and extensive Thrombosis

114
Q

The capillary congestion and thrombosis involved with Leukemia is a problem because they may

A

limit drainage

115
Q

Start with the right carotid artery and jugular, followed by multiple injection and drainage sites when necessary with this disease

A

Leukemia

116
Q

With leukemia, this is not recommended because of the risk of water logging

A

Pre-Injection

117
Q

What strength fluid should be used on a leukemia case?

A

Stronger with co-injection

118
Q

Why use a co-injection on a leukemia case?

A

To assist distribution of fluid solution

119
Q

Inflammation of the peritoneum due to the invasion of infectious organisms

A

Peritonitis

120
Q

A bright red color is characteristic of the infected peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity

A

Peritonitis

121
Q

The embalming problem for peritonitis?

A

Hypostasis to hemolysis will occur rapidly

122
Q

Because of bacterial invasion, what was going on with the blood of a peritonitis case antemortem?

A

Unable to coagulate

123
Q

Describe the blood of a peritonitis case?

A

Odor and dark in color

124
Q

What injection method should be used for a peritonitis case?

A

Restricted Cervical Method

125
Q

Utilization of this may be necessary for peritonitis

A

Multiple injection and drainage sites

126
Q

For the national board, what is the cavity fluid formula?

A

1 16 oz bottle per 50 lbs

127
Q

The Historical formula for Arterial fluid is…

A

1 Gallon per 50 lbs

1% index

128
Q

Today’s standard for Arterial fluid is…

A

No set volume
2% index
70% tissue saturation

129
Q

When should you aspirate a peritonitis case?

A

Immediately

130
Q

What kind of cavity fluid should be injected immediately after aspiration for a peritonitis case?

A

Undiluted

131
Q

Prior to dressing a peritonitis case, what should you do?

A

Re-aspirate and inject additional undiluted cavity fluid

132
Q

If areas are not receiving fluid for a peritonitis, what should be done?

A

Hypodermic injection of strong solutions

133
Q

What should be used to cover any surface discolorations

A

Opaque Cosmetics

134
Q

This should be avoided with a peritonitis case

A

Pre-injection

135
Q

What should you do instead of preinjection of a peritonitis case?

A

Use strong solutions and co-injections

136
Q

Each time you re-aspirate, what should you do?

A

Add fresh cavity fluid

137
Q

Tuberculosis of the skin

A

Lupus vulgaris

138
Q

Characterized by patches which break down and ulcerate, leaving scars

A

Lupus Vulgaris

139
Q

In some cases, a red butterfly rash may appear across the nose and cheeks

A

Lupus Vulgaris

140
Q

Ulcers may be contagious to the embalmer

A

Lupus Vulgaris

141
Q

Routine arterial injection of a lupus vulgaris case would have little effect on what?

A

Ulcers

142
Q

An infectious contagious disease which causes an inflammation of the membranes of the spinal cord and/or brain

A

Meningicoccal Meningitis

143
Q

A clear danger to the embalmer who should follow proper procedures for contagious and infectious diseases

A

Meningicoccal Meningitis

144
Q

Pathological discoloration of Meningicoccal Meningitis may be in what form?

A

Rash

145
Q

What kind of treatment is involved for meningicoccal meningitis

A

Opaque Cosmetics

146
Q

Pathological discoloration will vary in both benign and malignant tumors

A

Tumors

147
Q

This may be a problem if the tumor is necrotic

A

Odor

148
Q

The tumor will seldom be preserved by this

A

Arterial Injection

149
Q

The tumor must be ________ completely

A

Excised

150
Q

How would an excised tumor area be preserved?

A

Topical Jelly, Cavity Pack, and/or hypodermically treated

151
Q

A sallow yellow color to the skin

A

Chronic Renal Failure

152
Q

What causes the sallow yellow color from Chronic Renal Failure

A

The presence of urochrome in the tissues

153
Q

Chronic Renal Failure often accompanies this

A

Diabetes Mellitus

154
Q

Diabetes Mellitus adversely affects what?

A

Distribution and diffusion of arterial fluid solution

155
Q

Poor peripheral circulation with Chronic Renal Failure leads to this

A

Gangrene of the lower limbs

156
Q

Poor peripheral circulation with Chronic Renal Failure also converts urea in the bloodstream to this

A

Ammonia

157
Q

What is the problem with ammonia?

A

Neutralizes Formaldehyde

158
Q

This should be completely avoided with cases of Chronic Renal Failure

A

Pre-injection

159
Q

What kind of solution would be used in chronic renal failure cases

A

Strong solutions with co-injection

160
Q

How many injection and drainage sites will be necessary for chronic renal failure cases

A

Multiple

161
Q

If an area does not receive arterial fluid solution in a chronic renal failure case, what should be done?

A

Hypodermic Injection

162
Q

What should be used to offset the sallow yellow color of a chronic renal failure case?

A

Co-injection with an active dye

163
Q

Antemortem or postmortem discolorations which occur prior to or during embalming due to the deposit of matter on the body surface

A

Surface Discolorations

164
Q

What mechanical method of removal is used to remove a surface discoloration

A

Using an abrading device and washing with suitable cleaning agents

165
Q

What side of the sponge should be used to clear a surface discoloration?

A

SOFT SIDE

166
Q

Why should the soft side of the sponge be used to clear a surface discoloration

A

Danger of desiccation marks

167
Q

If the surface discoloration cannot be cleared mechanically, what should be done

A

Proper solvent and waterless hand cleaner or dry wash

168
Q

Why should a surface discoloration be removed before embalmed

A

They may conceal signs of fluid distribution or diffusion

Most are more difficult to remove after tissues have firmed

169
Q

Caused by the dehydrating effects of the air to damaged epidermis

A

Razor Burns

170
Q

Razor burns have what kind of discoloration

A

Reddish brown

171
Q

Razor burns become progressively __________

A

worse as time passes

172
Q

The chemical combination of formaldehyde with hemoglobin results in the formation of a substance called methemoglobin, or

A

Formaldehyde Grey

173
Q

Formaldehyde Grey is a bigger threat to whom?

A

People of darker complexion

174
Q

With the passage of time, the skin color changes from pink to a dark slate grey

A

Formaldehyde Grey

175
Q

Fluid burns due to excessively strong solutions

A

Desiccation Marks

176
Q

Desiccation Marks are what color

A

Reddish-brown

177
Q

Desiccation marks are usually seen where?

A

On the face

178
Q

How can a discoloration be counteracted?

A

Complete flushing of the venous system

179
Q

Describe how the body should be positioned while flushing out the venous system?

A

Heep the head elevated above the chest, and the chest elevated above the stomach

180
Q

What should be used to impart a more life-like appearance

A

Active Dyes

181
Q

This is a commonly used active dye

A

Eosin

182
Q

Results from high formaldehyde index solutions converting bilirubin to biliverdin in a jaundiced body

A

Green Discoloration

183
Q

Sometimes caused by an acidic environment

A

Green Discoloration

184
Q

What is the primary concern with embalming a jaundiced case?

A

Preservation

185
Q

Result from damage to tissue and capillaries during the enucleation

A

Eye Enucleation Bruises

186
Q

How would you correct Eye Enucleation Bruises

A

Cavity fluid pack with bleaching cavity fluid followed by opaque cosmetics

187
Q

Postmortem discolorations which are due to the action of bacterial and/or autolytic enzymes on the body tissues

A

Decomposition Changes

188
Q

May be progressive color changes in the tissues if these are not inhibited

A

Enzymes

189
Q

Describe the decomposition discolorations

A

Yellow to light green to dark green to blue black to marbling

190
Q

Signs of Decomposition

A 
Color
Odor 
Purge
Skin Slip
Accumulated Gases
191
Q

Seen in the sclera of the eye due to postmortem dehydration

A

Tan Discoloration

192
Q

Associated with livor mortis eventually followed by postmortem stain

A

Red to Purple

193
Q

Decomposition of the arterial system causing the vasa vasorum to deteriorate changing the artery to this color

A

Maroon

194
Q

A spot about the size of a silver dollar will appear over the cecum indicating the activity of E. Coli

A

Green

195
Q

What is the only true sign of death?

A

Decomposition

196
Q

Any sign of decomposition, what kind of arterial fluid should be used?

A

High Index

197
Q

If not properly embalmed, what will happen to the green discoloration?

A

It will spread over the entire body

198
Q

Any traumatic or pathological change in the structure of the skin

A

Skin Lesions

199
Q

The skin lesion must first be disinfected. How?

A

Phenol gel, cavity pack, bleaching agents

200
Q

To prepare a lesion for post embalming restorative treatment, what must be done?

A

Dry it!

201
Q

For the purpose of embalming, what are the four classifications of skin lesions?

A

Skin unbroken but discolored
Skin scaling as in exanthematous disease
Skin broken separated from the body
Pustular or ulcerative Lesion

202
Q

Examples of the skin unbroken but discolored lesion includes

A

Allergic Reaction, Trauma, Tumors

203
Q

Recommended treatment for an unbroken but discolored skin lesion?

A

Strong arterial solution and surface compress

204
Q

Examples of skin scaling as in exanthematous disease skin lesions include?

A

Acidosis, seborrhea, eczema, psoriasis, healing sunburn, measles, chicken pox

205
Q

Recommended treatment for a skin scaling skin lesion during arterial injection?

A

Heavy coat of massage cream or petroleum jelly over exposed areas, face and hands

206
Q

Recommended treatment for skin scaling skin lesion after arterial injection?

A

Remove massage cream
Use dry wash
Remove scaling skin
Topical Phenol Jelly

207
Q

Examples of the skin broken separated from body skin lesion?

A

Abrasions, blisters, desquamation

208
Q

Example of Pustular or Ulcerative Lesions?

A

Boils, carbuncles, furuncles, ulcers, pustules, fever blisters

209
Q

What is the most dangerous Pustular or Ulcerative Lesion?

A

Herpes, Decubitus Ulcers

210
Q

Initially decubitus ulcers are aseptic. Eventially, what do they become?

A

Streptococcus or staphylococcus

211
Q

If there is a blockage in the ARTERY, what would you use?

A

Preservative Powder

212
Q

If there is a blockage in the VEIN, what would you use?

A

Hardening Compound

213
Q

This is the most important goal in embalming ALL bodies

A

Preservation

214
Q

Redness of the skin

A

First Degree Burn

215
Q

First Degree Burn is AKA

A

Hyperemia

216
Q

Blistering and redness

A

Second Degree Burn

217
Q

Charred Tissue

A

Third Degree Burn

218
Q

Disintegrated Tissure

A

Fourth Degree Burn

219
Q

Initially intravascular but becomes extravascular quickly

A

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

220
Q

Bright cherry red color to the blood

A

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

221
Q

Low blood viscosity, intense livor mortis

A

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

222
Q

Rapid Postmortem Stain

A

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

223
Q

Low blood viscosity, intense livor mortis, head faced downward, livor and stain

A

Drowning

224
Q

Point of contract, point of exit burn marks can be present

A

Electrocution

225
Q

Blood will coagulate

A

Electrocution

226
Q

Little livor mortis, paleness to skin surfaces

No blood discoloration

A

Exsanguination

227
Q

Eyelids can show ecchymosis, swelling of eye area when injury is to head or face

A

Gunshot Wounds

228
Q

Intensive livor mortis in facial tissues; some capillary rupture showing petechial discolorations; No blood present in facial tissues
Instantaneous Rigor Mortis

A

Hanging

229
Q

Loss of blood, little livor mortis

Ecchymosis and bruising at affected areas

A

Mutilation - Trauma

230
Q

Variable - from generalized conditions such as jaundice and cyanosis to localized discolorations such as caustic burns or petechial hemorrhage

A

Poisons

231
Q

Low blood viscosity
Intense Livor Mortis
Postmortem Stain speeded
Dehydration of mucous membranes and skin surface after long exposure to cold air (circular)

A

REfrigeration

232
Q

Because of medico-legal investigation, postmortem interval is usually longer. What are the 2 solutions recommended for these conditions?

A

Restricted cervical and drainage (non-autopsied)

Special purpose high index arterial fluids (30-38 index)

233
Q

In an autopsy case, what arteries are raised?

A

Carotids
Subclavians
External Iliacs

234
Q

What is the difference between a medical examiner and a coroner?

A

A medical examiner looks at the cause of death to find the manner of death. A coroner just wants the cause.

235
Q

What should NEVER be done to an autopsied case?

A

Pre-Injection

236
Q

In an full autopsy case, much of the blood discolorations will disappear. Why?

A

Because of the Evisceration process

237
Q

List the major problems caused by refrigeration

A 
Hypostasis to hemolysis occurs rapidly
Fluid distribution and diffusion problems
Surface dehydration
Distension of the viscera, causing purge
Capillary rupture
238
Q

Where is surface dehydration most severe?

A

Fingertips, lips, eyelids, nose

239
Q

Formation of high moisture content in some body tissues because the serum portion of the blood leaves the blood vascular system and gradually makes its way to the surface of the body

A

Postmortem Edema

240
Q

List the major characteristics of refrigeration

A

Postmortem Edema
Blood thickens and agglutinates
Slow reaction between body proteins and preservative solution
Solidify subcutaneous fatty tissues
Light pink color will occur resulting from hemolysis
Slows postmortem chemical and physical change

241
Q

What should be used to thaw a cold body?

A

Cold water

242
Q

Why should you never use hot water to thaw a cold body

A

It could cause coagulation of blood and desiccation marks

243
Q

What injection method should be used for a refrigerated body?

A

Restricted Cervical Method

244
Q

What index should be used for a refrigerated body?

A

High index

Advanced Embalming (24 decks)

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