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Advanced Embalming > Exam 4 Notes > Flashcards

Exam 4 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Chemically, when embalming solution contacts protein, the long slender protein molecules are chemically bound to the neighboring protein molecules. This is called

A

Inter-protein crosslinking

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2
Q

The formation of new chemical bonds between previously unattached proteins causes tissues to do what?

A

Become firm

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3
Q

Firmness is accomplished by taking soluble albumins and altering them to become what?

A

Insoluble Albuminoids

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4
Q

This is the ideal environment for bacterial growth and reproduction

A

Soluble Albumins

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5
Q

These create an environment that is not desirable for bacterial growth and reproduction

A

Insoluble Albuminoids

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6
Q

Is it possible for bacteria to grow and reproduce in an insoluble albuminoid environment?

A

Yes it is possible, just undesirable

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7
Q

Eventually, what will happen to the insoluble albuminoids?

A

They will revert to albumins

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8
Q

Dead remains often have a foul odor associated with them. What causes this?

A

Several different organic compounds

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9
Q

What does formaldehyde do to most of the organic compounds?

A

Inactivated

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10
Q

List the 5 Complex amines aka Organic Polyamines that are the primary class of compounds associated with odor

A 
Indole 
Skatole
Putrescine
Cadaverine
Neurine
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11
Q

When bacteria are present, bacterial enzymes also attack the proteins of the body, hydrolyzing them into these

A

Peptides and amino acids

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12
Q

Aerobic bacteria utilize oxygen in the process of breaking down substances, converting proteins into these

A

Organic Acids
Carbon Dioxide
Ammonia

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13
Q

Anaerobic bacteria do not require oxygen. The end products of protein degradation by anaerobic organisms are

A

Carbon Dioxide
Hydrogen
Organic Polyamines

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14
Q

Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria will produce this when interacting with proteins

A

An Odor

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15
Q

Enzymes are a specialized classification of what?

A

Proteins

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16
Q

An organic catalyst which alters the rate of a biochemical reaction, but is not consumed in the process

A

Enzyme

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17
Q

A few molecules of an enzyme can convert a large amount of reactants into what?

A

Products

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18
Q

Virtually every substance in the body may be metabolized by enzymes of various specificities into what?

A

More Simple Compounds

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19
Q

The enzyme arginase breaks down the amino acid

A

Arginine

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20
Q

The enzymes lipase breaks down

A

Lipids

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21
Q

The enzyme sucrase breaks down

A

Sucrose

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22
Q

Enzymes are sensitive to changes in

A

pH or temperature

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23
Q

Enzymes are vulnerable to inactivation by

A

Formaldehyde

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24
Q

Failure to inhibit the activity of certain enzymes would result in what?

A

Decomposition of the entire body

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25
Q

A postmortem stiffening of the muscles

A

Rigor Mortis

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26
Q

Where does rigor start?

A

In the jaw and works it’s way downward

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27
Q

Following death, glycogen is oxidized to

A

Sarcolactic acid

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28
Q

Sarcolactic acid may cause the plasma pH to drop as low as

A

5.3

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29
Q

The acidification normally observed is between

A

6-5.5

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30
Q

The drop in pH causes the soluble muscle proteins, myosin and myosinogen, to coagulate and form what?

A

Myosin-fibrin and Myosinogen-fibrin

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31
Q

Coagulation of protein causes the muscles to ____

A

shrink

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32
Q

The shrinking of muscles causes what?

A

Rigor mortis

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33
Q

Rigor Mortis disappears ______ later

A

1-6 days

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34
Q

There are two factors that contribute to the release of rigor. What are they?

A

Acid neutralization by ammonia and the breakdown of coagulated proteins by hydrolytic enzymes

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35
Q

This process is of great importance to embalming chemistry

A

Autolysis

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36
Q

Enzymes that accelerate this are found in all living matter

A

Hydrolysis

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37
Q

During life, the body is always in a constant balance of building tissue and breaking down tissue. This is known as

A

Necrobiosis

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38
Q

After death, no new tissue is being formed while enzymes that do this are still active

A

Degrade

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39
Q

The result of no new formation of new tissue while enzymes degrading still active in a dead body is self-degradation termed ________

A

Autolysis

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40
Q

This self-destructive process of autolysis breaks down proteins into

A

Peptides and amino acids

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41
Q

When formaldehyde gas reacts with tissue protein, what is formed?

A

A gel or resin

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42
Q

The protoplasm of the tissue cells is what?

A

A Glue-Like Colloid

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43
Q

The protoplasm of the tissue cells have large molecules that have the ability to arrange themselves into

A

Chains and meshes

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44
Q

The meshes and chains formed by the protoplasm of the tissue cells enclose water molecules to create the appearance of what?

A

A solid substance

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45
Q

This occurs when HCHO gas, carried to the tissue cell protoplasm by water, is liberated

A

Firmness or Tissue Fixation

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46
Q

This is a liquid at room temperature, significantly less dehydrating, and contains many more times disinfectant qualities than formaldehyde

A

Gluteraldehyde

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47
Q

If gluteraldehyde has so many more benefits than formaldehyde, then why do we still use formaldehyde?

A

HCHO is safer and creates the firmness that embalmers are used to

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48
Q

Every protein is composed of a variable number of amino acids, usually ____ hooked together by peptide bonds

A

20

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49
Q

How many total amino acids are there?

A

26

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50
Q

Amino acids in a protein molecule are rather loosely hooked together, and as this sets in, these acids easily breakdown

A

Decomposition

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51
Q

Decomposition time from death to embalming is called what?

A

Postmortem Interval

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52
Q

The sooner the remains are embalmed, the lesser will be the breakdown of protein, and the lesser this will be

A

HCHO demand

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53
Q

These are the most important and destructive of the alkalies

A

Simple and complex amines formed as the end products of putrefaction

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54
Q

The simple and complex amines formed as the end products of putrefaction have a tendency to combine with water to form hydroxide, which is a stronger base than

A

Ammonia

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55
Q

Decomposing bodies during injection seldom firm and always do what?

A

Swell

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56
Q

A recently deceased remains will firm up immediately and will

A

Dehydrate and shrivel

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57
Q

Ammonia does what to formaldehyde

A

Neutralizes

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58
Q

An acid is a substance which ________ hydrogen ions when in solution

A

Liberates

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59
Q

Solution strength is determined by this

A

The number of ions liberated of either acid or base

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60
Q

Neutralization is the reaction between what?

A

An acid and a base

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61
Q

The result of neutralization is what?

A

Salt and water

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62
Q

Alkaline salts are formed by the reaction between what?

A

A strong base and a weak acid

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63
Q

The normal pH of live body tissues and fluids is

A

7.4

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64
Q

The pH of body tissues and fluids just after death is

A

6.5

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65
Q

The pH of body tissues and fluids just after death can get as low as

A

5.0

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66
Q

Putrefaction is likely to occur at a pH of

A

8.0

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67
Q

Arterial fluids should have a pH of

A

7.3 (Slightly alkaline)

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68
Q

What do salts function as in embalming chemistry?

A 
Water conditioners
Anti-Coagulants
Buffers
Tension Reducers
Preservatives
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69
Q

These are two of the many chemicals employed in present day embalming fluids

A

Formalin and alcohol

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70
Q

Examples of compounds called salts used in embalming chemicals are

A

Potassium Acetate
Sodium Nitrate
Aluminum Salts

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71
Q

Salts influence this produced by the preservative solution

A

Chemical Reactions

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72
Q

Fluid strength in terms of HCHO

A

Index

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73
Q

Primary dilution that is arterial fluid and water in the machine

A

Solution Volume

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74
Q

Amount of arterial fluid solution lost from the vascular system

A

Drainage Loss

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75
Q

Amount of HCHO liberated by way of the vascular system into the tissue

A

HCHO residual

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76
Q

The amount that remains after injection has stopped in excess of minimum requirements

A

HCHO residual

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77
Q

Commercial embalming fluids are composed of various chemicals, but the same embalming chemicals, when used in different concentrations, may produce

A

Different Effects

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78
Q

List the 9 qualities or properties that chemical solutions should display in AFS

A 
Color
Odor
Viscosity
Clearness
Density
Hardening Power
pH
Penetrability/Diffusibility
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79
Q

In order for a chemical preservative solution to do its work well, it must be thoroughly what?

A

Dissolved

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80
Q

The substance that is dissolved in a solution

A

Solute

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81
Q

Liquid containing dissolved substance

A

Solution

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82
Q

A liquid holding another substance in solution

A

Solvent

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83
Q

When the solute and the solvent are completely mixed to be one product

A

True Solution

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84
Q

HCHO as a germicide causes this

A

Coagulation and dehydration of the bacterial cell protoplasm

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85
Q

The degree of preservation results from the conversion of the soluble albumin into an insoluble albuminoid, which is more highly resistant to what?

A

Bacterial Action

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86
Q

The organs contained in the thoracic and abdominal cavities must receive supplementary treatment. Fluids formulated for this are called what?

A

Cavity Fluids

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87
Q

How many basic differences are there between cavity fluid and arterial fluids in terms of composition

A

6

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88
Q

Cavity fluids contain a much higher concentration of these

A

Disinfectants and preservative

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89
Q

Cavity fluids generally do not contain what?

A

Modifying Agents
Active Dyes
Deodorants

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90
Q

Cavity fluids often contain this bleaching agent

A

Phenol

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91
Q

Phenol and HCHO can be combined together, but how?

A

Never a 50/50 mix. Must be disproportionate

92
Q

Some cavity fluids contain inactive dyes in order to prevent what for the embalmer?

A

Confusion between arterial and cavity fluids

93
Q

Inactive dyes are often what color?

A

Blue

94
Q

Cavity fluids rapidly fix and disinfect what?

A

Viscera and all tissue surfaces within the body cavity

95
Q

Cavity fluids can be used in surface embalming as what?

A

A preservative pack and a surface bleaching agent

96
Q

Cavity fluid is to be used how?

A

Undiluted

97
Q

When should cavity fluid be used internally?

A

After thorough aspiration of the viscera

98
Q

Cavity fluid is to be _________ over, under, and around all tissue and organs

A

Gravitated

99
Q

How does the embalmer know how much is enough aspiration?

A

The abdomen has a substantial reduction after aspiration

100
Q

For the purposes of testing, how much cavity fluid should be used?

A

One bottle per 50 lbs

101
Q

Practically, how much cavity fluid should be used?

A

Usually 1-3 bottles depending on the circumstances

102
Q

The cavity fluid should be gravitated to what areas?

A

Pelvic/pubic area
Abdominal area
Thoracic area

103
Q

Fluids move to where?

A

The area of least resistance

104
Q

Because fluids move to the least resistance, the embalmer should inject a little more cavity fluid where?

A

Superiorly and superficially

105
Q

Why should more cavity fluid be injected superiorly and superficially?

A

It will gravitate to the inferior and deep areas

106
Q

Cavity fluid is classified how?

A

Non-fuming and Fuming

107
Q

Non fuming cavity fluid has little or no noticeable odor. Why?

A

Lower index
Fumes released slower
Deodorants

108
Q

The chemical components that are comprised in non-fuming cavity fluids are

A

Masking perfumes and oils (deodorants)
Modifying agents
HCHO Donor Compounds

109
Q

What modifying agents are found in Cavity Fluids?

A

Buffers
Inorganic Salts
Sodium Carbonates and Borates

110
Q

Most cavity fluids are composed of what?

A

Preservatives
Germicides
Surfactants or surface active agents

111
Q

What preservatives are found in cavity fluids?

A 
Formaldehyde
Phenol
Alcohols
Inorganic Acids
Other Aldehydes
112
Q

What Germicides are found in cavity fluids?

A

Phenol
QUATS
Roccal and Zephiran Chloride

113
Q

What surfactants are found in cavity fluid

A

Surfactants

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

114
Q

A group of chemicals used in addition to vascular and cavity fluids

A

Accessory Chemicals

115
Q

Most accessory chemicals are applied where?

A

To the surface of the body

116
Q

Anything not injected arterially or cavity fluid

A

Accessory chemicals

117
Q

List the examples of accessory chemicals

A 
Hardening compounds
Preservative Powders
Sealing Agents
Mold Preventative Agents
Surface Compresses
118
Q

Fluids diluted with water to form a chemical solution used to prepare the body tissues and the vascular system for the arterial fluid solution

A

Pre-Injection Fluids

119
Q

Pre-injection fluids are also called

A

Capillary Wash

Clot Disperser

120
Q

What are examples of pre-injection fluids?

A

Anti-Coagulants

Water Conditioners

121
Q

Pre and co injection fluids attempt to dissolve blod clots and prevent what?

A

Further postmortem clotting

122
Q

Both anti-coagulants and water conditioners do what?

A

Lubricate the vessels
Break up clots
Prevent clots

123
Q

Only water conditioners do what?

A

Treat the minerals in the water

124
Q

The purpose of pre and coinjection fluids are to clear the vascular system of blood and enable the arterial solution to have

A

Greater Distribution

125
Q

This would be an example of a situation calling for pre-injection

A

A lengthy post mortem interval

126
Q

Modifying agents only come in one way

A

Pre-mixed in the bottle

127
Q

What are the components of modifying agents?

A 
Surfactants
Water conditioning agents
Anti-coagulants
Perfumes
Humectants
Low concentration of preservative
Dyes
Buffers
Vehicles
128
Q

These are essentially humectant and formaldehyde controlling chemicals added to an arterial fluid solution forming a homogenous mixture

A

Co-injection fluid

129
Q

The purpose of a co-injection is to restore the vitally essential non-coagulating hydrophilic agents of the arterial fluid and to bolster all of the chemical ingredients contained in arterial fluid with the exception of this

A

Preservative Germicidal ingredients

130
Q

Similar chemicals combine to make a one in the same mixture

A

Homogenous mixture

131
Q

The composition of a co-injection and pre-injection are normally identical, the only difference is what?

A

When you use them

132
Q

What are the special pre-coinjection fluids

A

Water conditioners
Drug and stain removers
Jaundice preparation fluids
Edema reducing fluids

133
Q

This fluid is more viscous and heavier in comparison to other pre-coinjection fluids

A

Humectants

134
Q

Humectants can not be used as this

A

Pre-injection

135
Q

These retain body moisture and retard dehydration in the soft tissue areas

A

Humectants

136
Q

The injection and drainage sites should be what?

A

Femoral artery and femoral vein and right internal jugular vein

137
Q

The components of a humectant are

A 
Glycerol
Glycol
Sorbitol
Emulsifiers
Lanolin Derivatives
Natural and Synthetic Gums
138
Q

The general rule for humectants is that they should only be used as a coinjection and added to the arterial solution when?

A

After initial injection has been completed and all surface discolorations have been cleared

139
Q

Humectant fluid should be used when?

A

When holding the remains for an unusually long period of time and when shipping the remains out of state to prevent dehydration

140
Q

Jaundice fluids are also called

A

Icterus Fluids

141
Q

Jaundice fluids only attempt to hide the jaundice by

A

Counter Staining or bleaching

142
Q

The purpose of jaundice fluid is to prevent the conversion of yellow bilirubin to green biliverdin or the production of what?

A

Some undesirable pigmentation

143
Q

The components of jaundice fluid are

A 
Vehicle
Low HCHO content
Reducing Agent
Bleaching Agents
Counter staining compounds
144
Q

What artery should be used with Jaundice fluids

A

Femoral

145
Q

What drainage points should be used for Jaundice fluids

A

Right internal jugular and right femoral

146
Q

Many jaundice fluids are two step or combination fluids mixed at use and sold as separate formulations. The two steps are

A

Arterial fluid with dye

Bleaching agent

147
Q

What causes bilirubin to turn to biliverdin

A

High index fluid

Acidic environment

148
Q

What is the primary concern for embalming a jaundice case

A

Preservation

149
Q

Fluids with an unusually high content of preservative and germicides, usually bolstered by ethanol

A

High index aka special preservative fluid

150
Q

What is the index range for high index fluid

A

30-40

151
Q

High index fluids are used for what cases?

A 
Edema
Drowning
Obese Cases
Decomposition
Restorative Art
Holding remains for long periods
152
Q

The danger with high index fluids is what?

A

Over dehydration

153
Q

Where is over dehydration especially noticeable?

A

Eyelids
Lips
Fingertips

154
Q

A group of chemicals used in addition to vascular and cavity fluids

A

Accessory Chemicals

155
Q

Germicidal, preservative, and dehydrating agents in a dry powdered form

A

Hardening Compound

156
Q

Direct contact chemicals used to treat the viscera

A

Hardening Compound

157
Q

A light sprinkling of this powder over all inner surfaces will deter putrefaction

A

Hardening Compound

158
Q

These start as aseptic, speedily turn to septic, and often find streptococcus and staphylococcus infections

A

Decubitus Ulcers

159
Q

Disinfectants and preservative examples are

A

Paraformaldehyde
Aluminum chloride
Alum ka
Phenol crystals

160
Q

You should never buy this kind of hardening compound

A

Plaster of paris based

161
Q

Also called mold preventative agents

Basically a phenol in nature combined with penetrating agents in a gel or thick liquid form

A

Preservative Gels

162
Q

The phenol ingredient in gel prevents what?

A

Mold

163
Q

What does HCHO do to mold?

A

Not a damn thing

164
Q

This kills mold and is most common in phenol

A

Paradichlorobenzene

165
Q

Highly germicidal agents in a dry powder form

A

Preservative/Embalming powders

166
Q

Preservative powders contain volatile agents and disinfect largely by these that they liberate

A

Chemical fumes

167
Q

Does preservative powder need to be in direct contact with the tissue to effect preservation?

A

Not necessarily

168
Q

Where should preservative powders be placed?

A

Inside the unionall

169
Q

Preservative powder contain none of these

A

Moisture absorbing fillers

170
Q

Preservative powders contain these

A

Fungicidal agents that will inhibit mold growth

171
Q

Preservative powders contain only what?

A

Active germicides and fungicides

172
Q

Powders, creams, sprays, and liquid gels utilized to prevent leakage after injection of the remains

A

Sealing agents

173
Q

The purpose of sealing compounds is to provide a barrier or seal against what?

A

Any type of leakage of fluid or blood

174
Q

Sealing compounds are classified as what?

A

Moisture absorbers and Adhesives

175
Q

These should be used in combination with non absorbent cotton or other fillers

A

Moisture Absorbers

176
Q

There are two kinds of moisture absorbing sealing agents. They are what?

A

Powders

Creams

177
Q

These rapidly absorb all moisture in the area and then form a glue like substance which inhibits leakage

A

Powders

178
Q

Powders are dehydrated ____ that are water soluble and turn to glue when they contact moisture

A

Gums

179
Q

Powders are put where?

A

Inside the incisions

180
Q

These are clay-like creams similar to putty or caulk that react with moisture to form a kind of cement

A

Creams or clays

181
Q

Used to paint over or mask incisions, cavities, or raw surfaces

A

Liquid Adhesives

182
Q

Liquid Adhesives are applied where?

A

To the Surface

183
Q

There are two kind of adhesives. What are they?

A

Sprays and liquids

184
Q

These are usually some kind of plastic or resinous substance in an aerosol can which is sprayed over the area

A

Sprays

185
Q

Glues that are applied with a brush applicator, attached to the top, to the area

A

Liwuids

186
Q

Liquids are mostly gels made of what?

A

Resin
Lacquer
Creosote
Glue derived from animal fat

187
Q

A gel when is contact with moisture will eventually become hard as it dries, which is known as

A

Coagulation

188
Q

Most Sealing compounds do not contain preservatives, but if they do, they are what?

A

Phenol and cresol

189
Q

Cavity fluid is generally what kind of index?

A

Higher

190
Q

Cavity fluid often has bleaching agents in them, namely what?

A

Phenol

191
Q

A pack application is also called?

A

Surface Pack

Cavity Pack

192
Q

Liquids or gels that are usually available in spray or pack form

A

Pack Application
Surface Pack
Cavity Pack

193
Q

Cavity packs contain what?

A

Strong Preservatives

Dehydrating preparations

194
Q

Where are pack applications applied?

A

To body surfaces

195
Q

The purpose of a cavity pack is to do what?

A

Dry and harden lesions/excisions as well as cavities

Preservation

196
Q

Do all cavity fluids have bleaching agents?

A

No

197
Q

You can use arterial fluids as a surface application, but what cannot be in it?

A

Active Dyes

198
Q

What are the components of a pack application?

A

Coagulating agents
Preservatives
Vehicles
Perfumes

199
Q

What is the most common vehicle in a pack application?

A

Alcohol

200
Q

What kind of preservatives are found in a pack application?

A

Phenols, cresols, aldehydes

201
Q

What are the three types of pack applications?

A

Sprays (Aerosol Can)
Preservative Jelly
Good bleaching cavity fluid used with absorbent cotten

202
Q

A preservative jelly normally contains what?

A

Phenol

203
Q

Phenol is a great what?

A

Mold Preventative

204
Q

Because preservative jelly contains phenol, what does that make preservative jelly?

A

A great mold preventative

205
Q

List the uses of pack applications?

A 
Bleaching Agent
Deter further desquamation
Treat gangrene
Pustular and ulcerative lesions
Surface or osmotic embalming
Dry and harden lesions
Reducing Agent
Dry, harden and preserve excisions, skin flaps, cavity walls on autopsied
206
Q

When should scabs be removed

A

Before embalming

207
Q

Per the exams, any kind of cyst, lesion, carbuncle, etc must be lanced when?

A

Prior to embalming

208
Q

The purpose of these is to offset and lighten the tissues affected by postmortem stain

A

Bleaching Agents

209
Q

How are bleaching agents applied?

A

Surface packs
Hypodermic injection
Co-injection

210
Q

The components of bleaching agents are?

A

Phenol
Cresols
Oxidizing agents

211
Q

This is used to hypodermically inject water glass, silicone, or massage cream into the layers of the tissue to build up the natural contours of the face and hands

A

Tissue Builder

212
Q

When should tissue builder be injected?

A

After Embalming

213
Q

Triple base fluid is composed of

A

Phenol
Alcohol
HCHO

214
Q

Triple base fluid must be used in disproportionate quantities because

A

Phenol and HCHO don’t mix well

215
Q

Double based fluid is composed of

A

Phenol and HCHO or Alcohol and HCHO

216
Q

What role do preservatives play in temporary preservation?

A

Inactivate saprophytic bacteria
Render the medium for which bacteria survive less desirable
Alter enzymes and lysins of the tissues to make them less susceptible to deomposition

217
Q

What do germicides act directly on?

A

The protein of which the microbe lives

Some bacteria but not usually spores

218
Q

Some preserving chemicals may also act as what?

A

Germicides

219
Q

What are the 2 types of dyes?

A

Active

Passive (Inactive)

220
Q

These impart a stain into the tissue to create a more life-like appearance in the deceased

A

Active Dyes

221
Q

These are used so that the embalmer can easily distinguish the difference of various chemicals

A

Passive (Inactive) Dyes

222
Q

The most common color for a passive dye is what?

A

Blue

223
Q

What are the purposes of water conditioners?

A

Help keep blood in a liquid state
Reduce minerals in water
Help break up clots and prevent further clots

224
Q

Active dyes are most effective when they are in a slightly ______ environment

A

Alkaline (Basic)

225
Q

HCHO preserves better in a slightly ________ environment

A

Alkaline (Basic)

226
Q

List the various accessory chemicals

A 
Hardening compounds
Preservative Powders
Sealing Agents
Mold Preventative Agents
Surface Compresses

Advanced Embalming (24 decks)

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